大学英语第一课课件.ppt

Unit1,TextAWhatIsaDecision?,Whatisadecision?决策是什么?,Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.Thepurposeofmakingadecisionistoestablishandachieveorganizationalgoalsandobjectives.决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,决策的原因是存在着问题,goalsorobjectivesarewrong目标有误,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.,Thusthedecision-makingprocessisfundamentaltomanagement.因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.almosteverythingamanagerdoesinvolvesdecisions,几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策.indeed,somesuggestthatthemanagementprocessisdecisionsmaking.确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.Althoughmanagerscannotpredictthefuture,虽然管理者不能预测未来,manyoftheirdecisionsrequirethattheyconsiderpossiblefutureevents.但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.,Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbe通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,andtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.Sometimestheconsequencesofapoordecisionareslight;有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,atothertimestheyareserious.有时却非常严重.,Choiceistheopportunitytoselectamongalternatives.选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.如果没有选择,就不会有决策.Decisionmakingistheprocessofchoosing,决策是选择的过程,andmanydecisionshaveabroadrangeofchoice.许多决策有很广的可选范围.Forexample,例如:,astudentmaybeabletochooseamonganumberofdifferentcourses,为了完成得到大学学位的决策,inordertoimplementthedecisiontoobtainacollegedegree.一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.Theseconstraintsexistatalllevelsoftheorganization.这些制约存在于各级组织中.,Alternativesarethepossiblecoursesofactionfromwhichchoicescanbemade.供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.Iftherearenoalternatives,thereisnochoiceand,therefore,nodecision.如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.Ifnoalternativesareseen,如果找不到可供选择的事物,oftenitmeansthatathoroughjobofexaminingtheproblemshasnotbeendone.通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.,Forexample,managerssometimestreatproblemsinaneither/orfashion,例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,thisistheirwayofsimplifyingcomplexproblem.这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.,Atthemanageriallevel,在管理级别上,decisionmakingincludeslimitingalternativesaswellasidentifyingthem,决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,andtherangeisfromhighlylimitedtopracticallyunlimited.其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多.,Decisionmakersmusthavesomewayofdetermining决策者必须有办法决定whichofseveralalternativesisbest,在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,thatiswhichcontributesthemosttotheachievementoforganizationalgoals.也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.Anorganizationalgoalisanendorastateofaffairstheorganizationseekstoreach.组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.,Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.Frequently,departmentsorunitswithinanorganizationmakedecisionsthataregoodforthemindividually通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的.butthatarelessthanoptimalforthelargerorganization.但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.,Calledsub-optimization,所谓的局部最优化,thisisatrade-offthatincreasestheadvantagestooneunitorfunction.这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,butdecreasestheadvantagestoanotherunitorfunction.却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.Forexample,themarketingmanagermayargueeffectivelyforanincreasedadvertisingbudget.例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.Inthelargerschemeofthings,however,可在更大大的方案中,increasedfundingforresearchtoimprovetheproductsmightbemorebeneficialtotheorganization.提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.,Thesetrade-offsoccurbecausetherearemanyobjectivesthatorganizationswishtoattainsimultaneously.因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.,Differentmanagersdefinethesameproblemindifferentterms.不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.,Theorderingandimportanceofmultipleobjectivesisalsobased,inpart,在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性onthevaluesofthedecisionmaker.也基于决策人的价值观念.Suchvaluesarepersonal;theyarehardtounderstand,这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,evenbytheindividual,becausetheyaresodynamicandcomplex.即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.Inmanybusinesssituations,differentpeoplesvaluesabout在许多交易情形下,不同的人们关于风险和盈利的acceptabledegreesofriskandprofitabilitycausedisagreementaboutthecorrectnessofdecisions.可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.,Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.Butfromasystemspointofview,problemshavemultiplecauses,但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,anddecisionshaveintendedandunintendedconsequences.