学术英语(社科)-Unit.ppt

学术英语社科,AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences,8,HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPowerPeopleoftenassociatepowerofanationwithmilitarymightoreconomicstrength.Istheresomethingmoretotheconceptofpower?Theanswerisintheaffirmative,atleasttosomewhostudypoliticalscience.Thisunitexploresthecomplexnatureofpowerandhowitimpactsinternationalrelations.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,UnitContents,TextA,TextB,Listening,Speaking,Lead-in,Writing,TextC,Lead-in,Lead-intask,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Lead-in,TaskWorkingroupsof3-4.Readthedefinitionofthefollowingexpression.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,carrotandstick/carrotorstick:anidiomaboutpower,figuratively(比喻地)usedtorefertoapolicyofofferingacombinationofrewardsandpunishmenttoinducebehaviorBrainstormandwritedownwhatyouassociatewithpower.Example:Powerismoney./Powerislikethesun.Poweris(like)_.NowreadTextAtoseehowtheauthorsdescribepower.,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,SpecializedvocabularyCollocationsSignpostlanguageFormalEnglish,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysisInTextAtheauthorsexplainthecomplexnatureofpowerfromtheperspectiveofpoliticalscience.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,Definitionofpower:Poweristhetermusedtorepresentthesumofacountryscapabilities.(Para.2)Formsofpower:1)tangiblepower:militarymuscle,wealth,etc.2)intangiblepower:nationalwillpower,diplomaticskills,etc.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,Characteristicsofpower:1.Assetvs.goal1)Powerisanassetthatcanbeappliedtohelpcountriesachievegoals.AnalogybetweenpowerandmoneyPowerisakintomoney.Moneybuysthings;powercausesthingstohappen.Powerislessliquidthanmoney.Powerhasnostandardmeasurement.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,AnalogybetweenmoneyandpowerWeallexpendmoneyasanasset;Wealsoseektoacquiremoneyandtobuildupareserveagainstbothanticipatedneedsandcontingencies.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,2)Powerisalsoagoalascountriesseek,acquire,orpreservesufficientpowertopursuetheirnationalgoals.,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,Debate:Thedualityofpowerasanassetandagoalcreatesadebateoverwhethermoreisalwaysbetter.1)somepeoplesviewCountriescanbecomefixatedonacquiringpower,itarypower.2)criticsviewItisunwisebecausepowerisexpensive.Itspawnsinsecurityinothers.3)realistsviewTherealdangerisunwiseuseofthepoweryouhavebywastingitonmarginalgoals.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,2.Hardpowervs.softpower1)HardpowerDefinition:theabilitytomakesomeoneelsedosomethingorsuffertheconsequencesCharacteristics:negativeincentives(threats,sticks)positiveincentives(inducement,carrots),Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,TextAnalysis,2.Hardpowervs.softpower2)SoftpowerDefinition:theabilitytopersuadeotherstofollowyourleadbybeinganattractiveexample.Debate:Whichoneismoredesirable?,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,CriticalreadingandthinkingofTextA,View1:HardpowerismoredesirableReasons:Hardpoweriseasiertoappreciateasitiseasiertoseethatcertaincoercivemeasuresorpositiveincentiveshavebeenusedandtoobservetheresult.Countriesfollowothercountriesleadbecausetheysharethesameinterests,notbecauseofaltruisticsentimentssuchasadmiration.,View2:Softpowercanbepotentpoint.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Difficultsentences,Becausepowercouldberegardedbothasanassetandasagoal,thistwofacetsofitcausepeopletoargueifmoreisalwaysbetter.,Thedualityofpowerasanassetandagoalcreatesadebateoverwhethermoreisalwaysbetter.(Para.5),Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Difficultsentences,Somepeoplebelievethatcountriescanbecomefixatedonacquiringpower,especiallymilitarypower,beyondwhatisprudentlyneededtomeetpossibleexigencies.(Para.5),Somepeoplebelievethatcountriescouldbecomesoobsessedwithpower,especiallymilitarypower,thattheyembarkonaninfinitejourneytoacquirepowerthatismorethanexigencieswouldrequire.