大学英语新编第一册unit4creativity.ppt

2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,1,Unit4Creativity,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,2,Usefulinformation(1),Creativityisarathervagueabilitythatusuallyimpliesoriginalityandimagination.Althoughonenormallyassociatescreativenesswithartistsandpoets,peopleofallagescandemonstratecreativityinawidevarietyofways.Achildcancreateanimaginaryvillagefromanoddassortmentofsticksandstones.Afactoryworkercansolveacomplexmechanicalprobleminaninventivefashion.Anadvertisingagentcanthinkupaninexpensiveandhumorouswaytoreachanewclientele.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,3,Usefulinformation(2),Asageneralrule,creativitydoesnotnecessarilyrequiresophisticatedskillsorgreatintelligence.Thecreativeprocessofteninvolvesintuitiveperception,lateralthinking,andexperimentationbytrialanderror.Inotherwords,acreativepersonmightguessatapossiblesolution,pullincomparisonsfromtotallyunrelatedfields,andacceptmistakesasanormalpartofproblem-solving.Aretheresituationsorattitudesthatinhibitorpreventcreativity?Teacherswhoregardenergeticandinquisitivechildrenasnaughtyprobablydiscouragecreativity.Abosswhofeelsthreatenedbyemployeesquestioningoldwaysandwhocallssuggestionsanuisanceisnotfavoringcreativityintheworkplace.Parentswhoexpecttheirchildrentodraworpaintlikegreatmasterswillnottoleratemessyoruglyartwork.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,4,Usefulinformation(3),Education-ChineseandWestern-involveslearningskillsandacquiringabodyofknowledgeinmanyfields.ThisaspectofeducationdoesnotenhancecreativitywhichisgenerallyconsideredtobeoneofthekeyaimsofWesterneducation.Certainlysincethe1960sintheUnitedStates,CanadaandAustraliaincreasingeffortshavebeenmadetointegratestrategiesintotheeducationalsystemthathelpchildrentolearnbydoing,byhands-onclassworkandbyspecialprojects.Allofthesestudent-centeredactivitiesaredesignedtoteachchildrentodrawconclusionsfromtheirownobservationsorfromthoseoftheirgroupandespeciallytolearnhowtoresearchatopicontheirown.SciencefairsandscienceOlympicsencouragemiddleschoolandhighschoolstudentstoinventallkindsofthings.Childrenarealsoexpectedtoaskquestionsandtoworkindependentlyataveryyoungage.Creativewritingclassesallowchildrentowriteshortstoriesandnovels.Thequalitymaybequestionable,buttheaimistogivestudentstotalfreedomtoexperiment.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,5,Usefulinformation(4),Aneducationalsystemthatfosterscreativitypresupposesthepositivevalueofindividualism.Culturesthatstresscollectivismandgroupsolidaritymaynotplacegreatimportanceonindividualexpressionsofcreativity.Societiesorinstitutionsbasedonahierarchicaldistributionofpowermayregardindividualcreativityasirrelevantanddestabilizing.Strategiesthatencouragechildrentoexperimentandthinkforthemselvesareoftencriticizedbecausetheyslowdownthelearningprocessandtheacquisitionofskills.Inotherwords,theyareconsideredtobeinefficient.Certainlytheydoimplyatoleranceforguesswork,errorsandimperfection.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,6,PartOnePreparation,1.WhatIsCreativity?“Beingcreativemeansonecanthinkofthingsthatotherscannot.Beingcreativemeansonecansolveproblemsinasimpleandoriginalway.Beingcreativemeansonecanthinkanddothingsinanunusualway.Beingcreativeisnotlimitedtoscientistsorartists.Actually,ordinarypeoplealsodocreativeworkintheirlives.Itiscarriedonallthetimebyamateurinventorswhofindnewandmoreconvenientwaysofdoingeverydaythings.Forexample,thepaperclipwasinventedbyamanwhokeptlosinghispaperwork.Thankstohisowninvention,hesnowverywellorganized.