工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit.ppt

Unit3,PartAText(Preservingourplanet)PartBGrammar(比较级)PartCSupplementaryReading(Artforsale),PartAText(Preservingourplanet),I.BackgroundIntroductionGlobalwarmingistheincreaseintheaveragetemperatureofEarthsnear-surfaceairandoceanssincethemid-20thcenturyanditsprojectedcontinuation.Accordingtothe2007FourthAssessmentReportbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC),globalsurfacetemperatureincreased0.740.18C(1.330.32F)duringthe20thcenturyMostoftheobservedtemperatureincreasesincethemiddleofthe20thcenturyhasbeencausedbyincreasingconcentrationsofgreenhousegases,whichresultfromhumanactivitysuchastheburningoffossilfuelanddeforestation.Globaldimming,aresultofincreasingconcentrationsofatmosphericaerosolsthatblocksunlightfromreachingthesurface,haspartiallycounteredtheeffectsofwarminginducedbygreenhousegases.,Ozonedepletiondescribestwodistinct,butrelatedobservations:aslow,steadydeclineofabout4percentperdecadeinthetotalvolumeofozoneinEarthsstratosphere(theozonelayer)sincethelate1970s,andamuchlarger,butseasonal,decreaseinstratosphericozoneoverEarthspolarregionsduringthesameperiod.Thelatterphenomenoniscommonlyreferredtoastheozonehole.Inadditiontothiswell-knownstratosphericozonedepletion,therearealsotroposphericozonedepletionevents,whichoccurnearthesurfaceinpolarregionsduringspring,ZimbabweisalandlockedcountrylocatedinthesouthernpartofthecontinentofAfrica,betweentheZambeziandLimpoporivers.ItisborderedbySouthAfricatothesouth,Botswanatothesouthwest,ZambiatothenorthwestandMozambiquetotheeast.Zimbabwehasthreeofficiallanguages:English,Shona(aBantulanguage),andNdebele(alsoaBantulanguage).,PeruofficiallytheRepublicofPeruisacountryinwesternSouthAmerica.ItisborderedonthenorthbyEcuadorandColombia,ontheeastbyBrazil,onthesoutheastbyBolivia,onthesouthbyChile,andonthewestbythePacificOcean.,II.LanguagePoints,1.Despitedecadesofscientificresearch,nooneyetknowshowmuchdamagehumanactivityisdoingtotheenvironment.despite:notwithstanding;inspiteof;regardlessprep.不管,不顾,尽管e.g.Hecametothemeetingdespitehisillness.尽管生病，他还是来参加会议。Despitealloureffortswestilllostthegame.尽管我们尽了全力，我们还是输掉了比赛。Usefulexpression:inspiteof不管,尽管,任凭despite不管,尽管,任凭decadesof:yearsof/milesof数十，几十年usefulexpression:acoupleofdecades二三十年,2.whatisnotindoubt,however,isdevastatingeffecthumansarehavingontheanimalandplantlifeofplanet.“whatisnotindoubt,oftheplanet.”:Nobodywouldsuspect,however,thathumansarehavingruinouseffectontheanimalandplantlifeoftheplanet.Itimpliesthatnobodywoulddenythefactthathumansaredoingtremendousdamagetotheanimalandplantlifeoftheearth.devastating:wreakingorcapableofwreakingcompletedestruction;physicallyorspirituallydevastating;oftenusedincombinationadj.毁灭性的,破坏性的,惊人的,压倒性的,有魅力的,e.g.Asmoulderingcigarettecankindleadevastatingbushfire.闷燃着的香烟会引起毁灭性的林区大火。Theareaissubjecttodevastatingseasonalwinds.