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Difficultsentences,PresidentBush,whoin2002professedhis“respectforthevalues,judgment,andinterestsofourfriendsandpartners”,butwhoalsoasserted,“Wewillbepreparedtoactapart”ifnecessaryand“willnotallowdisagreementswithalliestoobscureourdeterminationtosecureourfundamentalinterestsandvalues.”(Para.9),In2002,PresidentBushdeclaredthatherespectedthevalues,judgment,andinterestsoftheirfriendsandpartners,buthebelievedthatAmericanswouldnotallowtheiralliestopreventAmericansfromprotectingtheirowninterestsandvalues.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Groupdiscussion,Formgroupsof4-5andhaveadiscussionaboutthesoftpowerthefollowingcountrieshave:1)theU.S.2)TheU.K.3)China,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Specializedvocabulary,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Definethefollowingtermsbalanceofpowersoftpowerpowercapacityhardpowerrealistsrealpolitikcoercivediplomacynationalwillpower,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Collocations,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,humannatureremainattheheartofbeakintoacaseinpointpositive/negativeincentivesindeclineakissofdeathmakeconcessionsbeskepticalof,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Signpostlanguage,TextA,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Summarizing/Concludingsomeexpressionsmaybeusedtosummarizeorconcludetalksorwriting.,e.g.Tosumup/summarize/concludeThemainpointsInshortInconclusionOnthewholeInsumInsummary,Dothetaskonpage162.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,2,Englishlanguageforacademicpurpose,FormalEnglish,DoTask3onpage162.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task1TextAdrawsonclassificationanddefinitiontodiscussthecharacteristicsofpower.Completethefollowingtreediagramaboutthecharacteristicsofpoweraccordingtothetext.,Suggestedanswers,Assetvs.goal,Characteristicsofpower,Issue:Ispowerthemorethebetter?,Powerisanassetthatcanbeappliedto_.,Powerisagoalascountries_sufficientpowerto_.,helpcountries,trytoseek,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,achievegoals,pursuenationalgoals,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task1TextAdrawsonclassificationanddefinitiontodiscussthecharacteristicsofpower.Completethefollowingtreediagramaboutthecharacteristicsofpoweraccordingtothetext.,Suggestedanswers,Hardpowervs.softpower,Characteristicsofpower,Issue:_?,Hardpoweristangiblebecauseitiseasiertoobserve_.,Softpowercanbepotentpointbecauseithastheabilityto_.,theresult,attractothers,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Whichismoredesirable,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.,Suggestedanswers,1Intheendthosewhohavethegreatesthardpowerwillgaintheupperhandinanyconflicts.2Powerisnormallyassociatedwithbeingtoughandhard.3Wecancomparepowertomoneybecauselikemoneyitcanbeusedtoobtainwhatwedesire.4Themorepoweracountryhas,thebetteritwillbecome.,F,T,T,F,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.,Suggestedanswers,5Softpowercanenableacountrytohaveitherway.6Realistsdonotbelieveinsoftpower.7Iraqiwardemonstratedsoftpower.8PresidentBushdoesnotbelieveinsoftpower.,T,T,F,T,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextA,Criticalreadingandthinking,Task3Onekindofinterpretationofpoweristhathardpowerismoreconcernedwitheconomicandmilitarymightwhilesoftpowerismoreaboutvaluesandculture.Workinpairsanddiscusswhatthesoftpowerofthefollowingcountriesare.,Suggestedanswers,1TheU.S.:Americanfastfood,hightechnology,Hollywoodblockbusters2TheU.K.:Englishliterature,theroyalfamily3China:Chinesetraditionsandculture,ConfuciusInstitute,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,MatchthewordsandexpressionsinColumnAwiththeirdefinitionsinColumnB.,f,a,c,g,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task1Specializedvocabulary,MatchthewordsandexpressionsinColumnAwiththeirdefinitionsinColumnB.,e,d,h,b,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task2Signpostlanguage,2,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishusingtheexpressionsintheabovebox.,Toconclude,Iwishthesummitacompletesuccess.,Wehope,inshort,tobringtheoryandpracticetogether.,Tosumup/tosummarise/insummary/thereisnoclear,1总之，这个案件没有确凿的证据。_2最后，我预祝峰会圆满成功。_3简而言之，我们希望能将理论与实践结合起来。