学术英语(理工)详解答案-Unit.ppt

,学术英语理工,AcademicEnglishforScienceandEngineering,Unit2SearchingforInformation,UnitContents,1Findingreliableandbettersources2Scanningandskimming3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation4Guessingwordmeaning5Usingtheorganizationofthetext6Readingcritically7Takingnotes8Writingasummary,1Findingreliableandbettersources,ToevaluatesourcematerialsTasks,Unit2SearchingforInformation,1Findingreliableandbettersources,Toevaluatesourcematerials,Isthematerialaprimaryorasecondarysource?Isthesourcethelatestone?Istheauthorareliablescholaroranexpertinthefield?Doestheauthorhavebiasesorprejudices?Hastheauthorbeencitedfrequentlyinthefield?Aretheauthorsargumentssupportedbyevidencesuchasstatistics,experiment,recentscientificfindings?Aredifferentopinionsconsideredandweighedorsimplyignored?Aretheauthorsargumentsandconclusionsconvincing?,Unit2SearchingforInformation,1Findingreliableandbettersources,Tasks,CheckthereliabilityofthesourcesonPage40.Searchforsourcematerialsyourpapermayuseandthenwritedownthetitlesandsourcesofthearticles.ThemodelisgivenonPage41.Markthereasonsforyourchoiceofthearticles.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,TipsforscanningandskimmingTask1usingscanningandskimmingstrategyText5CanyoucompletewithA.I.fortheNextjob?,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,Tipsforscanningandskimming,keepinmindatalltimeswhatyouaresearchingfor(e.g.,thedefinitionofaterm,theeffectofaphenomenon);searchthesisstatementsandtopicsentencesinparagraphsfortheinformationyouwanttogain;usetheknowledgeoftheessayorganization(suchascause-effect,comparison-contrast,problem-solution)tofindwhatyouarelookingfor;payattentiontosignalwordssuchasnumbers,letters,steps,thewordssuchasfirst,second,andnext,orwordsthatarebold-faced,italics,orindifferentsizes,fonts,etc.,Scanning:,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,Tipsforscanningandskimming,thetitleandsubtitles;theabstract(ifthereisone);theintroductionandthesis;thefirstorlastparagraphsoftheessays/chapters;headingsandsubheadings;theconclusionandsummaries;thefirstsentenceorthelastsentenceofeachparagraph;highlightedtextssuchaswordsinboldoritalictext;graphs,tablesordiagrams.,Skimming:,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,Whatdoes“A.I.”inthetitlestandfor?,Artificialintelligence.,2Whatisthemainideaofthearticleyoumaypredictfromthetitle?,3Whatdoesthestoryinthefirstparagraphimply?,Thearticlemayarguefor/againtheideathatArtificialintelligencewillreplacehumanjobsinthefuture.,Thestorytellsthatcomputerizationthreatenstoreplacemanywhite-collarjobs.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,4Whatdoesthelastparagraphsuggestintermsoftheauthorsattitude?,Theauthorisoptimisticandmaynotagreethatmachineswillreplacehumanjobs.,5Whatisthetopicsentenceofthesecondparagraph?,Thespecterofautomationunemployingusallmayhavefinallyarrived.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,6Thekeysentencereferstothesentenceinformingreadersoftheattitudeoftheauthor.Canyoulocatethekeysentence(s)inthefirstthreeparagraphs?,7Canyoulocatetheplaceswheretheideaofthekeysentenceisrepeated?,Butthemassjobshrinkagethattheseobserversallexpecteddidnotcome.,YetAmericansasawholewerenotautomatedoutofwork(Para.8,L1).Yet,throughallthat,morenewjobsappeared(Para.11,L2).,Unit2SearchingforInformation,2Scanningandskimming,8Whatdoesthesubheading“Demandsofaneweconomy”tellus?,Manwillnotlosejobsbecausetherewillalwaysbedemandsofaneweconomy.,9WhatdoesoneofLeinbachsneighborsmeanwhenshewroteabouttheorderofhershoes?,10Whatdoesthesubheading“Savingleadstospending”mean?,Theneighborswouldprefertoordertheshoesfrommachine-handlingfactories.,Savingwillleadtospendingwhichinturnwillcreatenewer,perhapsbetterjobstomorrow.