《汉英词语对比》PPT课件.ppt

汉英词语对比,一,文字系统对比音形义的统一体汉语许渊冲的“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”。“美”，即“意美、音美、形美”；“化”，即“等化、浅化、深化”；“之”，即“知之、好之、乐之”；“艺术”，即“翻译不是科学，是艺术”；“创”，即“文学翻译等于创作”；“优”，即“翻译要发挥译文语言的优势”；“似”，即“意似、形似、神似”；“竞赛”，即“翻译是两种语言的竞赛，文学翻译更是两种文化的竞赛”。,浪淘沙李煜帘外雨潺潺，春意阑珊，罗衾不耐五更寒。梦里不知身是客，一晌贪欢。独自莫凭栏，无限关山。别时容易见时难。流水落花春去也，天上人间。Tune:RipplesSiftingSandThecurtaincannotkeepoutthepatterofrain;Springtimeisonthewane.Inthedeepnightmyquiltisnotcoldproof,ForgettingIamunderhospitableroof.IndreamIseekawhileforpleasurevain.Dontleanaloneonbalustrades,Andyearsforboundlesslandwhichfades!Easytoleaveitbuthardtoseeitagain.Withflowersfallenonthewavesspringsgoneaway,Sohastheparadiseofyesterday.,三，词语生成对比,汉英在生成新词方面有其相似性，但也要注意区别，避免翻译时生搬硬套。1，重叠(reduplication)汉语单音节文字的特点便于字和词的重叠。重叠构词不仅使词语音节匀称、形式整齐，而且赋予词语新的意义和感情色彩。1）名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感情色彩等人人天天世世代代风风雨雨2）数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩个个条条一桩桩一包一包千千万万3）动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随意等说说听听走一走笑了笑考虑考虑进进出出吞吞吐吐看着看着完了完了4）形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或爱憎、厌恶等情绪红红紧紧奇奇怪怪花花绿绿笔直笔直雪白雪白5）附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动毛毛雨水汪汪心心相印脉脉含情衣冠楚楚杨柳依依糊里糊涂6）偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠假情假义难兄难弟以毒攻毒好说歹说面对面手拉手,此外，象声词也常常采用重叠的形式，如：哗哗、呜呜、轰隆隆、咕嘟咕嘟，等。英语也有音节重叠的现象，但远远不如汉语普遍。英语的重叠只有一个格式，即AA式，另有两个变体，即改变元音的重叠式和改变辅音的重叠式。Bye-byetut-tutdin-dinchow-chowchin-chinga-gaPing-pongzigzagseesawflip-floptick-tockclip-clopcrisscrossdilly-dallyriff-raffWalkie-talkiehoity-toityhotch-potchpiggy-wiggyclap-trap,英语叠音词，一般属谐音或拟声现象，有许多词来自儿童语，通常用于口语、俚语或非正式文体。重叠在汉语里是一种重要的构词方式，也是一种常用的语法和修辞手段。李清照的声声慢连用七对叠字，无论再美的译文，都无法象汉语那样重叠：寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚Iseekbutseekinvain,Isearchandsearchagain;Ifeelsosad,sodrear,byXYZSolonely,withoutcheer.sodim,sodark,sodense,sodull,sodamp,sodank,sodeadbyLinYutang,2，转换法conversion1)名词转换为动词2）形容词转换为动词3）动词转换为名词4）形容词转换为名词5）名词、动词转换为形容词词类转换是翻译中最为常用的翻译技巧之一，其理据就在于英汉两种语言在转换上的共通性。,3，简略法abbreviation汉语缩略词的生成主要受语法特点的支配，英语缩略词则受语音特点的支配。英语的缩略方法主要有1）截除词尾apocopeAdvertisement-addemobilizedemob2）截除词首aphaeresisVioloncellocelloraccooncoonMicrofiche-fiche3)截除首尾frontandbackclippingInfluenzafluprescriptionscript4)截除词腰syncopeidololatryidolatry5)首字母缩略initialISBN(internationalstandardbooknumber)APAssociatedPressc/ocareof(烦转交）RSVPrespondsilvousplait6)首字母拼音词acronymPEN(internationalassociationofpoets,playwrights,essayists,andnovelists,国际诗人剧作家散文家小说家协会国际笔会）ASEANNATOAIDS7)拼缀词blendingcamcorder(camera+recorder)fantabulous(fantastic+fabulous),汉语缩略词的英译,“三包”：包修、包退、包换ThethreeguaranteedRs:repair,replacementandrefund.