名词性从句+让步状语从句.ppt

名词性从句,RelatedConception(相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,TheboyisliMing.,主语,表语,Mr.Liang,a24-year-oldboy,teachesusEnglish.,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句(TheSubjectClause),宾语从句(TheObjectClause),表语从句(ThePredicativeClause),同位语从句(TheAppositiveClause),请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句,WhatIwanttodoistakingabath.Thenewsthattheywonthegamespreadthewholeschool.Idontthinkheisanhonestboy.Thefactisthathestolethecar.Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingoverthere?Itissaidthattheywonthegame.,(主从),(同位语从句),(宾从),(表从),(同位语从句),(定从),(主从),主语从句,在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。,他星期三来这里是肯定的。,ThathewillcomehereonWednesdayiscertain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,WhetherhewillcomehereonWednesdayisnotcertain.,注意：主语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,主语从句,主语从句有时用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面，以避免头重脚轻。,Itisknowntousthathewillcomehere.,It+be+形容词that从句,Itisnecessarythat有必要Itisimportantthat.重要的是Itisobviousthat很明显,It+be+-ed分词that从句,Itisbelievedthat人们相信Itisknowntous/allthat.众所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat已经决定,用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：,It+be+名词that从句,Itiscommonknowledgethat是常识Itisasurprisethat.令人惊奇的是Itisafactthat事实是,It+不及物动词that从句,Itappearsthat似乎Ithappensthat.碰巧Itoccurredtomethat我突然想起,表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be,look,seem,remain,appear等动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,试区分以下句子,Isthismuseumwhatyouvisited?,Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisited?,Isthismuseumtheonethatyouvisited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。,我不知道你会来这里。,Idontknow（that）youwillcomehere.,注意：that在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去。,我不知道他来不来。我想知道他来还是不来。你们是在谈论着他来还是不来吗？他不在乎天气是否好。,Idontknowwhether/ifhewillcome.,Iwanttoknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.,Areyoutalkingaboutwhetherhewillcome?,Hedoesntcareifitisntafineday.,注意：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与ornot连用；作介词宾语只用whether;从句是否定句时一般用if。,宾语从句中的否定转移,我认为他不会来这里,Ithinkhewontcomehere.()Idontthinkhewillcomehere.(),注意：如果宾语从句是由think,believe,imagine,suppose等词引导的时候，要将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中去。,宾语从句中用it作形式宾语,Wethinkitourdutythatweshouldhelpothers.Ifinditimpossiblethatheshouldfinishtheworkintwodays.,注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，把从句放在宾补后面。,同位语从句,在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在如idea,news,fact,promise,suggestion,belief,truth等含有丰富内涵的词语后面，用来说明前面那个词的具体内容。一般说来，同位语从句都用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。也可用how,when,where等。,他给了她一个承诺，他会在两个月后回来。,Hegaveherapromisethathewouldcomebackaftertwomonths.,试区分以下句子,Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?,Doyouknowthefactthattheyweretalkingabout?,注意：1.如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。,(同从),(定从),主语从句,thatwhetherwhowhomwhosewhatwhichwhenwherewhyhow,从句引导词:,1.ThatheknowsJapaneseisknowntoall.,他懂日语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3.Whenhewillcomeisunknown.,4.Whetherheiscomingdoesntmattermuch.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.,5.Itremainsasecrethowtheyclimbedupthemountain.,主语从句的位置1.在句首2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用It,主语太长了!放到句尾,That无词义,不可省略,What“什么”,“所.的”,2.Whatsurprisedmewastoseehimhere.,When“什么时候”,主语从句不用if,位于句首,what在从句中表示“什么”或“所的”,return,Whathewilldonextisunknown.what表示疑问“什么”,比如：他下一步做什么我们不清楚。,在那儿所看到的(事物)是无法描述的。我们怎么处理这些书与你无关。她会给我们带些什么食物来还不清楚。明天会发生什么事还是个谜。她所买的只是一些蔬菜。,Whatwasseenthereisbeyonddescription.,Whatwewilldowiththebookshasnothingtodowithyou.,Whatfoodshewillbringtousisnotclear.,Whatwillhappentomorrowisstillamystery.,Whatshehasboughtareonlysomevegetables.,what只用于名词性从句中,Return,when,where,why,how,who,whom,whose分别表示什么时候、什么地方、为什么、怎么、谁（主格/宾格）、谁的,Whenwewillhaveameetingisunknown.,Wherewewillhaveameetingisunknown.,Whyweshouldhaveameetingisunknown.,我们什么时候开会不清楚。我们在什么地方开会不清楚。我们为什么要开会不清楚。,4.他们是怎么发现那个秘密的令大家很感兴趣。5.谁来当他们的班主任还没有决定,Howtheydiscoveredthatsecretinterestedeveryone.,Whowillbetheirclassteacherhasnotbeendecided.,Wheredidtheygolastweekisofnoimportance.(),错,凡是从句都必须用陈述语序,went,whether从句作主语时不能用if,Return,我们是否要重新做这个实验还没有决定。这本书是否林先生写的这一点很重要。他们是否能按时到达要看天气。她是否能考上大学要看她是否努力。,Whetherweshoulddotheexperimentagainhasnotbeendecided.,WhetherthebookwaswrittenbyMr.Linisveryimportant.,Whethertheycanarriveintimedependsontheweather.,Whethershecanpassthecollegeentranceexaminationdependsonwhethershewillworkhard.,Whetherthatshecancomeornotdoesntmatter.(),错,一个从句只能有一个引导词,让步状语从句专讲,让步状语从句通常用though,although,nomatter,evenif,if,eventhough,however,whatever等引起。让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。