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,7,2.CreativityandInventions,Thetypewriterreplacedpensandpencilsandenabledpeopletowritemuchmorequicklyandmuchmoreneatly.Thecalculatorreplacedmentalcalculations,tablesandtheabacus.Theresultsaremoreaccurate,theproblemscanbedonemorequickly,andcomplexoperationswithlargesumscanbedoneeasily.Thelightbulbreplacedcandles,lampsandtorches.Electricitycanbeusedatanytimeofthedayornight.Withelectriclights,peoplenolongerhadtodependonsunlight.Theballpointpenreplacedpenandink.Itismoreconvenient,easytocarryandoftenneater.Therefrigeratorreplacedotherwaysofpreservingfoodsuchasice,saltanddrying.Itenablespeopletokeepvegetablesandotherfoodsfreshformanydays.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,8,3.WhatsMyLine?,1)ACTRESS,2)WAITER,3)ARTIST,4)BUTCHER,5)BANKER,6)ACTOR,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,9,PartTwoReadingActivities,Pre-readingReferenceanswerstodiscussiontasks:1.No.TheymadethedecisionsandIobeyed.IfIdidnotobey,Iwouldbepunished.Theymeantwellandwantedtoteachmetherightmoralvaluesandnottomakemistakes.Butsometimes,Ithinktheyshouldhaveletmediscoverthingsbymyself.Ithinkthatchildrenareverycleverandshouldbeencouragedtomakesomedecisionsbythemselves.2.Yes.Icouldtalkfreelywiththeguestsofourfamily.IfIhadnotbeenallowedtospeaktothem,IwouldhavefeltlikealittlechildoranoutsidereventhoughIwasnotreallyyoung,andIwouldnothavefeltlikepartofthefamily.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,10,In-ClassReadingTheCaseforCreativityEncouragingChildrentoThink,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,11,参考译文,关于创造力的培养一一鼓励孩子思考（1）教育和商业界的专家们说,具有创造性是通向光明前程关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。如果1925年迪克德鲁听从了他老板的意见,也许就不会有遮护股带这种用品,现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于明尼苏达制造和矿业公司,通常称为3M公司。在工作中,他研制丁一种用于胶带有黏性的一面的物质,它的黏性很强,能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究o最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广为使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训:现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用,而且全国(指美国)各地的专家认为,对孩子也应仿效这种做法,无论是在家里还是学校里。他们认为,如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维,他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。创造性的禅益不只限于音乐和艺术领域。凡是能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法去解决问题的人.创造性并非与生俱来,也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性就是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子,而这些点子会给某方面带来好处。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,12,关于创造力的培养一一鼓励孩子思考（2）,不幸的是,学校往往并不促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数,强调阅读、写作和数学能力,往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是孩子们能够反馈所学的知识,却不知道如何灵活应用所学知识。比如,他们可能熟记乘法表,却不会用它来解决数学应用题。然而,在有些学校里,教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题,并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥忽像力的活动结合起来。比如,教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆,他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约,情况会是如何。回答这一问题,学生必须应用他们关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即使学生的回答会很可笑,也,毫无关系,这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为,在课堂以及在家里,必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力,使那些念头成为切实可行的想法。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子,同时对他们的怒法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造刀的氛围,一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞恕法的环境。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,13,关于创造力的培养一一鼓励孩子思考（3）,在家里,家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到适合讨论的问题,家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见,让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种的后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力是和语言能力紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。具有幽默感对于帮助开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时,孩子们就看到丁最地道的创造性。