_,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,evidenceofthiscase.,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task2Signpostlanguage,2,TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishusingtheexpressionsintheabovebox.,Onthewhole,ithasbeenasuccessfulyear.,Now,letmerecapthemainpoints.,4总的来说，这是成功的一年。_5现在我总结一下要点。_,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task3FormalEnglish,2,ReplacetheunderlinedwordsandexpressionsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.,1Whenthegoalsandinterestofstatesconflict,whichsidewillgaincontrolisoftendecidedbywhohasthemostpower.key:2Powerincommonusagecarriesthemeaningof“hit-over-the-head”or“makeyou”capabilitieskey:3Powercanbebasedonpositivepersuasionaswellasnegativecoercion.Infact,powerhasmanyforms.key:4Militarymuscle,wealth,andsomeothersarefairlyobviousandeasytofeel.key:,prevail,connotation,Indeed,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,tangible,Languagebuilding-up,TextA,Suggestedanswers,Task3FormalEnglish,2,ReplacetheunderlinedwordsandexpressionsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.,5Weseektoacquiremoneyandtobuildupareserveagainstbothanticipatedneedsandsomethingthatmighthappenunexpectedly.key:6Thefactthatpowerhastwosides,bothasanassetandagoalcreatesadebateoverwhethermoreisalwaysbetter.key:7Othercountriesadmiringitsvalues,imitatingitsexample,aspiringtoitslevelofprosperityandopennesswanttofollowit.key:8Countriesfollowothercountriesleadbecausetheysharethesameinterests,notbecauseofaltruisticfeelingssuchasadmiration.key:,contingencies,dualityofpower,emulating,sentiments,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,CriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,Criticalthinkingandreading,Whatissmartpower?thecombinationofhardandsoftpower,TextAnalysis,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,Criticalthinkingandreading,SeriousdeclineinAmericanattractivenessinEurope,LatinAmericaandtheIslamicworld.(FindexamplesinParas.3-6.)RobertGatessuggestion:commitmoremoneyandefforttosoft-powertools,becausemilitaryalonecannotdefendU.S.interests.,TextAnalysis,Americansoftpowerisindecline.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,Criticalthinkingandreading,CanU.S.reclaim“smartpower”?Theauthorsview:Yes,AmericacanbecomeasmartAmericabyagaininvestinginglobalpublicgoods,providingthingspeopleandgovernmentsoftheworldwant.(Paras.9-11),TextAnalysis,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,RefertoTextConpage168andgetmoreinformationabouthardpowerandsoftpower.,TextB,Difficultsentences,Theeffectsofthe9/11terroristattacksthrewAmericaoffcourse.(Para.8),Theterriblesufferingofthe9/11terroristattackstookAmericansbysurprise.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Stylealsomatters.(Para.10),Thewayhowthingsaredonealsomatters.,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Suggestedanswers,Task1Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.,1Accordingtothetext,whatissmartpower?2Howissmartpowerdifferentfromsoftpowerandhardpower?,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,Criticalreadingandthinking,Suggestedanswers,Task2Workinpairs.CompareTextAwithTextBandseehowyoumightanswertheabovequestionsforeachtext.Decidewhichonehasamoreneutraltone.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,ReadingcriticallyEverytextiswrittenforapurpose,somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve.Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint.Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:Whatistheauthortryingtoprove?WhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith?DoIagreewiththeauthor?Doestheauthoradequatelydefendhisorherargument?Whatkindofproofdoestheauthoruse?IstheresomethingtheauthorleavesoutthatIwouldputin?Doesputtingitinhurttheauthorsargument?,TextB,Researching,Suggestedanswers,TaskTheAmericandreamusedtoreflectthesoftpowerofthecountry.WiththeriseofChina,someforeignmediabegantotalkabouta“Chinesedream”.ConductasurveyonthecampusabouttheChinesedream.Youmayask:,1Haveyoueverheardofa“Chinesedream”?2Ifso,wheredidyouhearit?Ifnot,whatdoyouthinkaChinesedreamrefersto?3HowistheChinesedreamcomparedwiththeAmericandream?Analyzetheresultsandreportyourfindingstotheclass.