《三级语法总结》PPT课件.ppt

三级考试语法综合要点,contents,倒装句主谓一致现在分词和过去分词动名词情态动词的特殊用法定语从句同位语从句,现在完成时structure:have/has+v.p.p.时间状语：ago,yesterday,lastmonth,since,sofar,uptonow,untilnow,for/in/over/duringthepastfewyears.Hehadhardlyfinishedhisspeechwhentheaudiencestartedcheering.他的演讲一结束观众们就开始振奋起来。=Hardlyhadhefinishedhisspeechwhentheaudiencestartedcheering.(常考于倒装用法）将来完成时structure:shall/willhave+v.p.pby/bythetime/bytheendof/before/until+将来时间Thestudentswillhavefinishedtheirpapersbytheendofthismonth.直到这个月底，学生们将完成他们的论文。,现在完成时structure:have/has+v.p.p.时间状语：ago,yesterday,lastmonth,since,sofar,uptonow,untilnow,for/in/over/duringthepastfewyears.Ihaveseenthefilmseveralyearsago.现在完成进行时谈论动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在,并且有可能持续下去have/hasbeen+doingsth+since/for+过去的时间点Sheplayedtabletennisfor19years.(动作不能延续只能用现在完成时结构）Ivebeenskatingforfivehours.（动作可以延续下去可用现在完成进行时结构）,虚拟语气的用法,1.Ifclause非真实条件句,事实相反,If-条件从句,结果主句,与现在事实相反,与过去事实相反,与将来事实相反,动词过去式bewere,would/should/could/might+动词原形,had+过去分词,would/should/could/might+have+过去分词,动词过去式were+不定式should+动词原形,would（should）+动词原形,1.IfI_(know)heraddress,Iwouldwritetoher.2.Whatwouldyouhavedoneifyou_(miss)thetrain?3.Ifhe_(notbeill),hewouldhavedonesomething.4.Ifit_(snow)tomorrow,we_(getup)early.5.Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingallright.6.Ifhehadnotbeenillandmissedmanyclasses,he_(make)greaterprogress.,Practices:,hadmissed,hadnotbeenill,wereto/shouldsnow/snowed,shouldgetup,wouldbe,knew,wouldhavemade,e.g.1.Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpus.,Weretheyhere,theywouldhelpus.,2.Ifyouhadcomeearlier,nothingwouldhavehappened.,Hadyoucomeearlier,nothingwouldhavehappened.,Attention:,When“if”wasomitted,theordershouldbeinverted.,如果从句中有were,should,had等词,可省略if。were，should,had放句首进行倒装。,2.时间错综复杂句,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。,e.g.1.Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodonow.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）,2.IfIwereyou,Iwouldnthavemissedthefilmlastnight.(从句与现在事实相反,主句与过去事实相反.),3.暗含条件句,butfor,but,butthat,（要不是）,without（如果没有）,otherwise（要不然）,or（要不然）,(incaseof,supposing,undermorefavorablecondition)相对少几乎没有,etc.e.g.1.Hewouldnotgetsucharesultwithoutyourhelp.2.Butforyou,Icouldnotberecoveredsosoon.,4.主语从句,Structure:Itis+形容词/名词/动词的-ed形式+that.其谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”（美国英语常省略should，只用动词原形）。形容词:necessary,important,impossible,strange,naturalessential,surprising,astonishing,etc.过去分词:desired,demanded,orderedrequested,suggested,recommended,requiredetc.名词:advice,decision,desire,demand,idea,motion,order,pity,preference,proposal,recommendation.etc.e.g.1.Itisessentialthatyou(should)winthevotershearts.2.Itwassuggestedthathe(should)jointheclubactivities.3.Itisimpossiblethatheshouldgohome.,5.宾语从句,1.在suggest,demand,order,propose,insist,command,request,desire,等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。e.g.1.Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.2.Idemandthathe(should)answermeimmediately.3.Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymeans.Attention:当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，暗示”时，其后的从句中不用虚拟语气。e.g.1.Heinsistedthathewashonest.2.ThelookonhisfacesuggestedthathewasquitesatisfiedwithwhatIhaddoneforhim.,2.wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，要按“后退一步法”,从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were）,主句,从句,现在时,过去时,从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词）,过去时,过去完成时,将来不大可能实现的愿望,将来时,would/could+动词原形,e.g.1.Hewishedhehadntsaidthat.2.Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.3.Iwishthattheexperimentwereasuccess.4.IwishthatIcouldhavegonewithyoulastnight.5.Wewishthattheywouldcomesoon.Practices:1.Ididntgototheparty,butIdowishI_there.A.wereB.wouldbeC.hadbeenD.willbe2.Peterwishesthathe_lawinsteadofliteraturewhenhewasincollege.A.couldstudyB.studiedC.hadstudiedD.wouldstudy3.YouwishedshethenextdayA.wouldcomeB.hadcomeC.comesD.tocome,c,c,A,3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon，wouldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或“对过去做的事的懊悔”。