手机火车汉字发展史英文版.doc

手机 火车 汉字发展史英文版手机发展史英文版The history of mobile phones begins with early efforts to develop radio telephone technology and from two-way radios in vehicles and continues through emergence of modern mobile phones and associated services.Radiophones have a long and varied history going back to Reginald Fessendens invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the Second World War with military use of radio telephony links and civil services in the 1950s, while hand-held mobile radio devices have been available since 1973. Mobile phone history is often divided into generations (first, second, third and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years.Contents hide1 Pioneers of radio telephony 2 Emergence of commercial mobile phone services 3 First generation: Cellular networks 4 Second generation: Digital networks 5 Third generation: High speed IP data networks 6 Growth of mobile broadband and the emergence of 4G 7 Patents 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links edit Pioneers of radio telephonyIn 1908, U.S. Patent 887,357 for a wireless telephone was issued to Nathan B. Stubblefield of Murray, Kentucky. He applied this patent to cave radio telephones and not directly to cellular telephony as the term is currently understood.1In 1910 Lars Magnus Ericsson installed a telephone in his car, although this was not a radio telephone. While travelling across the country, he would stop at a place where telephone lines were accessible and using a pair of long electric wires he could connect to the national telephone network.2In Europe, radio telephony was first used on the first-class passenger trains between Berlin and Hamburg in 1926. At the same time, radio telephony was introduced on passenger airplanes for air traffic security. Later radio telephony was introduced on a large scale in German tanks during the Second World War. After the war German police in the British zone of occupation first used disused tank telephony equipment to run the first radio patrol cars.citation needed In all of these cases the service was confined to specialists that were trained to use the equipment. In the early 1950s ships on the Rhine were among the first to use radio telephony with an untrained end customer as a user.Two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile two-way radios were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or bag phones were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered Handie-Talkie (HT) was about the size of a mans forearm.In 1946 soviet engineers G. Shapiro and I. Zaharchenko successfully tested their version of a radio mobile phone mounted inside a car. The device could connect to local telephone network with a range of up to 20 kilometers.Top of cellular telephone towerIn December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.3 Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells.4 The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard H. Frenkiel and Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.During the 1950s the experiments of the pioneers started to appear as usable services across society, both commercially and culturally. In the 1954 movie Sabrina, the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart) makes a call from the phone in the back of his limousine.In 1957 young Soviet radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich from Moscow created the portable mobile phone, named after himself as LK-1 or radiophone.5 This true mobile phone consisted of a relatively small-sized handset equipped with an antenna and rotary dial, and communicated with a base station. Kupriyanovichs radiophone had 3 kilogram of total weight, could operate up to 20 or 30 kilometers, and had 20 or 30 hours of battery lifespan. LK-1 and its layout was depicted in popular Soviet magazines as Nauka i zhizn, 8, 1957, p. 49, Yuniy technik, 7, 1957, p. 4344. Engineer Kupriyanovich patented his mobile phone in the same year 1957 (authors certificate (USSR Patent) # 115494, 1.11.1957). The base station of LK-1 (called ATR, or Automated Telephone Radiostation) could connect to local telephone network and serve several customers.In 1958, Kupriyanovich resized his radiophone to pocket version. The weight of improved light handset was about 500 grams.In 1967, each mobile phone had to stay within the cell area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call. This did not provide continuity of automatic telephone service to mobile phones moving through several cell areas.In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an acoustic coupler for incoming calls was issued in US Patent Number 3,449,750 to George Sweigert of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969. Dialing a number for outgoing calls was not provided.The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., another Bell Labs engineer,6 invented an automatic call handoff system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without loss of conversation. Also Fluhr and Nussbaum,7 Hachenburg et al.8 , and U.S. Patent 4,152,647, issued May 1, 1979 to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, both of Las Vegas, Nevada and assigned by them to the United States Government.汉字发展史英文版In the last 50 or so years, inscriptions have been found on pottery in a variety of locations in China such as Bnp near Xn, as well as on bone and bone marrows at Hualouzi, Changan County near Xian. These simple, often geometric marks have been frequently compared to some of the earliest known Chinese characters, on the oracle bones, and some have taken them to mean that the history of Chinese writing extends back over six millennia.However, because these marks occur singly, without any context to imply, and because they are generally extremely crude and simple, Qi Xgu (2000, p. 31) concluded that we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing, nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters. Isolated graphs and pictures continue to be found periodically, frequently accompanied by media reports pushing back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing a few thousand years. For example, at Damaidi in Ningxia, 3,172 pictorial cliff carvings dating to 60005000 BC have been discovered, leading to headlines such as Chinese writing 8,000 years old.6 Similarly, archaeologists report finding a few inscribed symbols on tortoise shells at the Neolithic site of Jiahu in Henan, dated to around 6,6006,200 BCE, leading to headlines of Earliest writing found in China.7In his comment released to the BBC, Professor David Keightley urged caution in the latter instance, pointing to the lack of any direct cultural connection to Shng culture, combined with gaps between them of many millennia. However, in the same BBC article, a supporting argument is provided by Dr Garman