从本质上看,幽默就得跨越常规界限,打破圄有模式.要创造往往也得如此。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果,要让孩子从尽可能平的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力,即使只是在午餐的两种食物的选择丰做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大,家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱;当他们做出错误的决定时,不要主动地给予过多的帮助。这样做可能会使孩子莫名其妙,但这不是个问题。因为富有创造刀的人有一个最重要的特点,他们有很强的动刀去使杂乱无章的事情变得井然有序。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,14,2.LanguagePoint,1)ThecaseforcreativityencouragingchildrenCase在此意为“与某事物有关的情况”该词作名词使用可表事例Thatsnotthecase.Itsnottrue.病历；病案therewerefivecases(fivepersonssufferingfrom)ofinfluenza案件；讼案Whenwillthecasecomebeforethecourt?Casebook病例本；个案记录本；事例本箱；盒adressingcase梳妆盒suitcase;bookcase,LanguagePoint,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,15,Case固定短语几常见搭配,Itmayrain,youdbettertakeanumbrella(just)incase.可能会下雨，你最好带把雨伞,以防万一。（若；如果；万一）IncaseIforget,pleaseremindmeofmypromise.Incaseoffire,ringthealarmbell.万一失火的话，请按警铃。inthis/thatcase若是这样/那样的话innocase决不/inanycase无论如何,LanguagePoint,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,16,Creativity,n.创造力派生createv.创造；创建creationn.创造；作品；宇宙万物creativeadj.富有创造力的Creatorn.创造者creaturen.动物；人（尤指女人）Tobeanartistinvolvescreativity.作艺术家得有创造力。译文：关于创造力的培养-鼓励孩子思考。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,17,2)thisvitalskillinchildren(line2):,vital:adj.必不可少的；非常重要的；有生命力的；生死攸关的bevitaltosb./sth.对必不可少的在Itisvitalthat句型中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气(“should+do.”)形式。词类形容词还有important,necessary,essential,desirable,advisable,urgentItisvitalthatenoughmoney(should)becollectedtofundtheproject.,LanguagePoint,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,18,Vital,派生Vitalityn.活;vitalize(se)v.给予生机vitallyadv.极为,甚另：vitalsn.身体的主要器官vitalforce生命力Environmentisvitalforachildsgrowth.环境对一个小孩的成长是至关重要的。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,19,3)IfDickDrew.,(line3),practically:adv.a.)actually实用地；b).almost;nearly几乎派生practicaladj.实际的practicalityn.实用性;practicableadj.可行的;practice(se)n.实践v.实行;practiced/practisedadj.老练的;practitionern.开业者（医生或律师）Youcanlearnpracticallynothingfromyourexperienceinthatfactory.你在那个工厂几乎什麽也不会学到。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,20,mask:v.遮住；掩藏n.面具；伪装,派生maskedadj.（人）戴面具的Hedidallhishatredforhismasterunderamaskofloyalty.Hemaskedallhishatredforhismasterunderloyalty.他伪装忠实，掩饰他对住人的仇恨。译文；如果在1925年迪克。德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许就不会有遮护胶带这种用品，现在我们几乎离不开它。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,21,4)Atwork,(line5),Atwork,hedevelopedasticky-sidesubstancestrongenoughtoholdthingstogether.sticky-sidesubstance:粘胶（胶带呈粘性那面的物质）译文:在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有粘性的一面的物质，它的粘性很强，能使物体粘在一起。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,22,5)Drewperfectedthetape,(line7),perfect:makesth.faultlessineveryway使完美；改进eg.SheneedstoperfectherEnglishbeforegoingabroad.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,23,6)Itisastrategythat.(line11),Itisastrategythatmoreandmorecompaniesareemployingandonethatexpertsaroundthecountrysayweoughttobefollowingwithourchildren,bothathomeandatschool.这个句子由两个强调句组成1)Itisastrategythatmoreandmorecompaniesareemploying.2)Itsastrategythatexpertsaroundthecountrysayweoughttobefollowingwithourchildren,bothathomeandatschool.译文；现在，这种策略已被经越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国（指美国）各地的专家认为，对孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是学校里。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,24,7)thefeelingisthat(line13),thefeelingisthattheywillbebetterabletofunctionintomorrowssociety.function:作为可数名词使用主要表示“职责；功能；作用”例：thefunctionsofajudge法官的职责;thefunctionofeducation教育的功能thefunctionsofthenerves神经的机能作动词使用表示“尽职责；起作用；有效用”例：Thetelephonewasnotfunctioning.