e.g.1.Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.2.Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening.3.Iwouldrathereverythinghadnthappenedinthepast.4.Themanagerwouldratherhisdaughterdidnotworkinthesameoffice5.Tobefrank，Idratheryouwerenotinvolvedinthecase,6.表语从句和同位语从句,Words:demand,desire,requirement,advice,recommendationsuggestion,order,necessitypreferenceProposal,plan,idea,resolution.etc.e.g.1.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussionbeputoff2.Thesuggestionthatthemayorpresenttheprizesbeacceptedbyeveryone3.Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.4.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.,7.Itis（abouthigh）timethat定语从句,在Itis（abouthigh）timethat定语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should动词原形/e.g.1.Itsalready5oclocknowDontyouthinkitsabouttimewewenthome？2.Itisabouttimeyouwereinbed.3.Itishightimeweleft.4.ItisthefirsttimeIcamehere.Attention:在thisisthefirsttimesecondtimethat句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态e.g.1.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong？2.Itstimetodosomething有别于Itstimethat,8.在ifonly引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon，wouldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,谓语动词用过去式,过去完成式/would/could+动词原形(谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同).e.g.1.Ifonlyhedidntdrivesofast!(现在)2.Ifonlyshehadaskedsomeonesadvice.(过去)3.Ifonlytherainwouldstop.(将来)practice:LookattheterriblesituationIamin!ifonlyI_youradvice.A.followB.hadfollowedC.wouldfollowD.havefollowed,B,3.wouldrather,wouldsooner,hadrather,would(just)assoon，wouldprefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。,9.由连接词incase,lest,forfearthat引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might,would)+动词原形,e.g.1.Shewalkedquietlylestshe(should)wakeupherroommates.2.Iavoidedmentioningthesubjectlesthebeoffended.,10.asif(though)从句用虚拟语气以asif(asthough)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；若表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形：e.g.1.Heactsasifheknewme.2.TheytreatmeasthoughIwereastranger.3.Hetalksasifhehadbeenabroad.,倒装句部分倒装结构：倒装的副词结构+情态动词/助动词+主语+主要谓语动词+其他的部分1.否定副词：hardly,scarcely,nowhere,few,little,never,no,not,seldom.littledoeshetakecareofhimself.2.含有否定副词no的短语innoway,bynomeans,in/undernocircumstance,etc.innocircumstancecanwegiveupstudyingandworking.,3.sothat,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notuntil,often,soSofrightenedwashethathecouldntmoveaninch.Notonlycanheoperatethecomputer,butalsohecanmakeuseofittofinishthework.4.虚拟语气中的省略if,当if从句中有were,had,should中的一个就可以进行倒装IfIwereyou,Iwouldfinishthiswork.WereIyou,Iwouldfinishthiswork.,Only：onlyinthisway,onlyafter,onlywhenOnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.Onlyafterhehadspokenoutwordsdidherealizethathemadeabigmistake.,主谓一致主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：1.and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：(1)如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。如：,语法一致原则,HeandIarebothstudentsofthisschool.我和他都是这个学校的学生。(2)但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物,或者指同一概念的时候,谓语要用单数。,Thesingeranddancerisgoingtogiveusaperformance.那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。Theknifeandforkisonthetable.刀叉在桌子上。,2.如果主语是不定式,动词ing形式或主语从句的时候,谓语动词用单数。Whatheisdoingseemsveryimportant.他正在做的事情看起来很重要。Collectingstampsishishobby.收集邮票是他的爱好。,3.定语从句的关系代词who,which,that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。Thosewhoenjoysingingmayjoinus.Tom,whoisyourfriend,shouldhelpyou.,4.就远原则with,alongwith,togetherwith,aswellas,besides,like,without,except,but,including如果句子中有这些连接词和主语连用,谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。例如：Theteacher,togetherwithhisstudents,isplantingtreesinthestreet.老师和他的学生们正在街道上植树。