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextC,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,TextB,Suggestedanswers,TaskTranslateParagraph1ofTextCintoChinese,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,在今天的发达民主政权，国家实力不再像过去那样刚性，那样有威慑力。同时今天世界上很多地方还不是发达民主政权，这就局限了全球权力的转型变革。比如有些国家还是工业化之前那种农业经济，只有弱化的公共机构，以及集权统治者。有些失败国家成了暴力的温床。还有些国家正在工业化，因此可能经历当年西方类似的国家在20世纪初类似的发展阶段经历过的那些失调、混乱。在这样一个多样化的世界，国家实力的三种来源军事、经济，和软实力都重要，当然这三种来源在不同关系中地位不同。不管怎样，如果现今由信息革命带来的经济和社会发展趋势继续下去，软实力一定会在各方作用中变得越来越重要。,Listening,Cornellnote-takingsystemListeningtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Listening,Academicactivities,Readthestrategiesanddothetasksonpage171.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Listening,Task1Youaregoingtolistentoalectureon“politicalcorrectness”.Beforelistening,lookatthedefinitionof“politicallycorrect”.Writedownthequestionstowhichyouwanttofindanswersinthelectureinthecuespaceofthefollowingtable.,Listeningtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,politicallycorrect:(abbr.PC)language,behavior,andattitudesthatarecarefullychosensothattheydonotoffendorinsultanyone,Listening,Task2Listenagainandtakenotesofspecificinformationasrequiredinthenote-takingarea.,Listeningtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Task3Writeashortsummaryofthelecture.,Politicallycorrectmeanssociallycorrectaccordingtotheviewsofthosewhowerepoliticallyleftofcenter.,Examples:man/womanperson;Miss/Mrs.Ms;poorpeopledisadvantaged,Listening,Listeningtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Task3Writeashortsummaryofthelecture.,newwaysofsayingthings,avoidinggivingoffencetomembersofminoritygroups,Examples:man/womanperson;Miss/Mrs.Ms;poorpeopledisadvantaged,termstoattackthosethoughttobepoliticallyincorrectExamples:sexist;ageist;racist;Eurocentric;homophobe,termsindicatingapositiveprogrammeforaddressingwrongsExamples:multiculturalism;affirmativeaction,Speaking,DevelopingastrongconclusionSpeakingtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Speaking,Signalthatyouaregoingtofinishthepresentation.Makeconcludingcomments,suchassummarizingthemainpointsofthepresentation,emphasizingtheimportantpoints,etc.Thanktheaudience.Askwhetherthelistenershaveanyquestions.,developingastrongconclusion,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Generally,astrongconclusionshouldincludethefollowingpoints.,Speaking,Task1Likeacountry,apersonalsopossesseshardpowerandsoftpower.Workinpairsanddiscusswhatisthesoftpowerofapersonandmakealistofitsaspects.Task2Workingroupsof4-5andcompletethefollowingtask.CompareChinawithJapanwithrespecttomilitarypower,economicpower,culturalpower,powerofindustry,poweroftechnologyetc.Summarizeyourfindingsandreporttotheclass.Trytomakeastrongconclusion.,Speakingtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Writing,WritingconclusionsWritingtasks,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Writing,Mainpointsinconclusions,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Referbacktothetopicofyourpaper.Restatethethesis.Analyzeandevaluateyourownideastoexplaintheirsignificance.Offerrecommendationsforfutureaction.,Writing,Writingtasks,Task1ReadtheconclusionsectionofapaperdiscussingconstructionmanagementandeconomicsinthecontextofChineseculture(asshowninthesample).Decidewhichpartofthesectionfulfillsthefollowingfunctions.1Referringbacktothetopic.2Restatingthethesis.3Analyzingandevaluatingtheideastoexplaintheirsignificance.4Offeringrecommendationsforfutureaction.,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Writing,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Theprocurementarrangementdeterminestherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheparticipantsonaconstructionproject,andtherelationshipsamongthem.1Thechoiceofsuchanarrangementshouldrecognizeculturalfactors.2Thehypotheseswereconfirmedbytheresultsofthestudy,whichshowedthattheSingaporeChinesecontractorswayofconductingbusinessisinfluencedbyChineseculture,ChineseculturecanhelptopromotepartneringintheSingaporeconstructionindustry,andpartneringiseasierbetweenChinesecontractorsandclientsbecauseoftheirsimilarculture.3,Suggestedanswers,Writing,Unit8HardPower,SoftPower,SmartPower,Chineseculturecanhelpto