中西方国家的餐桌礼仪与文化的对比分析.doc

郑州电子信息职业技术学院毕业论文课题名称：中西方国家的餐桌礼仪与文化的对比分析作 者： 李 静 义 学 号： 1004250130 系 别： 工商管理系 专 业： 商务英语 指导教师： 张 琳 娜 2013年05月20日A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western CountriesSubmitted By:Li jing-yiSupervisor: Zhang lin-naMajor: Business EnglishZheng Zhou professional institute of Information and Electronics, Zheng Zhou, ChinaMay, 2013摘 要A Contrastive Analysis of Table Manners and Culture between China and Western CountriesAbstractWith the rapid development, there are more and more intercultural communications between Chinese and the Westerners. Table manners have a decisive position in the communication. During communication we will show our best image and avoid cultural conflicts. Everyone should pay more attention to the differences between Chinese and Western table manners, and to behave properly, naturally and politely at table. Knowing the customs and behaving well in a banquet can not only show our high quality, but also improve our communication. Key words：Table manners; table culture; China and the WestI郑州电子信息职业技术学院2013届毕业论文ContentAbstractIIntroduction0Chapter 1 Comparison of the differences between Chinese and western table manners11.1 Reflect differences in seating11.2 To reflect the differences in the tableware11.3 Reflect differences in the atmosphere2Chapter 2 Comparison between Chinese and western table wine cultural differences32.1 Wine culture in the West differences in the performance32.2 Different levels of different wine culture32.3 Different ideas in the Western diet42.4 Effects of different cooking methods in Western food4Chapter 3 See from the table manners in culture5Chapter 4 Conclusion7References8Acknowledgements9IntroductionBecause of the differences in culture, history, customs and national character, there are a lot of differences between Chinese and Western table manners. A good knowledge of the differences between Chinese and Western table manners can avoid conflicts when dining with foreign people, and also increase the efficiency. This paper mainly focuses on the three main differences between Chinese and Western table manners: the differences in tableware, the difference in seating protocol and the differences in table cultures. It will analysis the table manners in both China and the West and their origins, and will put forward some suggestions on how to deal with the differences.Differences of Table Manners between China and the West.There is no doubt that etiquette is usually thought to be the most important in our daily life. There are all kinds of etiquettes in the world, among which, table manners are essential. People are trying the best to behave properly, naturally and politely at table, without reference to their nationality, gender, occupation or age. Table manners are also seen to be a way that people evaluate oneeducation. It must be done properly whether eating alone, with family, or with friends. Many times, taking food is not only a basic physiological need but also an importance experience of social activity. Therefore, to handle the rule at table is very much important for the people throughout the world.Chapter 1 Comparison of the differences between Chinese and western table manners1.1 Reflect differences in seatingUse the table for eight traditional Chinese dinner. The door is, on both sides for the partial seat. Treat, the elderly, the guest or high-ranking person sits, male hostess or Peike sit seat, the other guests in order to sit side seat. In China, respect for the left, right for the times; on respect, under second; in respect, partial for the times.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, right above the guest sit in the top right of the hostess, the guest of honor was seated by the master, and ladies first Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies. In the west, respect for the right, left for the times.1.2 To reflect the differences in the tablewareThe most important Chinese tableware is chopsticks, chopsticks before meals must be neatly placed on the right side of their jobs, postprandial must neatly placed in the middle of rice. The spoon is mainly used to drink soup, sometimes can also be used to check the shape of small food, such as peanuts or sauteed sweet corn with pine nuts, use a spoon to take food, not too full, lest overflow table or their clothes dirty. The plate is mainly used for holding food, according to the food and the number of different shapes and different sizes and shapes. Chinese dishes every kind of, have a little cold dishes, cold dishes for spell; fish plate, its shape slender, used for holding fish; slightly smaller plate, as the food dish, usually placed in the left side of the bowl, used to temporarily put dish from the public to take to enjoy the dishes. Water is mainly used for holding tea, soft drinks, fruit juices and other beverages. Generally used for holding tea ceramic, glass can be used for containing beverage, fruit juice.Western-style food tableware placed the tray in the middle, the left fork right knife, knife edge upward, inward, disc front cross spoon, staple food left, right the other appliances, tableware, display. Tableware used by the outer and inner, cut with left hand fork to the right hand with a knife, trimming; also can be the right hand with a knife fork, cut, and then switch to the right hand fork, use. Generally with the right hand a spoon and a cup, put the food to your mouth with a fork, but dont end up eating dishes. Use dinner knife and fork, knife used for cutting food, the fork to send food entrance, need to