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,Unit2Searchingforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText5,2Scanningandskimming,1WhatwasthevirtualendoffarminginAmericanhistory?PleaseexplainthedecliningtrendoffarmingworkersintheUS.,ThebiggestoccupationaldisplacementinAmericanhistorywasthevirtualendoffarming.Decliningtrend:AroundthetimeoftheRevolution,about90percentofAmericanswereinvolvedinfarming.Butastheagriculturalindustrygrew,itneededfewerandfewerworkers.Theabsolutenumberofpeoplewhoworkedatfarmingandranchinghititspeakinabout1910ataround11or12millionandthenthenumberdroppedoffrapidly.Today,agricultureprovidesfewerthantwomillionjobs.,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText5,2Whatistheexamplethewritergivestoshowthatautomationmadeproductscheaper?,Theexampleis:Around1900apoundofbreadcostanAmericanabouthalfanhourofhardfactorywork;around2000,apoundoffresher,morenutritiousbreadcostaboutfiveminutesofmucheasierwork.,2Scanningandskimming,Unit2Searchingforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText5,3WhatdoesthehistoricaltrendinAmericanworksuggest?,ThehistoricaltrendinAmericanworksuggestssomeoptimismthatbetterjobsforhumansarecoming,buthistoryalsosuggeststhatfewtrendsmoveinthesamedirectionforverylong.,2Scanningandskimming,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5c,10i,1e,2h,3a,4g,6b,7j,8f,9d,2Scanningandskimming,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,2Scanningandskimming,1electricpower(自动化)equipment2(职业的)disease3illegal(移民)4Musiccan(振奋)yourspirits.5resultinsubstantialpopulation(转移)6the(手工制作的)furniture7Hehas(在牧场工作)inthenorthfor20years.8eat(有营养的)food9be(卷入)inthetrouble10anew(装配)line11(屈服)totheenemy12make(难以置信的)progress13unrealistic(乐观)14inrecent(暴徒)violence,automation,occupational,immigrant,uplift,displacement,hand-crafted,ranched,nutritious,involved,assembly,yield,incredible,optimism,mob,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,2Scanningandskimming,15get(专业的)help16theluggageshouldbe(加上标签)17financial(分析员)18trade(盈余)19attackonpearl(海港)20aprofessional(专栏作家)21the(事实上的)managerofthebusiness22underestimatethestrengthofthe(革命的)forces23untiethe(鞋带)andtakeoffyourshoes24tryingto(削弱)hisauthority25(交换)fursforguns26a(n)(可诉讼的)case27raisethe(恐惧)ofoilcrisis28(仔细翻看)throughherpurse29Hehasgota(n)(大量的)ofmoney.,professional,labelled,analyst,surplus,harbor,columnist,virtual,revolutionary,undercut,lace,barter,litigable,specter,sift,pot,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph,2Scanningandskimming,Robotsareplaying(越来越重要的作用)inourlife.Theyreplacedhumansintheassistanceofperformingthoserepetitiveanddangeroustasks,(那些人类不愿做或不能做的事)suchasinouterspaceoratthebottomofthesea(以及诸如此类的事)wherehumanscouldnotsurvivetheextremeenvironments.Buttheimportantroleofrobotsdoesnot(解决人类的担忧).(问题提了出来):Willrobotscontrolman?,increasinglyimportantrole,taskshumansprefernottodo,orareunabletodo,andthelike,settlemansworries,Somequestionsareraised,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText5intoChinese.,1最近在纽约时报上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件在瞬间就能通过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。,2他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交易或卖一些盈余。,3从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,1001,200万），在此之后人数便急剧下降。,2Scanningandskimming,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText5intoChinese.,4这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。,5人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？,2Scanningandskimming,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,TwopartsofatopicsentenceTask1Task2Task3Text6GameTheory,Unit2SearchingforInformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Atopicsentenceconsistsoftwoparts:,Moderntechnology+intrudesintomodernmensfunandrelaxationNutritionaldeficiency+isamajorproblemofelderlyAmericans,topic+acomment,Examples:,Unit2SearchingforInformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,thedefinitionof“hacker”:Paragraph_,Whichparagraphswillyoureadindetailifyouwanttogetthefollowinginformation?,thewaystoprotectyourcomputerfromhackers:Paragraph_,2,11,Unit2SearchingforInformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,1Gametheoryisthescienceofstrategy.(Para.1),Gamesarefundamentallydifferentfromdecisionsmadeinaneutralenvironment.(Para.3),Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.(Para.4),Ageneralprincipleforaplayerinasequential-movegameistolookaheadandreasonback.(Para.5),Unit2SearchingforInformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Incontrasttothelinearchainofreasoningforsequentialgames,agamewithsimultaneousmovesinvolvesalogicalcircle.(Para.7),6Anotherwaytomakethreatscredibleistoemploytheadventuresomestrategyofbrinkmanshipdeliberatelycreatingariskthatifotherplayersfailtoactasonewouldlikethemto,theoutcomewillbebadforeveryone.