三个面向：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来Orient/geareducationalworktotheneedsofmodernization,theworld,andthefuture五讲四美：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美Fivestresses/advocatings(ondecorum,manners,hygiene,disciplineandmorals)andfourpointsofbeauty(ofthemind,language,behaviorandtheenvironment)三围bust,waistandhipsvitalstatistics三资企业Chinese-foreignjointventures,cooperativeenterprisesandexclusivelyforeign-ownedenterprises或Sino-foreignjointventures,cooperativebusinessesandexclusivelyforeign-ownedenterprisesinChina民航总局CAAC(CivilAviationAdministrationofChina),按照“三个代表”的要求,抓住机遇,加快发展。AccordingtotherequirementsoftheThreeRepresents(theCPCrepresentstherequirementtodevelopadvancedproductiveforces,anorientationtowardsadvancedcultureandthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepeopleofChina),wemustseizeopportunitiesandacceleratedevelopment.,二，汉英词义关系,从性质上看，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。在心理文化方面，人文文化“重人论、轻器物、价值取向以道德为本位。重综合、轻分析。重意会、轻言传。崇尚群体意识，强调同一性。追求人与自然的和谐，把人与自然看成浑然一体。”科学文化“重物质、轻人论，价值取向以功利为本位。重分析、轻综合。重概念、忌笼统、强调人权，主张个人至上，重视特殊的辩识。强调人与自然的对立，人对自然的索取。”人文文化和科学文化的主要差别反映在思维方式上有如下几点：,1中国人重直觉与具象而西方人重理性与逻辑汉语词语直观性强短发shingle;bobbedhair娃娃头pageboystyle假发wig硬币coin纸币note;bill百褶裙pleatedskirt高跟鞋stilettos短袜socks无袖外衣tabard回形针paperclip,汉语爱以具体比喻抽象蚕食tonibble势如破竹withirresistibleforce;likesplittingabamboo;likeaknifecuttingthroughbutter如日中天likethesunathighnoon;attheapexofonespower,career,etc手忙脚乱inafranticrush顺水推舟topushtheboatalongwithcurrent;tomakeuseofopportunitytogainonesend,2中国人重整体，西方人重个体1）汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体摩托车motorcyclesidecarmachinetouringmoped车busminibuslorrytaximediumvanarticulatedvehicle连结车motorcoach长途客车double-deckerbusconvertible摺蓬车limousine胡子beardfullbeard/circularbeard/roundbeard大胡子shadow小胡子whiskershandlebars/moustache八字胡goatee/chintuft山羊胡militarymoustacheVandykebeardstubble残须2）汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确你有笔吗？Haveyougotapen?Haveyougotpens?Haveyougotanypens?Haveyougotsomepens?Haveyougotthepen?Haveyougotthepens?,汉英词义的四种关系,1，对应correspondence/equivalence2，包孕inclusion3，交叉intersection4，空缺zero词义关系与翻译,词义空缺现象的处理1，加注annotation卢信候道：“昨日在尊府，今日我方到这里。你原来在这里做神仙，令我羡杀！”庄征君道：“此间与人世绝院，虽非武陵，亦差不多。你且在此住些时，只怕再来就要迷路了。”（儒林外史）“Iwenttoyourhonorablehouseyesterday,”repliedLu,“andcameonheretoday.YouarelivinglikeanimmortalhowIenvyyou!”