Harbottle, of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York, US, who collaborated with a team of archaeologists at the University of Science and Technology of China, in Anhui province in the discovery. Dr Harbottle points to the persistence of sign use at different sites along the Yellow River throughout the Neolithic and up to the Shng period, when a complex writing system appears.7One group of sites of interest is the Dwnku culture sites (28002500 BCE, only one millennium earlier than the early Shng culture sites, and positioned so as to be plausibly albeit indirectly ancestral to the Shng). There, a few inscribed pottery and jade pieces have been found,8 one of which combines pictorial elements (resembling, according to some, a sun, moon or clouds, and fire or a mountain) in a stack which brings to mind the compounding of elements in Chinese characters. Major scholars are divided in their interpretation of such inscribed symbols. Some, such as Y Xngw,9 Tng Ln10 and L Xuqn,11 have identified these with specific Chinese characters. Others such as Wang Ningsheng12 interpret them as pictorial symbols such as clan insignia, rather than writing. But in the view of Wang Ningsheng, True writing begins when it represents sounds and consists of symbols that are able to record language. The few isolated figures found on pottery still cannot substantiate this point.13火车发展史的英文介绍+汉译China Railway began in the late Qing Dynasty. However, the Qing government corruption, conservative, authoritarian, but regulation of ancestors from, refused to accept new things. They built railways, the application of steam as a 淫巧often associated with, that will repair the railway I lost dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui, which stubbornly refused to build the railway. July 3, 1876, from Britain, the United States of collusion by British agents in China - Jardines - ostensibly carrying the construction of the Qing government to Shanghai from Wusong an unusual road, the land without permission in China China built the first business of the railway line is completed, the opening of the Shanghai Wusong the. Subsequently, the Qing government of the two silver 285000, at 3 times the redemption payment and the removal of the railway. 1879, Westernization Group leader Li order to Tangshan Kaiping coal mine to Tianjin, Tangshan奏请to the construction of the railway Beitang. The Qing government to railway locomotive smoke禾稼injury, vibration sleep hills, he decided to shorten the rail, only repair a section of the Tangshan Coal to Xu, Xu芦台Coal to inter-cut canal, connecting蓟运河to achieve Beitang Haikou; sleep in order to avoid rolling hills shock decision by horse traction vehicles. However, using horse traction vehicles can not play should be the effectiveness of the railway, in 1881 the opening of the railway Tang Xu, the Chinese workers, then an engineer with the British payment of the several design drawings, the boiler and the mine shaft lifting frame the trough of the old iron and other materials, the success of a trial-type 0-3-0 steam locomotive. This is the history of Chinas first locomotive manufacturing. Another argument is that Chinas first train a Tang Xu then Chief Engineer of the British rail thin model with the wife of George Stevenson of the famous British-made steam No. rocket and caused by, and It is named Chinas No. rocket. But the Chinese workers in locomotive engraved on both sides of the one-stop, so they call it The Dragon Train. Because photos can clearly see the Rocket of China (Chinese rockets) and long word mark, so future generations have been identified this is the first Chinese-made motorcycles. However, left over from the picture we can see that this locomotive design specifications, manufacturing well, how can and from the waste material to create a monster, etc. view? In 2003, the British study of Chinese railway彼得克拉什Jindal found a China No. rocket group photo. By comparison, one can see this photo on the China No. rocket and the picture kept on Chinas No. rockets are obviously different: the chimney of a small locomotive and the rates high, a thick and short; locomotive both sides of the tank before a shoe-shaped block, a; drivers cab, a tag is the 1, a circular marker is . . as a result of old age, lack of information, the first Chinese-made motorcycles mystery remains uncertain and can not be the truth. China Railway Museum a collection of Taiwan and Chinas oldest locomotive, since it has a great body of the 0 character, it is then it is referred to as the 0 Train. Research experts concluded that after the opening of the railway Tang Xu, in 1882, and from the United Kingdom to purchase two small 0-2-0 type (only two pairs of drive wheels) locomotive (called 0), and to participate in running. Were considered to be China The first imports of a motorcycle. Since 1881, Tang Xu railway built in 1911 to the fall of the Qing government for 30 years, is the first stage of Chinas railway. This stage, the Qing government and internally as a result of Westernization Group recommends that people with lofty ideals and promote the continuous, not only changing the construction of the railway will lose my dangers, harm I Tin House, hindered my feng shui of understanding, but accept the lessons of the war a failure and further strengthening the understanding of Haiphong to the opening of the railway may be the remedy for the military finally determine the policy of railway construction, the establishment of the railway company, began planning to build a railway. 30 years, Chinas 18 provinces and cities in the construction of the railway of 9137.2 kilometers. Some of these government-run railway, some commercial, some government officials and businessmen co-organized, there is a part of Sino-foreign joint, or simply repair is a foreigner. The wheel of history to enter the Republic of China, the railway construction has changed the situation. Interim government in Nanjing in the early days of its establishment with the Ministry of Communications, also has set up the Chinese Railway Association and China National Railway Company. In 1928 from the beginning of the ruling KMT government in Nanjing, in his long rule of more than 20 years, although the development of a large-scale development of the railway project and the Ministry of Railways had set up the national railway undertaking unified management, but does not build the railway. Lack of the national railway branch less dry conditions, poor people in the country decline, the case of years of war has not changed. In 1949, the Chinese locomotive may have the 4069 Statistics of Taiwan, respectively, from nine countries, more than 30 factories, as many as 198 kinds of motorcycle models, it is no wonder China is known as a locomotive State Museum. According to the information available now, with imports from the United K