(Para.17),Unit2SearchingforInformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,thedefinitionof“gametheory”:Paragraph_,thegeneralprinciplesofaplayer:Paragraph_,thefundamentalsofgametheory:Paragraph_,1,5-10,12-19,Unit2SearchingforInformation,Unit2Searchingforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText6,1Whatdoesgametheoryattempttodo?,Itattemptstodeterminemathematicallyandlogicallytheactionsthat“players”shouldtaketosecurethebestoutcomesforthemselvesinawidearrayof“games”.,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText6,2Thewritermentionsthat“Theessenceofagameistheinterdependenceofplayerstrategies.”Whatarethetwodistincttypesofstrategicinterdependence?Pleaseexplain.,Sequentialandsimultaneous.Intheformertheplayersmoveinsequence,eachawareoftheotherspreviousactions.Inthelattertheplayersactatthesametime,eachignorantoftheothersactions.,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText6,3Inthecaseof“theprisonersdilemma”,ifsuspectAconfess,whatshouldsuspectBdotoavoidespeciallyharshpunishment?,SuspectBhadbetterconfesstoavoidharshpunishment.,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5h,10g,1d,2f,3i,4b,6c,7a,8e,9j,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,1Someplacesare(有问题的)forwomentravelingalone.2Ihavetomakesome(推测).3gothroughwhathecallsaperiodofpolitical(边缘政策)4Sheremindsusofthefamous(格言).5enjoythe(垄断)ofcigarettebusiness6tryto(隐藏)hisenvy7Ifyouwanta(n)(份额)ofthepay,youllhavetodoyourfairshareofthework.8Theythreatenedhimwitha(n)(诉讼).9Nodifficultycan(阻止)usfromtryingitagain.10jointtogetherfor(相互的)benefits,problematic,presumptions,brinkmanship,dictum,monopoly,conceal,share,lawsuit,deter,mutual,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,11Ifyouareseriousaboutourrelationship,youshouldmake(保证).12promiseneverto(泄露)hissecret13a(n)(有目的的)decisionandaction14(过得)badlyduringthosedays15the(相互依赖)betweenhumansandnature16Thetroopswerethoroughly(士气低落)bythissetback.17Thechildrenhelpedtheoldman(共同地).18He(规定)paymentinadvance.19Thecarissoldwitha12-month(担保).20Thebenefitshave(超过)therisk.21Toomuchfoodwill(引起)sleepiness.22forceapplied(一致地)overasurface,commitment,reveal,purposive,fare,interdependence,demoralized,collectively,stipulated,warranty,outweighed,induce,uniformly,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,23the(最佳的)methodforimprovingspeakingpractice24refuseto(承认)tohiscrime25Eventhebestqualityrubberwill(毁坏)withage.26Unlesstheemployers(采取行动)quickly,therewillbeastrike.27befacedwitha(n)(两难境地)28remain(中立的)inthewar29(无法忍受的)temperandattitude30Therighthandis(占优势的)inmostpeople.31Hisstatementdoesnt(符合)withthefacts.32the(结果)oftheelection33(吓退)themanoff34Itisa(n)(直线的)diagram.,optimal,confess,perish,dilemma,move,neutral,intolerable,dominant,square,bluff,outcome,linear,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph,Fewsocialsituationscanbemodeledbyasingleinteraction.Thestrategyoneusesto(为自己得到最好的结果)dependsonhisexperienceinpreviousinteractions.(为了说明这一点),thepaper(尝试运用)theexampleofagame.Aplayerislikelytocooperateonlyifhisopponentpreviouslydemonstratedwillingnesstocooperate,(这个过程就导致了)arelationshipofmutualreciprocity.(这种例子还出现)inothersituationswheresocialinteractionoccurs.,securethebestoutcomesforhimself,Toillustratethepoint,attemptstouse,aprocessthatleadsto,Suchanexamplealsoarises,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText6intoChinese.,1就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，（那么）每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，则不了解其他玩家的动作。,2当一个人思考别人会如何反应的时候，他必须站在别人的角度，用和他们一样的思考方式进行思考；一个人不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。,3尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法等等。,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText6intoChinese.,4事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”（见下文），在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。,5这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期的损失所压倒。