C-ETranslation10th汉英句法结构对比.ppt

汉英句法对比,英汉思维的差异抽象思维与形象思维直线思维与曲线思维复杂与简约主体突出与主客体交错句法对比树状与竹状替代与重复形合与意合静态与动态表态与叙事主体意识与客体意识时体的重与轻,图片PK看差异,交通工具,聚会,老年人的生活,领导形象与地位,旅游,美的标准,想象中的对方,意见,一日三餐,排队,周日的街道景观,在餐厅的嗓门,树状与竹状,英语句子是树状结构，主干如树干，各种成分一个一个挂靠上去，枝繁叶茂；而汉语句子是竹状结构，按时间或逻辑顺序，层层铺开，一节节连下去。因此，翻译时要注意树状与竹状结构间的转化,Wehavelearned,Thisisthecat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecake.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehouse.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehousethatJackbuilt.,这就是那只猫。这就是那只捉住了老鼠的猫。-老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。-老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。-屋子是杰克盖的。,ExampleI,Themoonissofarfromtheearththatevenifhugetreesweregrowingonthemountainsandelephantswerewalkingabout,wecouldnotseethemthroughthemostpowerfultelescopeswhichhavebeeninvented.月球离地球非常遥远，即使那边山上长着大树，有大象在跑来跑去，我们用已经发明的最高倍率的望远镜也看不到它们,ExampleII,Uponhisdeathin1826,JeffersonwasburiedunderastonewhichdescribedhimashehadwishedtoberememberedastheauthoroftheDeclarationonIndependenceandthefatheroftheUniversityofVirginia.1826年杰斐逊逝世.按他生前遗愿,在他墓地的石碑上刻着:独立宣言的作者,弗吉利亚大学创建人之墓.,汉语的竹竿句：按时间或逻辑顺序，层层铺开，呈线形推进。这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿着一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋友。Theywalkedwithumbrellasupawindingmountainpathonadrizzlingandwindyautumnafternoonforavisittoafriendlivinginseclusion.,E.g.有些人成功了，有些人失败了。问题不在于机会多少，而在于他们能否抓住机会。Somepeoplesucceed.Somepeoplefail.Theessentialdifferenceisnotthenumberofopportunities.Itiswhethertheycantakeadvantageofopportunities.Oneessentialdifferencebetweenthosewhosucceedandthosewhofailliesinthewaytheyseizetheopportunitiesratherthaninthenumbersofopportunitiestheyhave.,替代与重复,这是英语和汉语的一个重要差异：英语重替代（即多用代词，包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词和关系代词，还有表示替代的词so,do）；汉语重重复，重复现象比比皆是。,Examples,我们的民族是一个伟大的民族。Oursisagreatnation/ournationisgreatone.革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。Revolutionmeanstheemancipationoftheproductiveforce,andsodoesreform.你答应了帮他就应当帮助他。Youshouldhelphimsinceyoupromisedtodoso.,More,任何人不得将个人利益置于国家利益和社会利益之上。Nobodyshallplacehisowninterestsabovethoseofthestateandthesociety.南北问题尖锐地摆在我们的面前，解决发展问题与解决和平问题同等迫切重要。TheNorth-Southrelationshavebecomeanacuteissue.Toseekdevelopmentandpeaceareequallyurgentandimportanttasks.,中国一贯主张裁军，反对一切军备竞赛，既反对常规军备竞赛，更反对核军备竞赛；既反对地面上的军备竞赛，也反对在太空进行的军备竞赛。Chinaconsistentlystandsfordisarmamentandisopposedtoallkindsofarmsrace,whetheritisconventionalornuclear,onthegroundorinouterspace.,Somefurtherthoughts,四字格汉语中有大量的四字词组。四字格的特点是：内容言简意赅，形式整齐划一，语音顺口悦耳，表达效果形象生动e.g.Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨,人人皆知了。Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing.我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡,直言无隐。,2.,Eachonemustdohisutmostorthelaborofallisvain.每个人都必须竭尽全力，否则就会徒劳无益（前功尽弃）。Icongratulatemyselfonmynarrowescape.我庆幸自己死里逃生。我厂生产的地毯图案新颖、色调雅致、美丽大方、富丽堂皇。Thecarpetsmadeinourfactoryarebeautifulandmagnificentfortheirnoveldesignsandelegantcolors.,形合与意合,汉语：意合(parataxis)“虚幻、空灵”英语：形合(hypotaxis)“逻辑美、理性美”英语句子中各成分的相互结合多用适当的连接词语，而中文句子则多依靠语义的贯通，语境的映衬，少用连接词。即英文重形合，中文重意和。所以，在翻译中，要注意增减连接词。,汉语的流水句：写句“以意为尽”。