“Wearecompletelycutofffromtheworldhere,”saidChuang,“AlthoughthisisnotPeachBlossomStream,*itcomesveryclosetoit.Ihopeyouwillpayusalongvisit,fornexttimeyoumaynotbeabletofindtheway.”*ThiswasafairylanddescribedbythepoetTaoYuanming.Afishermancameherebyaccident,butthoughhemarkedthepathbywhichheleft,neitherhenorotherscouldfindthiswaybackagain.(translatedbyYangXianyiandGladysYang),永和九年，年在癸丑，暮春之初，会于会稽山阴之兰亭，修禊事也。群贤毕至，少长咸集。此地有崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，映带左右。引以为流觞曲水，列坐其次。虽无丝竹管弦之盛，一觞一咏，亦足以畅叙幽情。是日也，天朗气清，慧风和畅。仰视宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛，所有游目骋怀，足以极视听之娱，信可乐也。,AtthebeginningofthelatespringintheninthyearofYonghe,*thatis,theyearofGuichouaccordingtothelunarcalendar,agroupoflearnedscholars,oldandyoung,aregatheredattheOrchidPavilionintheShanyinCountyofKuaijiPrefecture*tocelebratethefestivalofXi*.Herearehighmountainsandloftyridgeswhichareovergrownwithtallbamboogrovesanddenseforests.Aclearstreamwitharapidlyrunningcurrentthatwindslikeabelt,shinninginthebrightsun,isidealforfloatingwinevessels*.Wesitbythewaterinproperorder,sippingwineandcomposingpoems.Thoughlackingmusicalaccompaniment,eachofusisinclinedtopourforthhisinnermostfeelings.Itisafineday.Theskyisclearandthebreezeisgentle.Lookingupward,weseethegreatexpanseoftheuniverse.Lookingdownward,weseethegreatvarietyoflivingthings.Thenwelookaroundasfarastheeyescanseeandfeelelated,enjoyingourselvestotheutmostbothvisuallyandaurally.Whatadelightfulexperienceitis!1.TheninthyearofYonghewas353AD.2.ShanyinCountyofKuaijiPrefectureistodaysShaoxingCity,ZhejiangProvince.3.ThefestivalofXistartedintheZhouDynasty.ItwasthecustomoftheancientpeopletopayhomagetothewatergodandentertainthemselvesbythewateronMarchthethirdinthelunarcalendar.4.anelegantwasbywhichtheancientsenjoyedthemselves.Peoplesatatthelowerreachofastream,composedpoemsanddrankfromthewinevesselsthatwerefloateddownfromtheupperreachofthestreamwherethewinewasprepared.,华清池龙吟榭LongYingXie(apavilionbuiltspeciallyforemperorstorecitepoetry)intheHuaQingPoolIthadwalkedforhundredsofyears,ifnotasbenefit-clubasvotivesisterhoodofsomesort;anditwalkedstill.这个会如果不算养老送终的互助结社*，却是一种立盟供神的妇女团体。它已经按期游行了好几百年了，现在仍按期游行。*英国结社之一种，会员交纳会费，作会员的养生，送葬，老病残废的保险金。,2,增益contextualamplificationThisHollandginhasamustyacridflavorandthetastemustbeacquired.这种荷兰杜松子酒有陈年苦味，没有喝惯是领略不到它的好处的。Indeed,theTeherangovernmentshandpickeddelegationtotheCopenhagenConferencecouldnthavebeenbetterchosenbyAllahhimselftodefendtheIslamicrevolution.说真的，由德黑兰政府一手挑选出来在哥本哈根会议上为伊斯兰革命辩护的代表，堪称首屈一指，即使是真主本人，也未必能选出必这更好的代表团了。,3，视点转换shiftofperspective1)原文直译不太好懂，可能招致误解时考虑变换视角，从相反的角度去传达同样的信息