电话坏了。SomeEnglishadverbsfunctionasadjectives.英语的某些副词有形容词的作用。译文：他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性的思维，他们就能在明天的社会里更好的发挥作用。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,25,8)Creativitysbenefits(line15),Creativitysbenefitsreachbeyondmusicandart.reach：达到，触及译文：创造性的裨益不止限于音乐和艺术领域。9)anumberofwaystoapproachproblems(line15)approach:1）方法，途径2）靠近，临近E.g.Newyearisapproaching.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,26,10)Creativityisnot(line17),Creativityisnotsomethingoneisjustbornwith,norisitnecessarilyacharacteristicofhighintelligence.这儿nor后面的句子是倒装句。当某些表示否定意义的词或短语位于句首时（否定词修饰主语时除外），句子要部分倒装，如果谓语动词为be的一般现在时或一般过去时，则要全部倒装。Eg.Neitheratthemeetingnoratthepreviousonedidanyoneraisethequestion.Shewontleave,norwillsheallowhimtocontinuethreateningherbadly.Notuntilmanyyearslaterdidthewholetruthbecomeknown.NeverhaveIseensuchanicemovie.译文：创造性并非与生俱来，也并不一定就是高智慧的特征。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,27,11)Creativityisthematterof(line19),Creativityisthematterofusingtheresourcesonehastoproduceoriginalideasthataregoodforsomething.originalideas:本源的思想;全新的观念该句中onehas是定语从句用来修饰resources。从句thataregoodforsomething用来修饰originalideas译文：创造性就是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子会给某方面带来好处。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,28,12)Withstrongemphasison.(Line21),Withstrongemphasisontestscoresandthedevelopmentofreading,writingandmathematicalskills,manyeducatorssacrificecreativityforcorrectanswers.Sacrificev.牺牲n.牺牲；献祭物sacrificialadj.供奉的；牺牲的sacrilegen.亵渎神圣sacrilegiousadj.亵渎神圣的成功也不应以牺牲健康为代价。译文：许多教育者十分看中考试分数，强调阅读，写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,29,13)Theresultisthat.(line24),Theresultisthatchildrencangivebackinformationbutcantrecognizewaystoapplyittonewsituations.译文；其结果是孩子们能反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活应用所学知识。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,30,14)Theymayknow(line27),Theymayknowtheirmultiplicationtables,forexample,buttheyareunabletoapplythemtostoryproblems.storyproblems：指（数学中的）应用题（参见200页例题）译文:比如他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,31,15)newapproachestoteaching(line32),approachn.接近；渐进eg.Theenemyranawayatourapproach.当我们渐进的时候，敌人就逃窜了。anapproachtoperfection接近完善.通路；通路；引道AlltheapproachestothePalacewereguardedbysoldiers.所有通至王宫的道路都有士兵防守。v.走近；接近eg.Aboyof18isapproachingmanhood.18岁的男孩快接近成年。Heisratherdifficulttoapproach.他是一个不易接近的人。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,32,16)Forexample,insteadof.(line34),Forexample,insteadofsimplyaskingWhenColumbusdiscoveredtheNewWorld,teachersmightaskstudentstothinkaboutwhatwouldhavehappenedifhistriphadtakenhimtoNewYorkfirstinsteadoftotheCaribbeanarea.insteadofdoingsth.不做某事WHEN大写以示强调TheNewWorld新大陆，指美洲whatwouldhavehappenedifhistriphadtakenhimtoNewYorkfirstinsteadoftotheCaribbeanarea是thinkabout的宾语从句，用虚拟语态，表对过去发生事情的假设。译文：例如，现在有些老师不会只问学生哥伦布何时发现的新大陆，他可能会让学生想一想如果哥伦布到的不是加勒比海而是纽约情况会怎样。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,33,17)Intheclassroomaswellasathome,expertssay.(line40),aswell(as)除外；同；并；也Hegivememoneyaswellasadvice.他除了给了我忠告外，还给我钱。Hegivemeadvice,andmoneyaswell.他给了我忠告，并给了我钱。Weshalltravelbynightaswellasbyday.我们将日夜赶路。译文：专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,34,18)Thenitisupto(line41),Thenitisuptoparentsandteacherstoworkwiththechildrentodevelopthosethoughtsintoworkableideas.beupto:bethedutyorresponsibilityofsb.（是某人的）责任，职责Eg.Itsuptoustohelpthoseinneed.该短语还可表示“由决定”eg.“Shallwegoout?”“Itsuptoyou.”Whetherhetookitornotwasuptohim.Whetheryoulearnornotisentirelyuptoyou.workable切实可行的译文：家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的想法。