这个地区常遭破坏性季风的袭击。Youlookdevastatinginthatnewdress.你穿那套新衣服看上去漂亮极了。Theteamranitswinningstreaktosevenwithadevastatingperformance.这个队伍以压倒性的表现获得七连胜。,3.So,ifyouloseakeyspecies,youmightcauseawholefloodofotherextinctions.So,awholefloodofotherextinctions.:So,ifyouremoveanextremelyimportantspeciesfromtheearth,youmightcausetheextinctionofalotofotherspecies.4.Complicatingmattersisthefacttherearenoobvioussolutionstotheproblem.Complicatingmatterstotheproblem.:Thisisaninvertedsentence.Itmeansthefactthattherearenoobvioussolutionstotheproblemcomplicatesmatters.,5.Unlikeglobalwarmingandozonedepletionwhich,ifthepoliticalwillwasthere,ractable:nottractable;difficulttomanageormoldadj.难驾驭的,倔强的,难加工的,难治疗的e.g.Wearefacinganintractableproblem.我们面临着一个难以解决的问题。Noeasyfixforanintractableproblem.没有简单的办法解决难题.,6.Thismeanshumansshouldbeabletouseanyspeciesofanimalorplantfortheirbenefit,providedenoughindividualsofthatspeciesareleftalivetoensureitscontinuedexistence.“,providedthat”:onconditionthat7.Sustainablemanagementisseenasapracticalandeconomicalwayofprotectingspeciesfromextinction.beseenas:seesb.as把看作;regardas把看作;lookupon/onas把看作;viewas把看作;thinkofas认为;treatas,practice:realistic实用的、务实的e.g.Wecanofferyoupracticalsuggestionsonhowtoincreasethefiberinyourdailydiet.我们可以提供建议，提高日常食谱中的纤维含量。protectsb.from:protectsb.against这两个短语动词同义，都作“防御”讲，只是protectsb.against多半对付较大的事件，而protectsb.from则多半对付较小的事件。e.g.OurPLAmenprotectusagainstinvasion我们的解放军战士保卫我们，抵御侵略。MissNashhaswornafurcoattoprotectherfromthecold纳希小姐已穿上毛皮大衣来御寒。本实用的手册教授你关于放松和时间管理的知识。,8.Thissoundslikeasensiblestrategy,butitremainstobeseenwhetheritwillwork.sensible:showingreasonorsoundjudgment;reasonable;abletofeelorperceiveadj.明智的,合情理的,可觉察的e.g.Itwasasensibleidea,Ifelt.我觉得这是切合实际的想法。Towinkatrudenessinchildrenisnotsensible.对小孩粗鲁的行为视若无睹是不明智的。Usefulexpression:sensibleof感觉,觉得,.besensibleof知道,觉察到,9.Withcorruptionpopularinmanydevelopingcountries,someobserversaresuspiciousthatthemoneywillactuallyreachthepeopleitisintendedfor.corruption:moralperversion;impairmentofvirtueandmoralprinciplesn.腐败e.g.Itsacrusadeagainstcorruption.这是一场反腐败的运动。Corruptionstandsinthewayofthedevelopmentofthesociety.贪污腐败妨碍社会的发展。Usefulexpression:graftandcorruption贪污腐化,suspicious:openlydistrustfulandunwillingtoconfide;leery;mistrustfuladj.多疑的e.g.Hisstrangebehaviormadethepolicesuspicious.他不寻常的举止引起了警察的怀疑。Usefulexpression:suspiciousof对.怀疑的besuspiciousabout对感到怀疑beintendedfor:打算供.用,想用于,预定给,想用作,10.Therearealsoquestionsaboutwhethersustainablemanagementispracticalwhenitcomestoprotectingareasofgreatbio-diversitysuchastheworldstropicalforests.“whenitcomestoprotectingareas”:whenconcerningtheprotectionofareas,11.Sustainablemanagementofforestsrequirescontrolsonthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdown,aswellasinvestmentinreplacingthem.