大学英语四级写作改2.ppt

外语部符祝芹,如何准备大学英语四级写作,内容提要考题趋势评分标准备考指南考场策略,08作文预测,一四级写作考题趋势,.作文命题：（记叙，应用，说明，议论,图表）多种体裁并用趋势，评价考生综合写作能力：观察,分析和解决问题的思维能力,back,一四级写作考题趋势,.作文题型趋势：提纲式作文：作文标题和内容提示（三段式）每个段落有一个句子，每个段落的句子其实就中心句考题越来越具有实用性，题目贴近学生生活，注重考实际运用能力,back,二.四级写作评分标准切题：正确表达思想,思路清晰;连贯性：意义连贯，前后一致;语言：无重大语法错误。,作文评阅：总体评判（globalscoring),back,切题,切题是指每个段落所写的句子都应该围绕该段所给出的中心句来写，而不是就围绕着整篇文章的中心来写就可以了一定是围绕着该段落的中心句展开的，思路清晰，不写与话题无关的东西。,四级作文评分标准之一：,Myviewonoff-campusroomrenting1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,Withthepeopleslivestandardsrisingrapidly,morecampusstudentsconceptisopen.Theywanttogetthefreedomandselfcontrol.Soalotofstudentsrenttheroomoutofthecampus.whysomanystudentsdoit?.,学生作文分析例：,是否切题？,Asweallknow,withthedevelopmentofsocietyandeconomics,thecampusesbecomemoreclosetosociety.Underthecondition,collegeschoolsarefullofvariousclubs.,年作文考题：,1.本社团的主要活动内容.参加本社团的好处.如何参加本社团,是否切题？,学生作文分析例2:,学生作文分析例：MayIhaveyourattention,please.Imheretointroduceourclubtoyou.ThenameofourclubisJapaneseclub.Ifyoujoinourclub,youcanhavetheopportunitytoattendmanyinterestingactivities.Inthefirstplace,therearesomeclassesinwhichyoucanlearnJapanese.AlsosometimeswewillcallonandwatchsomeJapanesemovietogether.Thebestofall,manypeoplewhoknowJapaneseculturewellwilltalkwithusandtellussomefunnyJapanesestory.,是否切题？,back,可以理解为观念、思想、言论、推理合乎逻辑；前后一致；让人易懂。,四级作文评分标准之二：,.连贯性,段落之间的“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”,句子之间的逻辑关系也要通过一些逻辑连词来完成,Myviewonoff-campusroomrenting,1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,连贯性：意义连贯，前后一致;,back,1)表示开始：firstofall,inthefirstplace,attheverybeginning,tobeginwith,currently,atpresent,foronething等。2)表示承接：besides,furthermore,inaddition,moreover,whatsmore,meanwhile,apartfrom,aswellas,similarly,inthesameway等。,连贯性常用表达：,3)表示转折：however,whereas,while,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand等。4)表示结论：inconclusion,inbrief,inshort,tosumup,ultimately,asaresult,asaconsequence,overall等。5)表示原因：because(of),accordingly,dueto,owingto,forthisreason,since等。,连贯性常用表达：,表达观点：inmyopinion,personally,frommyviewpoint,itseemstome,itiscleartomethat,asfarasIamconcerned举例说明：forexample,forinstance,asfollows,suchas,thatistosay,namely,justas,inparticular等。表示让步：although,inspiteof,despiteof,despitethefactthat,regardlessof等。,连贯性常用表达：,back,.语言,用词和造句是否清楚确切地表达思想,四级作文评分标准之三：,(语法、拼写和词汇),home,常见语言错误：,双谓语_可数名词的单复数_冠词_拼写错误_标点_词性混淆_动词的及物和不及物_一致性时态,To,home,三备考指南,目标：一篇作文段句词词句段篇章,四六级写作基本上是纲要写作，基本上省略掉了从段到篇的构思，中心句直接翻译过来,词汇：,home,词汇,词义词形写作词汇高分运用,备考指南一,词汇,Thepriceisveryexpensive.Weshouldelbowthetimeforourstudy.,语境中学单词,英文解释，近义词,记词组，搭配选词准确，表达贴切,词汇误用例子：,learnknowledge,.词义（meaningusage）,gain/obtain/accessto/deriveknowledgefrom;,增长知识：expand/increase/broaden/develop/enhance;传播知识：pass/impart/spread渴求知识：hungryfor/thirstyforknowledge,温馨提示秘诀:多留心，多积累,写作常用词组：,Acquireknowledge,获取/学知识：,词汇,单词的记忆：,发音:构词法：超级联想,ambition,俺必胜,minutetomato,minitmainjut,.词形（form),herohistorychocolate,toma:totomeito,back,.写作词汇高分运用,多实少虚原则多使用正式词汇或短语，代替非正式或随意的词汇或表达用词多样化，切忌关键词的重复使用（正反关系，同义词，上下义关系，词性转换）分词做定语短语优先,back,词汇,.写作词汇高分运用,多实少虚原则,例：.我希望我在学校能学到一些东西IhopeIcando/learnsomething,.