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,35,19)Expertssaythat.(line44),Expertssaythatitisimportanttocreateanatmosphereinwhichthereisnoriskinbeingcreative-aplacewherewildideasarehonoredandvalued,neverscornedordismissed.scornv.despise;mock轻蔑；鄙视refuse;ignore拒绝；不屑于n.UCcontempt轻蔑；蔑视dismissv.fire;sack开除；解雇neglect,disregard,ignore对不予理会或不屑一顾release,free解散；把打发走译文：专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,36,20)involvechildrenin(line48),involvein:使某人参与；使某人加入eg.Dontinvolvemeinsolvingyourproblems.21)Whenparentsshowasenseofhumor,childrencanseecreativityinitspurestform.(line47)译文：当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的幽默性。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,37,22)Byitsnature,(line55),Byitsnature,humorcrossesconventionalboundariesandbreakspatterns.byitsnature：本质上；从本质而言nature:自然Eg.Manisengagedinaconstantstrugglewithnature.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,38,nature,typicalqualitiesandcharacteristicsofapersonorananimal天性；本性eg.Itshumannaturethatparentsshouldbefondoftheirchildren.Itshisnaturetobegenerous.Shehasaverysweetnature.themaincharacterofsth.特性；性质eg.Whatisthenatureofhisbusiness.Motor-racingisbynatureadangeroussport.译文：从本质上看，幽默就得跨越常规界限，打破固有模式。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,39,23)Aschildrengrowolder,(line59),Aschildrengrowolder,butnotautomaticallyhelpthemtoomuchiftheymakethewrongdecision.译文：随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们做出错误的决定时，不要主动的给予过多的帮助。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,40,24)Thisisbecause.(line62),Thisisbecauseoneofthemostimportanttraitsofcreativepeopleisaverystrongmotivationtomakeorderoutofconfusion.译文：因为富有创造力的人有一个最重要的特点，他们有很强的动力去使复杂无章的事情变的井然有序。,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,41,3.Post-reading,ReadingComprehension(1)1.UnderstandingtheOrganizationoftheText1)Introduction(Para.1)Thearticleintroduceshowteachersandparentscanencouragecreativityinchildren.,LanguagePoint,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,42,ReadingComprehension(2),2)Animportantstrategyforparentsandteacherstofollow(Para.2-3)A.Thestrategy:Toencouragechildrentospendtimethinkinganddevelopingnewideas.B.Thesignificanceforadoptingthestrategy:Ifwecandoso.theywillbebetterabletofunctionintomorrowssociety.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,43,ReadingComprehension(3),3)Thedefinitionofcreativity(Para.4-5)A.Whosuccessfulstudentsandadultsare:Thosewhocanfindanumberofwaystoapproachproblems.B.Whatcreativepeoplecando:Theycanusewhattheyhavetoproduceoriginalideasthataregoodforsomething.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,44,ReadingComprehension(4),4)Abigprobleminschool(Para.6)Theproblem:Childrencanobtainandgivebackinformation.butcantfigureoutwaystoapplywhattheyknowinnewsituations.5)Anewapproachtoteaching(Para.7)A.Theapproach:Combiningthebasicswithactivitieswherethestudentsmustusetheirimagination.B.Howtodoso:ByaskingQuestionsandmeanwhilepraisingtheirideasandnewthoughts.C.Howtofacilitatetheprocess:Tocreateanatmosphereinwhichthereisnoriskinbeingcreative-aplacewherewildideasarehonoredandvalued.neverscornedordismissed.,2019/11/29,NewCollegeEnglish,45,ReadingComprehension(4),6)Thingsparentscandoathometoencouragecreativity(Para.8-10)A.Toinvolvechildrenindecisionmaking.B.Tohelpchildrentounderstandtheconsequencesofvariousdecisions.C.Toencouragethemtotalkoutloudaboutthingstheyaredoing.Thereasonfordoingso:Talkingoutloudimproveslanguageskillsandthinkingskills.D.Toshowasenseofhumor.Thereasonfordoingso:Childrencanseecreativityinitspurestform.E.Togivechildrenchoicesfromtheirearliestage.Examples:a.Whentheyareveryyoung,b.letthemchoosebetweentwofooditemsforbreakfast.b.Whentheygrowolder,parentsshouldl