,1although和though引导的让步状语从句：,两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：Hedidntlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.although比though较正式，语气较重，常用于强调让步概念，如：HeinsistedondoingitalthoughIwarnedhimnotto.though可以和even连用，但although不可以，如：Although(Eventhough)thetrafficheldusup,wegottotheairportontime.,当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况，不指事实时，通常用though，而不用although，如：Hewillneverdosuchathingthoughhe(should)beforcedto.Thoughalltheworldwereagainstme,Ishallstillholdtomyopinion.though可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语，而although则不行。（though可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：Hesaidhewouldcome;hedidnt,though.though引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前），而although不能这样用，如：Youngthoughsheis,yetsheisfitforthejob.(=Youngassheis,),有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although，以加强语气，如：Thoughheisoverseventy,yet/still/neverthelesshecanridethebike.though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be可以省略，如果这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：Though(itwas)cold,itwasafinewintermorning.Though(hewas)severelywounded,yetherefusedtoleavethebattlefield.Though(theywere)verytired,theycontinuedtomarchon.,2evenif,eventhough和if引导的让步状语从句：evenif与eventhough同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：Illdoit,evenifittakesmealltheafternoon.Hewasthereevenifwedidntseehim.Evenifyoufail,youcantryagain.Illhelpyou,evenifIdontsleepforanight.注：if有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if与让步if的区别，试比较：Ifheispoor,howcanhebuythehouse?(条件)Ifheispoor,heisatleasthonest.(让步)(=evenif)Ifheisinexperienced,hewontbeabletoaccomplishit.(条件)Ifheisinexperienced,heisatanyrateeagertolearn.(让步)(=evenif)IfJohnhadbeenthere,Iwouldhaveseenhim.(条件)IfJohnwasthere,Ididntseehim.(让步)(=evenif),3由as,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（though,that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：,表语的倒装：Tiredashewas,hestillwentonwithhiswork.OldasIam,Icanstillfight.Cleverasyoumaybe,youcannotdothat.Tallas/thoughhewas,hecouldntreachthetopshelf.Difficultthoughthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.,状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语）MuchasIadmirehimasawriter,Idonotlikehimasaman.Muchashelikesthebike,hedoesntwanttobuyit.HardasIstudied,Icouldnotcatchupwiththem.,谓语动词的倒装：Tryashewould,hecouldnotrememberawordofit.(=Nomatterhowhewouldtry)Tryashemight,hedidntpasstheexam.Hatehimaswemay,wemustadmithisgreatness.Searchastheywould,theycouldfindnothingintheroom.Tryasyoumay,youwillneversucceed.,注意事项：,如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：TeacherasMichaelis,heisnotcapableofteachingallsubjects.Childas/thathewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.Youngestasheisinourclass,hespeaksEnglishthebest.Childasheis,heknowsmuch.as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，主句前可加yet，如：Mary,braveassheis,isafraidofsnakes.Hewasunabletomakemuchprogress,hardashetried.Richasheis,(yet)Idontenvyhim.,当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也可用陈述语序，如：Tiredasweretheworkers,theydidnotstop.Cleverthough/asyoumaybe,youcantdothat.as从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：Childasheis,hewasbrave.注意区别as引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：Lawyerasheis,heexplainsthereasonclearly.(原因从句)Lawyerasheis,hecantexplainthereasonveryclearly.(让步从句),4eventhough和thougheventhough(=evenif)引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情，意为“即使”、“纵然”；though引导的从句指事实，意为“尽管”、“虽然”，,例如：Hewillnotrevealthesecret,eventhoughheknowsit.(可能知道，也可能不知道。)Hewillnotrevealthesecretthoughheknowsit.(虽然知道，却不说出来。),5while引导的让步状语从句：while(=although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如：Whileyoumayberight,Icantaltogetheragree.WhileIadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idontagreethattheycannotbesolved.,注意比较下列各句：WhileIadmithisgoodpoints,Icanseehisshortcomings.(让步)WhileIunderstandwhatyousay,Icantagreewithyou.(让步)WhileIwasreading,thelightwentout.(时间)Motionisabsolutewhilestagnationisrelative.(转折、对比)Heisidle,whilehisbrotherisdiligent.(转折、对比),6whetheror引导的让步状语从句：这种从句也称“选择条件-让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如：Whetherhedrivesor(whetherhe)flies,hewillbehereontime.Whetheryoulikeitornot,youllhavetodoit.Whetherornotitrains,Imgivingapartytomorrow.Weholdthatallcountries,(whethertheyare)bigorsmall,(whethertheyare)richorpoor,shouldbeequal.Whetheritrainsorsnows,Iwillgotonight.Shehadtogo,whetherornotshewantedit.,7由连接代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever引导的让步状语从句：Whoever(=nomatterwho)isunwillingtogo,Iwillgo.(whoever既相当于连接词短语nomatter连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who)Whomever(=nomatterwhom)youaredealingwith,thismethodisnogood.Whatever(=nomatterwhat)happens,keepcalm.Whateverothersmaysay,youarecertainlyright.Whichever(=nomatterwhich)youchoose,wehavenoobjection.,8由连接形容词whatever或whichever引导的让步状语从句，如：Whatever(=nomatterwhat)difficultiesmayarise,wemustandcanovercomethemonebyone.(whatever既相当于nomatter连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what修饰名词difficulties。)Whichever(=nomatterwhich)roomisassignedtohim,hewillhavenoobjecti