,either.or;neither.nor;notonly.butalso,whether.or在句子中连接主语的时候或者在therebe句型中,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,5.就近原则,NeitheryounorIamwrong.Thereisacupofteaandsomeapplesonthetable.,Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.,6.therestof;halfof;partof;majorityof;percentof;onethirdof在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Halfofthestudentshavefinishedtheircomposition.一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Halfoftheappleisbad.一半的苹果坏了。About60percentofthestudentsinourschoolareboys.百分之六十的工作已经做完了。,7.复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词要用单数，如someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing。Someoneisaskingforyou.有人找你。Nothingisfoundintheroom.在屋子里什么也没找到。,现在分词与过去分词英语中的分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词由动词原形加ing构成，过去分词由动词原形加ed构成，现在分词表示正在进行或主动意义，过去分词表示已经完成或被动意义，两者之间既有相同之处，又有区别。,英语中分词有两种：现在分词和过去分词。分词在句中可以充当表语，定语，状语和宾语补足语。,现在分词,一般式doing一般被动式beingdone完成式havingdone完成被动式havingbeendone,过去分词,过去分词只有一种形式，即V-ed。没有所谓的“一般体”“进行体”与“完成体”之分。过去分词也没有“主动式”与“被动式”之称谓。,现在分词的完成式：现在分词有时需要完成形式，说明它表示的动作在主要谓语的动作之前发生，这类短语或是作时间状语或是作原因状语,Havingfoundahotel,theybegantolookforarestaurant.Havinggotourtickets,wedrovetotheairporttoboardtheplane.Havingbeenillfortwoweeks,shefeltratherweak.Havinglivedthereforsometime,sheknewtheplacequitewell.Nothavinggotananswer,Idecidedtowritehimanotherletter.,过去分词的体现形式,Givenanotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题。Seenfromthetopofthehill,thecitylooksmorebeautifultous.从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.,boilingwaterboiledwaterthefallingleavesthefallenleavesthechangingmatterthechangedmatterthedevelopingcountrythedevelopedcountry,现在分词和过去分词作定语,试比较：,A.现在分词表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词则表示完成的动作：e.g.fallingleaves/fallenleavesboilingwater/boiledwaterdevelopingcountry/developedcountryB.现在分词表示动作主动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词动作的执行者，过去分词表示被动的意思，所修饰的人或物是分词的承受者。e.g.anexcitingfilm/excitedspeaker,现在分词作表语,Thestoryisexciting.这个故事很令人兴奋的。Thesituationisencouraging.总形势是令人鼓舞的。Hislectureisinteresting.Iminterestedinit.他的演讲是有趣的，我对此比较感兴趣。Thefilmistouching.这部影片是令人感动的,过去分词作表语,Iwasveryexcitedatthenews.这则消息让我很激动。Theglasswasbroken.这块玻璃破碎了。Thedoorremainslocked.这道门仍锁着。Shelookeddisappointed.她看起来很失望。Wearesurprisedtohearthenews.听到这则消息我们感到吃惊。,Isawhimrepairingthewatch.我看到他修理手表。Iheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.我听到有人在敲门。Thechildrenwatchedtheplanetakingoffattheairport.孩子们在机场看到飞机起飞。TheFrenchmantriedtomakehisspeechinspiring.法国人尝试着去做鼓舞人心的演讲。,现在分词作宾补,Ifoundtheboybeatenblackandblue.我发现这个男孩被打的鼻青脸肿。TheFrenchmantriedtomakehimselfunderstood.这个法国人尝试着让自己理解。Johnwillgethisroompainted.约翰将要到达被粉刷的房间。,过去分词作宾补,现在分词作状语,表时间,现在分词(同时发生）,WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreet,Imetanoldfriendofmine.=Walkingalongthestreet,ImetanoldWhenheenteredthedining-room,hesawhismotherinawhitecleanoverall.=Enteringthedining-room,hesawhismotherinWhilewewereworkinginthefactory,welearnedalotfromtheworkers.=Workinginthefactory,welearnedalot,现在分词(同时发生）,Seeingthosepictures,hecouldnthelpthinkingofthosedaysinYanan.=Whenhesawthosepictures,heTurninground,Fannyfoundanambulancedrivingup.=Whensheturnedround,Fannyfound,现在分词（已经完成）,Havingwateredthevegetables,theybegantopickuptheapples.=Aftertheyhadwateredvegetables,Havingfinishedthework,hewentbackhomeonfoot.=Afterhehadfinishedthework,完成时态用现在分词,Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework,theywentouttoplaybasketball.=Havingdonetheirhomework,theywentout.Afterhehadlunch,hewenttoplaybasketball.=Havinghadlunch,hewenttoplaybasketball.BecauseIhaveseenthefilmtwice,Idontplantoseeitagain=Havingseenthefilmtwice,Idontplantoseeitagain.,分词作状语表示原因、条件、让步,AsIdidnotknowhowtodoit,Iaskedhimtohelpme.=Notknowinghowtodoit,IaskedhimIfyoustandonthechurchtower,youcanseethewholevillage.=Standingonthechurchtower,youcanseeThoughheisold,hestudieshard.