说一个人很好/不错的时候,不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospitable之类的形象词。,back,多使用正式词汇或短语，代替非正式或随意的词汇或表达，例如：good：positive,favorable,promising,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstandingbad:unfavorable,poor,adverseinmyopinion:Formypart,frommyownperspectiveThink:Taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelyshared/accepted/acknowledged,.写作词汇高分运用,back,用词多样化，切忌关键词的重复使用，如在某事的优点和缺点时，就可用advantageanddisadvantagespositiveandnegativeaspects;benefitsanddrawbacks,favorableandunfavorableaspects.MeritanddownsideProsandcons,etc.,.写作词汇高分运用,back,Ihadaverynicechildhood.IwenttoaveryniceschoolinScotlandwheretheteacherswereallnicetothechildrenandthelessonswerealwaysnice.Itwasinaverynicepartofthecountryanditseemstomenowthattheweatherwasalwaysnice.Ithoughtitwasespeciallyniceinwinterwhenitwasnicetoplayinthesnow.Ourschooluniformwasveryniceandschooldinnerswerealwaysnice.IwonderifitwasreallyasniceasIthinknoworifIamjustbecomingold?,用词多样化:,Ihadaveryhappychildhood.IwenttoaverypleasantschoolinScotlandwheretheteacherswereallkindtothechildrenandthelessonswerealwaysinteresting.Itwasinaverybeautifulpartofthecountryanditseemstomenowthattheweatherwasalwaysnice.Ithoughtitwasespeciallyniceinwinterwhenitwasenjoyabletoplayinthesnow.Ourschooluniformwasveryattractiveandschooldinnerswerealwaysdelicious.IwonderifitwasreallyaswonderfulasIthinknoworifIamjustbecomingold?,back,正反义关系,diminishedwildlifespeciesduetoincreasingpopulationsPhysicallyactiveindividualshavehalftheriskofcoronaryheartdiseasecomparedtotheirsedentarycounterparts.,用词多样化,back,同义词替换,名词保护preservationofwildlifehabitatsconservationofnaturalhabitatsprotectionofecosystemfocusonenvironmentalprotectionandnatureconservation,用词多样化,back,动词,protectwildbirds,conservewaterandpreservetheenvironmentstrengtheneconomicexchangesandpromoteculturalcommunicationbalancethecaloriesyouconsumewiththeamountofcaloriesyouexpend,同义词替换,back,形容词,大多数的alargemajorityof/avastmajorityofagreatmajorityof发展中国家adevelopingcountryaless-developedcountryandisadvantagedcountryanimpoverishedcountry,同义词替换,back,副词increase/decreasedramatically/sharplyriseslightlyandthendropmoderatelysignificantly,greatly,dramatically,strikingly,environmentallyfriendlyfinanciallyindependentculturallydiversephysicallydamagingemotionallydetrimental,同义词替换,back,上下义关系,endangeredspecies/wildanimals/pandawastedisposalprogramme/recyclingscheme/collectionsystem/landfillsite/dustbin,词性转换,combustiblematerialvscombustiblesSucceedvsbesuccessful,back,分词做定语,ing分词soaringcrimeratevshighcrimerateincreasingpressurevsmoreandmorepressureagrowingincreaseVSmoreandmoreed分词oldpeoplevsagedpeoplelonelyparentsvsisolatedparents,.写作词汇高分运用,back,一、用短语会使文章增加亮点二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！比如：,Icannotbearit.可以用短语表达：Icannotputupwithit.Iwantit.可以用短语表达：Iamlookingforwardtoit.,back,短语优先,.写作词汇高分运用,句子,如何用现有的词汇组成句子？一个重要因素：语法asaman，Iread.Althoughoneactionistomeettheprimaryneedofmybodyandtheotheristosatisfytheintellectualneedofmind，theyareinawayquitesimilar.,back,建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。