temporarily put down his knife and fork meal, should be put into the eight type, were placed on the edge of the plate. After the meal, the fork on the back up, the blade inward and fork together, placed in parallel on the plate, said the end of the meal. Spoon can be divided into two types: larger spoon, placed in the outer side end, and the knife and put; smaller is the dessert spoon, yaw in dessert with knife and fork.1.3 Reflect differences in the atmosphereChinese food for life to ecstasy, ostentation and extravagance, the lively atmosphere often is as the acme of perfection. Chinese a sitting at the table, then off the reel, with each other for food, drink, enjoy delicious food table delicacies from land and sea. Only the banquet this way in order to reflect the owners enthusiasm and sincere, and at the same time, the table was also reflects the patrons from the hearts delight. This trouble to some extent reflects the Chinese family warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and peoples keep on good terms. Chinese dinner, the food on the table variety, there are at least seven or eight dishes, if it is the feast, the main course will be more, more valuable, more exotic dishes will be more attentive and show director guest. The owner often say today is no good food treat everybody, food is bad, eat a little or something like that. The speech of others can not be a mouth in. Volume is kept each other can hear degree. Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing. The West generally four to five course feast, to eat or a little amount of remaining the best. If at home, it is best to eat all the food, so that the hostess will be glad, that you like her cooking. The face of a splendid dinner, the host will say has been doing all to entertain you.Western discourse on the table owner reasoning, it is easy to draw: Chinese follow the self-denigration principle. The Western emphasis on efficiency and pragmatism values, a lot of importance in the communication needs of their own face.Chapter 2 Comparison between Chinese and western table wine cultural differences2.1 Wine culture in the West differences in the performanceIf the day dont love wine, no wine star in the sky, if dont love wine, and should not Jiuquan, the world is the love of wine, wine is worthy of love day, East Shixian Li Bai such as worthy of day as their duty to love wine; no wine like the days of no sun, the west Pasteur the father of wine is wine is the gift of life all sunshine. Although on the same love of wine, but the differences between Chinese culture and Western culture, hard to sing the Chinese and Westerners to appreciate the different angle, it extends to all sorts of wine culture in the West.2.2 Different levels of different wine cultureIn the beginning, people choose to drink is no tendency. It is readily extract in the wine. Wine, as the name implies, using grape as raw material made of wine. While Chinas white or yellow wine is food as raw material manufacturing. Wine and liquor appear even when they become an indispensable part of peoples lives with the natural and cultural environment. Ancient Chinese people living life of the Yellow River basin is a temperate continental climate, the climate is suitable for sorghum and wheat and other grain crops. Chinese people choice food crops as raw materials is also behoove. And in Europe the west, especially the climate and terrain Mediterranean Mediterranean climate zone are very suitable for grape cultivation area. For a long time, people choose the wine has formed a kind of preference. Natural geographical environment and cultural heritage, natural and cultural environment and social culture environment and contributed to the different preferences of people in the West wine.There are very different etiquette about drinking the wine culture in the West. Drinking etiquette, the biggest difference lies in the global. A group of Chinese drink together scenes will absolutely than a group of Westerners in the scene lively. Because Chinese people are good at the global, not force others to drink not, even seem to have get people drunk momentum. This not only reflects the Chinese hospitality, has the very big relations collective thinking and Chinese. The people in western countries, emphasis on democracy and freedom, never interfere and forcing others to. They dinner drink when full freedom and autonomy, want to drink to drink, do not want to drink do not drink, like to drink much and much, take as much as you possibly can, need not courteous and polite.In addition wine glowing in the luminous jade cups, to drink immediately Pipa reminder; Zuiwo battlefield-mo laugh, a few people back to the ancient battle. Utilitarian wine is very obvious. But for westerners, a matter of wine is more personal pleasure senses the mind at ease. As their wine selection is from a wine tasting how better to start. They dont put too many things with wine, the wine to express feelings.2.3 Different ideas in the Western dietPerceptual Chinese is the pursuit of delicious and enjoy in China, the folk saying: hunger breeds discontentment, food to taste first, taste is the highest standards of cooking. In the eyes of Chinese people, eat is not only to eat, nor to nutrition, sometimes eat, eat, this is because can not stand the temptation and enjoy delicious to taste. But in the view of Western rational diet, the overload diet not only wasteful, but also harm the human body. Although the Chinese pay attention to diet, food, pay attention to the diet to health tonic, but our cooking