“Sustainablemanagementinreplacingthem.”:Sustainablemanagementofforestsrequiresthatwenotonlycontrolthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdown,butalsospendsomemoneyonthereplantingofnewtrees.,12.Becausealmostalltropicalforestsarelocatedincountrieswhichdesperatelyneedincomefromlogging,therearefewregulationsandincentivestodothis.“therearefewregulationsandincentivestodothis.”:Therearefewregulationsforpeopletocontrolthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdown,andthereisalsolittleencouragementforpeopletoreplantnewtrees.incentive:anadditionalpayment(orotherremuneration)toemployeesasameansofincreasingoutput奖金,鼓励e.g.Theydonttryveryhardifthereisnoincentive.没有奖励，他们工作就不太努力。,13.Intheory,consumerswouldbuyonlythiswoodandsoforceloggingcompaniestogo“green”orgooutofbusiness.“andsoforceloggingcompaniestogo“green”orgooutofbusiness.”:andsoforceloggingcompaniestoprotecttheenvironmentinsteadofcuttingdowntoomanytreestocompletelydestroytheforest.Otherwise,thecompanieswouldbelikelytolosetheirbusiness.,14.Unfortunately,unrestrictedloggingissomuchmoreprofitablethatwoodfrommanagedforestswouldcostuptofivetimemoreanincreasethatconsumers,nomatterhow“green”,areunlikelytopay.“thatconsumers,nomatterhowgreen,”:Nomatterhowconsumersareactiveinprotectingtheenvironment.upto:sofaras直到；busyoroccupiedwith胜任，多达e.g.Idontfeeluptothetask.我不能胜任这工作。,15.Ifwemakeamessofit,wecantmovetoanotherplanetitsacaseofoneplanet,oneexperiment.“itsacaseofoneplanet,oneexperiment.”:Thissentenceimpliesthatwehavetomaketheexperimentweareconductingwiththeearthsuccessful,becausewehaveonlyoneearth.Inotherwords,wehavetotakemeasurestoprotectourenvironment,otherwise,theearthwillbedestroyedonedayandmaycausetheextinctionofhumanstoo.makeamess:搞乱,搞成一团糟e.g.Youaregettingthepapersintoamuddle.你把文件都搞乱了。Shealwaysmakesamessofthings;shesaprizeidiot.她总是把事情弄糟;她是个不折不扣的大笨蛋。,PartBGrammar(ComparativeDegree),英语中的形容词和副词常常用于比较结构，在表达这一结构时要有特别的形式，分为“比较级”和“最高级”。比较级：比较级comparativedegree在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词或副词前加more(如morenatural,moreclearly)或加后缀-er(newer,sooner)。典型的是指形容词或副词所表示的质、量或关系的增加。英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做“比较句型”。其中，像“A比B更”的表达方式称为比较级。组成句子的方式是将形容词或副词变化成比较级的形态。最高级：最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级。形容词的最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前面的the可以省略。在含有最高级的句子中，常有一个in/of短语来表示比较范围。屈折语一般用一定的屈折变化表示形容词的比较。普通比较称为比较级，最高比较称为最高级。,比较级,比较级的构成一、形容词级的构成1.单音节形容词的比较级以及以-ly,-er,-ow结尾的形容词在词尾加-er；以e结尾的形容词在词尾直接加-r构成，重读闭音节双写末位字母再加er。darkdarker;quickquicker;clevercleverer;simplesimpler;narrownarrower。2.多音节形容词的比较级在其前加more构成。importantmoreimportant;beautifulmorebeautiful。3.表语形容词以及由分词变来的形容词，在其前加more构成。afraidmoreafraid;interestingmoreinteresting;pleasedmorepleased。4.少数形容词的比较级是不规则的。goodbetter;badworse;farfarther/further。5.以辅音加y结尾的，把y变i，加er。earlyearlier,基本句型,原级比较1.由“as+形容词+as”或“as+形容词+名词+as”构成。Mygrandpaisasenergeticasayoungman.Exerciseisasusefulawayasanyothertoloseunwantedweight.ItrytofindasmuchinformationasIcanaboutwhathappened.2.