“追求流动的韵律、节奏、不滞于形”，突出主题。牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。Wavesuponwaves,thePeonyRiverrushedviolentlydownitslongcourseslikeahorsegalloping.,汉语无主句你们公司几点上班？Whatstheclock-intimeatyourcompany?经常饮水有利于减肥。Waterworksforweightloss.,人非圣贤，孰能无过？Itishumantoerr.学校里正在上课。Classesaregoingonintheschool.十年树木，百年树人。Ittakestenyearstogrowtrees,butonehundredyearstorearpeople.,Examples,我买了7本书，一共7元钱。Iboughtsevenbookswhichcostme7Yuan.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?冬天来了，春天还会远么？IwenttodancewithagirlwhohasaSouthernaccent.我同一位操南方口音的姑娘跳舞。,小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。Littlechildrenwillcrywhentheyarefrightened.他不愿意，我们干吗强迫他干？Whyshouldweforcehimtodoitifheisunwilling?,More,原文：近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。译文：ItisasupremecomforttomewhenIaminformedthatyouareashealthyasever.原文：亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。译文：Itisnottoolatetomendthefoldevenaftersomesheephavebeenlost.原文：你去也白去。译文：Evenifyougothere,therewontbeanyresult.,他是一个好老师，胸怀宽广，思想高尚，能真正地献身于教育事业，受到了学生们广泛的赞赏，课不仅上得生动幽默，人也随和客气。Hewasagoodteacher.Asamanrichlyendowedwithagenerousheartandanoblemind,hewaswidelyadmiredforhisgenuinedevotiontoeducation.Hecouldnotonlydeliverhislecturesvividlyandhumorouslybutwidelymadefriendswithstudents.Hewasaneasygoingandfriendlyperson.,静态与动态,英语叙述呈静态,汉语叙述呈动态。汉语倾向于多用动词，而英语则倾向于多用名词、介词短语、形容词等等。所以，在英译汉时，要注意从静态到动态的转化，而汉译英时则相反。,英语介词译成汉语动词,Hewalkedaroundthehousewithagun.他拿着枪，绕着屋子走。Heisamanabovevulgarinterests.他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人。,AmanfromotherplanetsAmachineforcuttingpaperWentoutthroughtherain,汉语先说事，英语先表态例：如蒙汇来商品目录以及现行销售条款，我们将不甚感激。Wewouldappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldsendusyourcatalogtogetherwiththecurrentsalesterms.,汉语的主体意识，英语的客体意识,我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.这种运动首先在北京兴起。（Beijingfirstsawtheriseofthemovement.）。,英语重时体；汉语轻时体如：人类过去、现在、而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。（Manwas,isandalwayswillbetryingtoimprovehislivingconditions.）有时这种描绘还能融入作者或说话人的一种感情色彩。如：Heisalwaysthinkingofhowhecoulddomoreforthepeople(表示赞扬).Mywifeisalwayschangingherclothes(表示厌烦).,1)听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。Icouldhavelaughedtohearhimtalklikethis.2)牛津的在校学生数无论现在还是过去都比多伦多大学少。Oxfordhas,orhadtillyesterday,fewerstudentsthantheUniversityofToronto.,Anadiplosis与顶真,“民生在勤,勤则不魔。”“人谁无过,过而能改,善莫大焉。”“学问藏之身,身在则有余。”“相形不如论心,论心不如择术。”“真人不露相,露相不真人。”,Everytimeawomanweliberated,weliberatedaman.我们每解放一位妇女也就解放了一个男子。Whenyouhavenothingtosay,saynothing.无话可说时,就什么也不要说。,很少富人拥有其财产,是财产拥有他们。Fewrichmenowntheirproperty.Theirpropertyownsthem.举杯消愁愁更愁!Iliftmycupofwinetodrownmysorrow?Mysorrowleavesmenot!,Assignment,1.当我看到英语老师时，我非常紧张。WhenIseemyEnglishteacher,IalwaysfeelnervousTheverysightofmyEnglishteachermakesmenervous2.我猜他来自四川，因为他没法掩藏自己的口音。IguessedhecamefromSichuanbecausehecouldnotconcealhisaccentIguessedhecamefromSichuanbecausehisaccentbetrayedhim3.人们普遍认为那样做是不明智的。PeoplegenerallyconsiderthatitisnotadvisabletoactthatwayItisgenerallyconsiderednotadvisabletoactthatway4.显然，今年将比去年生产更多的粮食。Obviously，thisyearwillproducemoregrainthanlastyearObviously