is delicious for the first requirement, causing many nutrients loss and damage, so the nutrition problem may be the greatest weakness of the Chinese diet.2.4 Effects of different cooking methods in Western foodThe Chinese diet from the point of view of the production process, pay attention to skills at random. Open Chinas recipes, often find that adding amount of reserve, raw material ingredients are fuzzy concepts. Spoon, bowl, a little meet the eye everywhere, what is the spoon, bowl is, how much is a little, who have no specific standards. In every Chinese household kitchen almost can not find western kitchen essential scale measuring cup, spoon. Chinese cooking is all a matter of experience, feeling, not a fixed pattern, the nutrition science is to grasp a intuitionistic fuzzy, is also Yu-Shiang shredded pork restaurants have the taste, even the same cook a dish also according to different identity in different seasons, different occasions, people eat, make the corresponding adjustment. Reflects the fuzziness of the Chinese way of thinking, pay attention to overall grasp things fuzzy, not the pursuit of logical reasoning, accurate analysis of things.Production process of a Western diet emphasizes standardized and scientific, the whole process of cooking is to act strictly in accordance with scientific standards, requirements, add ingredients for precision to the grams of spices, cooking time accurate to seconds. So western kitchen often have balance, liquid measuring cup, timer, scale pan, seasoning shelves are lined with dozens of seasoning bottle neat and uniform size, like a chemical laboratory. When people living in different places to taste the local food, certainly no one would choose to KFC or Macdonald like food. Because the old man not only need to Kentucky Fried Chicken recipe ingredients, even temperature, fried chicken oil time, also must act strictly in accordance with norms, so the world KFC taste are the same. But it reflects the Westerners focus on the positive, to the rational spirit and the exact analysis on things, reflect the characteristics of the Western way of thinking with accuracy.Chapter 3 See from the table manners in cultureThere are thousands of years of Chinese traditional culture in the Chinese Confucianism and Taoism, Buddhism, the traditional Confucian thought of benevolence, righteousness, mainly emphasizes courtesy, the letter; Taoism advocates harmony with nature, pure; Buddhism advocated the mercy, Purdue beings, harmony without obstruction. While western countries advocated democracy, freedom, equality, personal power, value personal values, individualism. Their religion is Christianity, impact on the state of the great people. The Christian doctrine of God created human beings, and believe in the Christian ethics is based on original sin, that human ancestors Adam and Xia Wa because of eating the forbidden fruit crime passed to future generations, become the root of all human evil. Man cannot save itself, but by the salvation of Jesus christ. Thus, the original sin has become western sin culture, people in western countries formed a far-reaching influence in psychology. If a man does not believe or not repent, God would be a permanent penalty, go to the hell suffering.Chinese and western table manners of different culture is an important part of the Chinese and Western cultural differences, traditional western culture is the animal husbandry culture and marine culture, and Chinas farming culture and land culture, two different culture reflects the difference of peoples life style, the difference table etiquette culture is one of the representative, every country, every region of the peoples diet unconsciously reveal its profound cultural background. Such as: China, the form of eating behind all psychology and culture of a kind of rich meaning and peoples cognition and understanding of things, to get a more profound social significance, a regulating this translates into social psychology, there are many scholars will be the Chinese special hunger breeds discontentment the concept called cultural tendency pan-food principle, the difference between Chinese and Western cultures makes differences between Chinese and Western food culture and etiquette culture, this difference different from the Western way of thinking and philosophy. Chinese people pay attention to the unity of heaven and man, Westerners focus on people-oriented such differences in values formation of Chinese eating table, feelings and characteristics, focus on the type and quantity of food, rarely consider the nutritional meals. The diet beautiful pursue although overwhelmed the rational.The social background, the differences in history and culture leads to the differences between Chinese and western table manners, etiquette to some extent reflects a habit, and habits is not a short period of time can be obtained. It is also a kind of historical and cultural sedimentation and extension. Therefore, a part of the difference between Chinese and Western etiquette culture is the traditional Chinese and Western cultural differences. With the globalization of economy and the acceleration of information exchange between Chinese and western table manners, culture fusion continuously in the collision, complement each other in fusion. So now the Chinese have begun to pay attention to nutrition, food science, health and cooking, dining etiquette also tend to civilization, science. Between the two cultures has not advanced or backward, the future world, two kind of culture will also continue to