=Beingold,hestudieshard.Astheywereblindmen,howcouldtheysee!=Beingblindmen,howcouldtheysee!,被动用过去分词,Iftheyhadbeengivenenoughsunlight,theflowerscouldhavegrown.Thoughhewaswarnedofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.,=Givenenoughsunlight,theflowerscould,=Warnedofthedanger,hestillwentskating,过去分词,InspiredbyDr.Chensspeech,theydecidedtostudyMathsharder.Persuadedbymymother,shegladlywenttherealone.,=BecausetheywereinspiredbyDr.Chensspeech,=Becauseshewaspersuadedbymymother,过去分词完成式,Aftertheyhavebeenwritten,thecompositionsmustbehandedinthisafternoon.Afterhehadsupper,hewentoutforawalk.Becausehewasbittenbyadog,hetrembleswheneverheseesadog.,=Havingbeenwritten,thecomposition.,=Havinghadsupper,hewentoutforawalk.,=Havingbeenbittenbyadog,hetrembleswheneverheseesadog.,分词独立主格结构,分词独立主格结构，就是分词前加了一个名词或代词，分词的动作就是这个名词或代词做的，而不是句子的主语做的。换句话说，分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，逻辑主语与句子的主语并不是同一个人或事物。这时候，分词短语相当于一个简写的短句。我们称这种有自己独立主语的分词结构，叫分词独立主格结构。,独立主格,Iftheweatherpermits,wellhaveanoutingtomorrow.=Weatherpermitting,wellhaveanoutingtomorrow.Sincethelastbushadgone,wehadtowalkhome.=Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.,动名词,动词或动词词组或句子结构后+动词ing形式实义动词：admit,appreciate,excuse,stand,advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,include,keep,understand,mind,report,risk,miss,delay,practise,resist,suggest,escape动词短语：giveup,cannothelp,keepon,putoff,dependon,thinkabout,setabout,succeedin,worryabout,burstout,insiston,canthelp,feellike,beusedto,getusedto,devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,getdownto,haveahardtime,句子结构：Itisnouse.，Itisnogood.，Itisfun.，Itisawasteoftime.thereisnopoint,Theteacherdoesntpermitsmokinginclass.Didyouhavetroubleinfindingtheswimmingpool?,情态动词的特殊用法,结构：Must+have+v.p.p（过去一定做过某事）Can/Could(not)+have+v.p.p（过去（不）可能做过某事）May/might+have+v.p.p（过去可能做过某事，比can/could语气较弱）Should/oughtto(not)+have+v.p.p（过去本应该/本不应该去做某事）Neednt+have+v.p.p（本没必要去做某事）,WangQindidnotcometothemeeting;hecouldnothavemissedthenoticeonblackboard.果因关系中存在情态动词表过去推测的用法。,定语从句非限制性定语从句介词+which的用法That的用法As的用法,非限制性定语从句,在非限定性定语从句中，用who,whom代表人，用which代表事物，有时as也可用作关系代词Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth正如每个人所知道的那样，月亮绕着地球运行每个月一次。Mike，asweexpected，attendedthemeeting像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。,介词+关系代词,1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when,where和why互换。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?Thisisthereasonwhyhecamelate.Thisisthereasonforwhichhecamelate.,listento,lookat,dependon,payattentionto,takecareof,lookinto,breakinto,getridof,takepartin,makeuseof,take/catchholdof,catchupwith,getalongwith,lookforwardto等都是短语动词,不可拆分Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.保育员们照看的那些孩子们很健康。（不可说afterwhomthenursesarelooking）Hehasaknifewithwhichtodefendhimself.他有一把用于自卫的刀子。,Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。,whose,ofwhom与ofwhich,关系代词whose，引导定语从句时，既可指人，又可指物，在从句中只能作定语；ofwhom只能指人；ofwhich只能指物，有时whose可以与ofwhom和ofwhich互换使用。Thehousewhosedoorsaregreenisanofficebuilding.门是绿色的那座房子是办公楼。定语从句的主语是few,little,some,most,many,much等时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。定语从句的主语是数词、形容词的最高级时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。定语从句的主语是all,none,both,neither,each等不定代词时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。在定语从句中作表语的定语时，一般只用ofwhom和ofwhich。,Intheroomarelotsofpeople,manyofwhomIdontknow.房间里有很多人，很多人我不认识。Hehasalotofstory-books,afewofwhichIhaveneverread.他有很多故事书，有几本故事书我还从未看过。Theoldmanhasthreechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudentsandoneofwhomisamanager.那个老人有三个小孩，其中两个是大学生，另一个是经理。Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghard.我们班有五十个学生，所有这五十个学生学习都刻苦。,Hehasthreebrothers,ofwhomLiLeiistheyoungestone.他有三兄弟，李雷是他们中最小的一个。,关系代词that的用法,(1)不用that的情况(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere.(b)介词后不能用。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。(b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few