实心I02实验心理学的科学性质.ppt

第二讲实验心理学的科学性质,试问任何一位科学家，什么是科学的方法，他会立即显露出一本正经而又眼神诡诈的表情。一本正经，是因为他觉得应该有所交代；而眼神诡诈，是因为他正在盘算如何掩饰无可奉告的事实。若是遭到嘲笑和追问，他可能吞吞吐吐地说上几句“归纳”、“确立自然法则”之类的话，但若真有哪位实验室人员声称其将凭借归纳法来确立自然法则的话，人们就会开始怀疑他是不想保住自己的饭碗了。P.B.Medawar,科学的特征是其研究的方法，而非研究的内容。实验心理学的主题例如情绪的心理成分、人们在快餐店的进餐行为、诗歌学习、不同身份个体的人际关系、猫头鹰的捕食行为、新生儿的眼动、人格特征、精神分裂症的病因、逻辑问题解决的大脑机制、平均面孔的吸引力等怎样和感兴趣的异性搭讪？,“搭讪”的研究,Kleinke，Meeker对事物存在的可能解释评估标准：简洁性、准确性和可验证性重力定律“好的理论”组织自体干细胞的克隆有待进一步验证进化论大量数据支持，但仍存在争议Speculation:对未知事物的猜测。它既没有足够的数据支持，也无法进行科学的检验。,好奇心:科学的源泉,心理科学,“之所以成为科学乃是因为其目的，而不是结果：如果目的是建立自然特性之间的或多或少的普遍联系，如果对该联系的验证最终归于数据自身，这一主题就是科学。”GeorgeC.Homans，1967基本假设：行为和思维的真相可以通过科学分析的方法揭示出来。人的本质是一个系统，一个非常复杂的系统，通过科学实验和对实验结果的理性分析能够理解并解释这一系统。心理学家为什么总关注心理学的科学性？,科学方法（scientificmethod）,“科学方法是由一些简单的步骤组成；只要遵循那些步骤，就一定能够获得对本质（或人类本质）的精彩发现。”？心理学研究对科学方法的使用基于两个原则：科学观察基于感觉经验。将感觉的观察组织成知识结构模型来自于观察，并将在足够完整的情况下成为理论。科学方法的一大宗旨就是对理论进行检验和证伪（可能）。,科学方法的假设,order孩子在行走之前先爬行，对物体的感知先于认识，饥饿的动物比餍足的动物在获取食物奖励时更积极determinism事件是由可知的并且可检验的因素决定的。避免“迷信解释”（Superstitiouscauses）Empiricism基于观察和实验了解某一现象ParsimonyOccan的剃须刀简单的解释比复杂的解释（更可能正确）更适用,“占星术”的检验,迷信解释：“用没有逻辑或经验关联的原因解释思想和行动”。“避免争执；一个富有经验的年长者会给你一个很好的建议。”“适合独处，避免和脾气暴躁的人待在一起；一个远方的客户或爱人会给你打电话，并带给你意外的消息。”心理学家如何检验“星座解释”的效度？,“早期荷尔蒙与儿童期性别类型玩具偏好”,（Berenbaum和Hines，1992）尽管社会学习和社会压力必然会影响儿童对玩具的选择，但是否可能存在其它的影响因素？患过先天性肾上腺皮质增生症（CAH）的女孩，评价其玩“男孩的”、“女孩的”和“中性的”玩具的持续时间结论：早期的荷尔蒙影响对女性的性别玩具偏好有男性化效应,实验和实验设计,experiment，至少操纵一个变量来研究因果关系experimentaldesign，即对控制条件的设计,保持你的好奇心！,“单词字母位置对成功句子阅读的作用”,K.Rayner，White，Johnson&Liversedge，2006一个转发邮件：剑桥的一个研究项目“Sentencesinwhcihlettresweertranspsoed(orjubmledup),asinthesetnenceyouarenowraeding”结果:所有的位置调换都导致了更慢的阅读。特别是词头位置的调换使阅读速度最慢，接着是词尾位置调换，然后是单词的中间位置调换。,描述、解释、预测和控制,观察、相关和实验研究科学解释：经验观察和自我校正是科学方法的重要标志。理论的两种功能组织和预测也被分别称为描述和解释，通常会引起归纳法与演绎法何者更好的争论。坎特威茨,基础研究和应用研究,科学家-实践家模式用基础研究的结果来开发应用研究亚当斯（1972），产品70%源于二三十年前的基础研究双轨系统（FishmanHowell，1994）Descartes：科学的根本目的是理解事物本质Bacon：科学应以改进人类生活为己任，科学结果的有用性第一，知识的增长第二,结束语,一个人可以由于各种各样的原因被科学吸引：有生存价值的渴望，有探索新领域的激情，有寻求秩序的希望，以及检验现有知识的动力。库恩（ThomasS.Kuhn）,25Questions,Studieshaveshownthateyewitnesstestimonyisvalidandaccurate,especiallywithhighlystressful(i.e.,memorable)events.False-Eyewitnesstestimonyisnotoriouslyunreliable,particularlywhentheobserverisinahighlyarousedstate.AsofJanuary7,2006172wronglyconvictedprisonershavebeenreleasedfromdeathrowbecausetheywerefactuallyinnocentofthecrime.Mostwerecommittedonthebasisofeyewitnesstestimony.,25Questions,Weuseonlyabout10%ofourbrain.False-Weuseallorourbrainallthetime.Evensmallbrainlesionscanresultinsignificantcognitiveimpairment.Thedistributedneuronalcelllosswithageamountstoupto25%ofthebrainvolumeandaccountsformanyeffectsofcognitiveaging.,25Questions,Someonewholearnssomethingwhentheyaredrunkwillsubsequentlyrememberitbetterwhentheyaredrunkthanwhentheyaresober.True-Statedependentlearningdemonstratestheimportanceofthe“cognitiveenvironment”intheformationandretrievalofepisodicmemories.Whenthereisamatchbetweencontext,retrievalisgood.,25Questions,Studiesofdividedattentionhavedemonstratedthatdrivingwhileusingacellphoneisnotimpaired.False-Studiesshowthatusingacellphonesignificantlyinterfereswithdriving.Infact,severalstudiesshowthatyouaremoreimpairedwhendrivingandtalkingonacellphonethanwhenyouaredrivingdrunk.,25Questions,RecentevidencesupportssomeoftheclaimsofExtraSensoryPerception(ESP)advocates.False-Incontrolled“double-blinded”studies,nosystematicevidencehasbeenobtainedforESP.,25Questions,Memoryaidsdonotreallyimproveourmemory.False-Mnemonictechniqueswork.Theyorganizetheinformation,makethemateriallesssusceptibletoforgettingorinterference,andprovideausefulretrievalstructure.,25Questions,Backwardsmessageshiddeninmusicinfluenceourbehavior.eslaF-Thereisnoevidencethatthisinformationisprocessed,letaloneinfluencesourbehavior.,25Questions,Speedreadingtechniquescandramaticallyimprovereadingspeedwithoutsacrificingcomprehension.False-Humanperformanceisgovernedbythespeed-accuracytradeoff-Goingfasterresultsinloweraccuracy.However,goodoldfashionedpracticecanimprovetheefficiencyofreading.,25Questions,Freudsfreeassociationtechniquetellsussomethingabouttheorganizationofmemory.True-Thisissimilartothesemanticprimingstudieswithspreadingactivation.Individualdifferencescanreflectenduringpredispositions(orpartialpatternsofactivation)thatbiasthesemanticnetworkinonewayoranother.,25Questions,Informationcanbestoredinlong-termmemoryevenifyouneverattendedtoit.False-Attentionisnecessaryforthecreationoflong-term(andshort-term)memories.Informationthatfallsoutsideofattentionislost.,25Questions,Advertisingusingsubliminalperceptionisveryeffective.False-Effectsofsubliminalperceptionare,atbest,minimal.Thereislittleevidencethatstimulipresentedbelowtheobserversthresholdinfluencemotives,attitudes,beliefs,orchoices.,25Questions,Weshouldtrytoavoidusingheuristics(rulesofthumb)duringdecisionmaking.False-Heuristicshelpspeedthedecisionmakingprocessandunburdenworkingmemory.However,thesesimplifyingrulesorshort-cutsdocreatebiasesindecisionmaking.,25Questions,ThereisnobasisfortheclaimthateatingcarrotswillhelpyournightvisionFalse-Therodsusethephotopigmentrhodopsin(whichismadeupofvitaminA,alsofoundincarrots).PeoplewithavitaminAdeficiencycanhavepoornightvisionwhichcanbecorrectedbysupplementalvitamins.,25Questions,Infantsabilitytodiscriminatebetweenthephonemesoflanguageisactuallybetterthanthatofadults.True-Aslanguagedevelops,infantsloosetheabilitytodiscriminateorproducephonemesthatarenotintheirlanguage.,25Questions,Thereisnolimitonhowmuchinformationcanbestoredinlong-termmemory.True-Noonehaseverfilleduplong-termmemory.Theremaybelimitsonwhatinformationisinitiallystored(attentionallimitations),butoncestored,thememoriesarepermanent(althoughtheymaynotbeaccessible).,25Questions,PeoplewhoarecolorblindaremissingoneormoretypesofconesintheretinaTrue-Trichromatictheorysuggeststhatnormalcolorvisiondependsonthreeconetypeswithdifferentcolorsmadeupbytheratioofactivationofthesereceptors.However,someformsofcolorvisioncanalsobeduetodamagetocorticalareas.,25Questions,Thearrangementofdisplaysandcontrolsincars,airplanes,etc.isarbitrarybecausewecanlearntouseanyconfigurationwithpractice.False-Therearesomeconfigurationsthatresultininterferencethatsimplycantbepracticedaway.ItisuptoHumanFactorsprofessionalstorootoutthesebaddesignprinciples.,25Questions,Peoplearealwaysbiased.True-Ourexpectationsandmemoriescolorthewaythatweperceiveandremembertheworld.Thisaccountsformanyoftheindividualdifferencesbetweenpeople.,25Questions,Practicealwaysimprovesperformance.False-Learningcapitalizesonthestatisticalregularitiesoftheenvironment.Mostofthetimethereareconsistenciesintheenvironmentthatfacilitatelearning,butinsomecasesthereareirregularitiesorinconsistenciesthatimpedelearning.,25Questions,Ourexpectationsinfluenceourperceptionsandmemories.True-Expectationsandother“top-down”processesplayamajorroleinwhatweperceiveandremember.Often,differencesinwhattwoobserversseeorrememberareduetotheeffectsoftopdownprocessing.,25Questions,Thedifferencebetween$500and$1000ispsychologicallygreaterthanthedifferencebetween$10,500and$11,000.True-Thementalrepresentationofmagnitudeiscompressedatthehighendofthescale.500vs.1000isagreaterpsychologicaldifferencethan10500vs.11000,25Questions,Ifsomeoneisblindinoneeye,theywillhavenodepthperception.False-Therearepictorialcues(e.g.,size,interposition,etc)andmovementcuesthatprovidedepthinformation.Theuseofbotheyesprovidesbinocularcues-randomdotstereogramsmakeuseofbinocularvisualinformation.,25Questions,Withenoughpracticeitispossibletodotwothingsatthesametimeaswellasdoingeachthingbyitself.True-Underveryspecifictaskcombinations,peoplecandotwothings(playingpianoandreadinganovel)aswellaseitherinisolation.Thisiscalled“PerfectTimesharing”.,25Questions,Duringthemovementoftheeyeswhilereading,theprocessingofvisualinformationistemporarilysuppressed.True-Thisiscalledsaccadicsuppression.Notonlyistheprocessingofvisualinformationsuppressed,buthigherlevelcognitivethoughtsalsoappeartobeputonhold.,25Questions,Itispossibletohaveapermanentmemorythatinfluencesyourbehavioreventhoughyouarenotconsciouslyawareofthatmemory.True-Thedistinctionbetweenimplicitandexplicitmemorysuggeststhatimplicitmemoryisveryimportanttoou