,Unit2Searchingforinformation,3Identifyingtopicsentencesforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,GuessingwordmeaningfromcontextGuessingwordmeaningthroughaffixesandrootsTask1Text7DarknessontheEdgeoftheUniverseTask2Task3Text8HowNanotechnologyWorks,Unit2SearchingforInformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Guessingwordmeaningfromcontext,Userestatementorsynonymcluessuchasinotherwords,thatis,alsoknownas,sometimescalledas.Usecollocationknowledgetoguessthemeaningfromtheneighboringwordsinthesentences.Useantonymorcontrastcluessuchasbut,however,unlike,incontrast,insteadof,while.Usedefinitioncluessuchasisdefinedas,oranappositivephrase.,Contextcluescanbeusedindifferentways:,Unit2SearchingforInformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Guessingwordmeaningfromcontext,Useexplanationcluessuchasbecause,asaresult,consequently.Useexampleoranecdotecluessuchasforexample,suchas,like.,Contextcluescanbeusedindifferentways:,Unit2SearchingforInformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,2.immutable(Para.4,L2)不变的3.trampoline(Para.4,L4）蹦床，弹床4.malleable(Para.4,L5）有弹性和延伸性的5.stayput(Para.4,L7）不动的6.flewintheface(Para.5,L4）敢于违抗7.stalemate(Para.6,L2）僵局,Contextclues:Pleasereadtheparagraphsandsentencescontainingthesewords.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,8.repulsive(Para.6,L5）排斥的9.antigravity(Para.7,L2）排斥力10.exodus(Para.8,L3）大批离开11.supernovae(Para.11,L2）由于爆炸而突然变亮的星12.garner(Para.13,L5）获得、得到13.perplexing(Para.14,L5）令人不解的,Contextclues:Pleasereadtheparagraphsandsentencescontainingthesewords.,Unit2SearchingforInformation,Unit2Searchingforinformation,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText7,1WhatdidEinsteinfindaboutthespaceandtimethroughhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity?,Throughhisgeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinfoundthatspace,andtimetoo,canbend,twistandwarp,respondingmuchasatrampolinedoestoajumpingchild.,4Guessingwordmeaning,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText7,2WhatdidEinsteincallthespace-fillingenergy?,Cosmologicalconstant.,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,AdditionalquestionsforyourunderstandingofText7,3Ifthedarkenergydoesntdegradeovertime,thenwhatwillhappentothespace?,Theacceleratedexpansionofspacewillcontinueunabated,draggingawaydistantgalaxieseverfartherandeverfaster.,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,5f,10h,1g,2d,3i,4b,6j,7a,8c,9e,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,1amateur(天文学家)2signa(n)(合同)withthelandlord3professional(奉献)4theoryof(进化)5a(n)(踪迹)ofevidencefortheclaim6haveno(概念)ofthelaw7(散发)lightandheat8correct(错误的)data9be(插入)inthesoil10climate(预报)11(数量的)informationonbothcostsandbenefits12(扩大)domesticdemand13be(精确地)thesame14Noonecan(贬低)usexceptourselves.,Unit2Searchingforinformation,astronomer,contract,dedication,evolution,trace,conception,diffuse,erroneous,embedded,prediction,quantitative,expand,precisely,degrade,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,15a(n)(排斥的)force16goodsin(运送)17giveusa(n)(洞察力)intotheproblemsofeducation18(俘获)anescapedconvict19(充分的)andnecessarycondition20ahuge(分歧)betweenthem21haveaproductive(能力)of200carsaweek22clingtoasomewhat(静态的)viewofsociety23Theflames(舔着)againstthebuilding.24slowlyfallinto(衰落)25(原始的)accumulationofcapital26Success(使承担)hardwork.,repulsive,transit,insight,capture,sufficient,gulf,capacity,static,licked,decay,primitive,entails,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Matchthewordswiththeirdefinitions.,27(精炼的)oil28themost(引人注目的)globalevent29(不易破碎的)glass30(理论上的)foundation31a(n)(障碍)tounderstanding32(取消)thedinnerparty33broadenour(眼界)34apairof(配错的)shoes35(公然地)breakpromises36(目击)therobbery37(照字面地)translated38beof(至关重要的)importance,refined,spectacular,unbreakable,theoretical,barrier,cancel,horizon,mismatched,blatantly,witness,literally,vital,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,Completetheparagraph,Alandmarkdiscoveryofthe1990swasthattheexpansionoftheUniverseisaccelerating.(这个发现是如此的意义深远)thatitprovidesanewwayofunderstandingthebehaviorofspaceandtimenearblackholes.Ithaschangedourviewofuniverse,(就如一样)thediscoveryhasdonethattheearthrotatesthesun.(如果会怎样)wehavenotsuchadiscovery?WereEinsteinstillalive,(他的发现很可能为他获得又一个诺贝尔奖).TheBeyondEinsteinprogramseekstoadvancescienceandtechnologyindifferentways.(将打开新的通道)thequestionsaboutuniverseandspace.,Sosignificantisthediscovery,muchas,hisdiscoverywould,Unit2Searchingforinformation,Whatif,havelikelygarneredhimanotherNobelPrize,Itwillopen,newpathsto,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhancingyouracademiclanguage,TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromText7intoChinese.,1在过去的十年里，对古老星光的观测让人对宇宙的过去有了深刻的了解，令人惊讶的是，他们也让人对未来的本质有了深刻的洞察。而这些数据所显示的未来令人非常不安因为某种被称之为暗能量的东西。,2像地球或太阳一样的普通物质只能生成引力，但数学演算却显示，一种更外在的能源一种就像是填充桑拿浴的蒸汽一样的能量均匀地充满着整个空间，只不过这种能量是无法看到的会产生与引力相斥的力量。,Unit2Searchingforinformation,4Guessingwordmeaning,Enhan