,Excellent!,back,Livingoffcampusisexciting.Livingoffcampusismoreindependent.Iprefertheconvenienceoflivingoncampus.,多变句式：短句变长的方法,Livingoffcampusisexcitingandmoreindependent,butIprefertheconvenienceoflivingoncampus.,back,Ienjoymusicandheisfondofplayingguitar.如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Notonlythefurcoatissoft，butitisalsowarm.其它的短语可以用：besides，furthermore，likewise，moreover,back,2)转折(拐弯抹角)Thecarwasquiteold，yetitwasinexcellentcondition.Thecoatwasthin，butitwaswarm.更多的短语：despitethat，still，however，nevertheless，inspiteof，despite，notwithstanding,back,3)因果(so，so，so)Thesnowbegantofall，sowewenthome.更多短语：then，therefore，consequently，accordingly，hence，asaresult，forthisreason，sothat,back,失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)举例：ThisiswhatIcando.Whetherhecangowithusornotisnotsure.同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：Whentogo，Whyhegoesaway,back,附加(多此一举)Themanwhomyoumetyesterdayisafriendofmine.Idontenjoythatbookyouarereading.Mrliu，ouroralEnglishteacher，iseasy-going.其实很简单，同位语-要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whomorthat关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。,back,排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势！,back,Nowadays，energycanbeobtainedthroughvarioussourcessuchasoil，coal，naturalgas，solarheat，thewindandoceantides.Wehavegottostudyhard，toenlargeourscopeofknowledge，torealizeourpotentialsandtopayforourlife.(气势恢宏)要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！,back,挑战极限原则原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：Theweatherbeingfine，alargenumberofpeoplewenttoclimbtheWesternHills.Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent，itssizebeingaboutthreetimesthatofChina.如果您可写一些这样的句子，不得高分才怪！,back,核心：由句到段如何表达？,其实也就是把中心句扩展成好几个句子组成一个段落，论证才能充分，内容才能充实，单独一个句子是不够的一定是围绕中心句来写,段落,主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感！相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！,段落,back,Theyhavemanyreasonsfortheirchoice.Someofthemconsiderthattheyshouldbegivenmorespaceandfreedom,whiletherearemanyrulesinthecollege.Otherslivingoutsideoftheschoolwanttohaveagoodenvironmenttostudy,forthecampusisalwaysnoisy.Thesmallestnumberofthemcanttakecareofthemselves,totheirparentsrentahousefortheirchildren.,学生作文例子：主题句原则,back,框架,合理的文章结构通常由三大部分组成，即引言（introduction）、主体（body）和结论（conclusion），写段比较合理。引言要涵盖主题、写作任务和主题句，主体则要包括足够的论点和论据，结论可以重申观点、提出建议或展望未来。,home,篇章,Myviewonoff-campusroomrenting,1.很多大学生在校外租房居住.学生校外租房的主要原因.校外租房的利弊,back,注意：。文章开头。段落过渡要自然，衔接流畅。论证部分要分层展开。结尾要干净利落。整体布局合理。中心要突出，思想上要保持一体性。,篇章,home,四考场策略,可以把题纲句子直接翻译，把段首句作为中心句，也就是所谓的开门见山,学生作文分析：弄巧成拙,Whereareothersinyourroom?Whenyouenteraroomofanuniversityyoumaynotseeeveryone.Itisbecausetherearemoreandmoreuniversitystudentschoosetorentroomoff-campus,.主题句：,四考场策略,.本社团的主要活动内容.参加本社团的好处如何参加本社团,如何知道哪些段落详写，哪些段落略写？,论证方法：分类，列举，正反，对比等,交际功能,.主体段落：,四考场策略,.换位思考：,如何写一些能吸引考官眼球的东西？,一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。譬如要描述一个好人，很多同学首先想到的形容词就是good,kind,wise,nice,clever,great,bright等词，而这些词往往很难出彩，因为描述太过于抽象，如果能用到诸如ambitious,tactful,eloquent