由“notso(as)+形容词+as”或“notso(as)+形容词+名词+as”构成。Luckilytheweatherwasnotsowetasitistoday.不同级比较1.由“形容词比较级+than”构成。Heismoreconcernedaboutothersthanabouthimself.2.由“many/muchmore+可数/不可数名词+than”MyfriendearnedmuchmoremoneythanIdidlastyear.,特殊句型,1.表示“越来越”的意思:“比较级+and+比较级”或“moreandmore/lessandless+原级”结构，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,get,become等。Shefeltherselfbecomingmoreandmorenervous.Asthewinterisdrawingnear,itsgettingcolderandcolder.2.表示两者之间更the+比较级+ofthetwo+名词。Janeisthetallerofthetwochildreninourfamily.3.表示“越，越”:“the+比较级，the+比较级”，Themoremagazinesyousell,themoremoneyyouwillget.4.“否定+比较级”相当于最高级。Waituntilwegetasatisfactoryreply,willyou?Icouldntagreemore.Theideasoundsgreattome.5.“a+比较级+名词（than）”结构常出现在以never构成的完成时态的动词后面。Howbeautifullyshesings！Ihaveneverheardabettervoice.6.倍数表示法：timesas+形容词原级+as；times+形容词比较级+than；timesthe+性质名词+of。Thedininghallisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.Thedininghallisthreetimeslargerthanthatone.Thedininghallisthreetimesthesizeofthatone.,注意事项1.为了避免重复,常用theone代替单数可数名词,theones,those代替复数名词,that代替单数或不可数名词。2.当比较对象属于同一范围时，需使用other来排除自身，否则会造成与自身相比较的矛盾。CanadaislargerthananyothercountryinNorthAmerica.3.“no+形容词的比较级+than”结构表达对两者均否定。Dontbeproudsoearly.Youarenobetterthanme4.比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,any,much,alittle,alot,byfar等修饰语用以加强语气或表示比较程度。Totellyouthetruth,myboyfriendismucholderthanme.,最高级,英语最高级的构成1.穿鞋式1)单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成:great(原级)greater(比较级)greatest(最高级)2)以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成:3)少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成:clever(原级)cleverer(比较级)cleverest(最高级)4)以-y结尾,但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉,加上-ier和-iest构成.happy(原形)happier(比较级)happiest(最高级)5)以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。big(原级)bigger(比较级)biggest(最高级)2.戴帽式词前另加most（用于多音节或其他双音节形容词或副词）3.特殊式表示好、坏、多、少、远、年长几个特殊词汇good/well-better-bestill/bad/badly-worse-worstmany/much-more-mostlittle-less-leastfar有两种1.距离上的远和更远far-farther-farthest2.程度far-further-furthestold有两种1.比大old-older-oldest2.作定语修饰其他名词old-elder-eldest如eldersister【注】形容词前如加less和least则表示较不和最不important重要lessimportant更不重要theleastimportant最不重要,最高级的用法用于三者或三者以上的比较时,表示“最.”这个概念要用最高级形容词，最高级前一般要加the，并有介系词片语、子句或所有格表示比较范围。例句1.表示在某一场所中最.,和in引导的介系词片语连用。Iamthetallestinourclass.我是我们班里个子最高的。2.表示在不少于三者的同类中“最.”,和of或among引导的介系词片语连用。Mymovementsarethemostgracefulofusthree.三个人中我的动作是最优雅的。3.表示在已有的经验中“最.”,子句表示比较范围。RacingisthemostinterestingsportIveeverknown.赛跑是我知道的最有趣的运动。4.用代名词的所有格表示比较范围。Youarealwaysmyfondeststar.你永远是我最喜欢的明星。,最高级的使用中的注意事项1.最高级可被序数词或much，far(much的跟屁虫)byfar，nearly，almost，bynomeans，notquite，notreally，nothinglike,（rather不能修饰最高级）等词语所修饰.例如：Thishatisbyfar/much/nearly/almost/notnearly/bynomeans/notquite/nothinglikethebiggestHowmuchdidthesecondmostexpensivehatcost?2.表示“最高