决策有预期的和非预期的结果.Anorganizationisanongoingentity,一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,andadecisionmadetodaymayhaveconsequencesfarintothefuture.现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.Thustheskilledmanagerlookstowardthefutureconsequenceofcurrentdecision.因而熟练的管理者会看到当前决策对未来的影响.,目标，客观的完成（任务等）预言陪同，伴奏简化解释，规定多样的，复合的挡路赚钱，获利进行中的，前进的,objective,accomplish，achieve，attain，implement（工具）,predict，makeaguessat,accompany,simplify（simple，simplification）,define（definition）,multiple，various(vary),intheway,profit，profitable，profitability,ongoing,TextB,SecretsofSuccessatanInterview面试成功的秘诀,Thesubjectoftodaystalkisinterviews.今天谈论的话题是面试.Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.面试的关键是准备和自信,这将对你具有深远的意义.Doyourhomeworkfirst.首先你要做准备工作.Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingfor尽量了解你所申请的工作,andtheorganizationyouhopetoworkfor.以及你所希望为之工作的组织机构.,ManyoftheemployersIinterviewedmadethesamecriticismofcandidates.我会见过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评,Theyhavenoideawhatthedaytodayworkofthejobbringsabout.他们不知道日常工作做些什么.Theyhavevaguenotionsoffurtheringthecompanysprospects他们空具改进公司的前景orofservingthecommunity,或服务社区的模糊概念,buthavenevertakenthetroubletofindouttheactualtaskstheywillberequiredtodo.“却从来不肯下功夫去发现他们将需要做的实际工作.,Donotletthisbesaidofyou.不要让这些话涉及到你.Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.这表明你对雇主和工作没有吸引力,不感兴趣.Takethetimetoputyourselfintotheinterviewersplace.花时间设身处地地为面试接见者想一想.Hewantssomebodywhoishard-working他需要的是具有友爱的人格,努力工作,withapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.并且对工作怀有真正兴趣的人.,Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterview你所了解到的朋关未来雇主的任何信息都会在面试中对你有利,toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.它表明你曾费心去了解你希望为之工作的人的有关事情.,Writedown(andremember)thequestionsyouwanttoasktheinterviewer(s)记录下(并且记住)面试中你想问的问题,sothatyouarenotspeechlesswhentheyinviteyourquestions.这样他们请你提问时你就不会哑口无言了.Makesurethatholidaysandpayarenotthefirstthingsyouaskabout.你一定不要首先问及休假和报酬.Ifallyourquestionshavebeenansweredduringtheinterview,reply:如果你的问题在面试中都得到了回答,你应该这样说:Infact,Ididhaveseveralquestions,butyouhavealreadyansweredthemall.事实上,我的确有一些问题,但你们已经做出了回答.,Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterview面试中如果你想确认所谈及的内容中有什么隐含意义,ifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.不要害怕请示明示,但一定要有礼貌.Justbeforeyougototheinterview在去面试之前,lookagainattheoriginaladvertisementthatyouanswered,再看看你应征的原始广告anycorrespondencefromyourprospectiveemployer,你未来雇主的所有信件,photocopiesofyourletterofapplicationorapplicationformandyourresume.你的求职信或求职表的复印件和你的简历.,Thenyouwillrememberwhatyousaidandwhattheywant.这样你就记住了你所说的和他们所希望的.Thisisveryimportantifyouhaveappliedformanyjobsinashorttime如果你在适时间内申请了许多工作,这点就很重要.asitiseasytobecomeconfusedandgiveanimpressionofinefficiency.因为你很容易搞混乱了,给人以效率低的印象.,Makesureyouknowwhereandwhenyouhavetoreportfortheinterview.确信何地何时你必须去面试.Gotothebuilding(butnotinsidetheoffice)adayortwobefore,ifnecessary,如果必要的话,面试前两天到面试的大楼(但不是办公室里)去一趟,tofindouthowlongthejourneytakesandwhereexactlytheplaceis.弄清路有多远和确切的地点.,Aimtoarrivefiveortenminutesearlyfortheactualinterview,为真正的面试做好早到5分钟或10分钟的打算,thenyouwillhavealittletimeinhand那么,你手头儿还有一点儿时间,andyouwillnotpanicifyouaredelayed.就不会为延误而惊慌.Youstartatadisadvantageifyouarriveworriedandtenminuteslate如果你急急忙忙地赶到,迟到10分钟,一开始你就处于不利地位.,Dressinclean,neat,conservativeclothes.穿着要干净,整洁,保守NowisNOTthetimetoexperimentwiththepunklook现在不是尝试名牌打扮or(girls)towearlow-cutdresseswithminiskirts.或女孩穿着领口开得很低的上衣和迷你裙的时候.Makesurethatyourshoes,handsandhair(andteeth)arecleanandneat.确信你的鞋子,手,头发(和牙齿)干净,整洁.,Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterview准备好出示邀请你来面试的信件,readytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.以防万一在交流中出现麻烦.Youmayfindyourselffacingoneinterviewerorapanel.你可能会发现你自己面对着一个接见者或一个专门小组.Thelatterisfarmoreintimidating,butdonotletitworryyoutoomuch.后者令人害怕得多,但不要让它使你过分担忧.,Theinterviewerwillprobablyhaveatableinfrontofhim/her.会见者前面可能会放一张桌子Donotputyourthingsorarmsonit.不要把你的东西和胳膊放在桌子上.Ifyouhaveabagoracase,putitonthefloorbesideyourchair.如果你有一个包或一个箱子,把它放在你棒子旁边的地板上.Donotclutchitnervouslyor,worsestill,dropit,spillingeverything.不要紧张地用手抓着,甚而更糟的是,掉在地上,把所有的东西都掉出来了.,Shakehandsiftheintervieweroffershishandfirst.如果接见者首先伸过手来,你就和他握手.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothoughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.几乎不可能五个人的专门小组中大家轮流与你握手.Soyoudonotbeupsetifnooneoffers.所以如果没人主动伸手时,你不要感到不安.,Shakehandsfirmly-aweakhandsuggestsaweakpersonality,握手要坚定有力-软弱无力的手说明软弱的个性,andacrushinggripisobviouslypainful.而挤压式的紧握显然是痛苦的.Donotdropthehandassoonasyourshastouchedit不要刚一接触就放下你的手,asthiswillseemtoshowyoudonotliketheotherperson因为这样似乎表明你不喜欢对方.,Speakpolitelyandnaturallyevenifyouarefeelingshy.即使你感到害羞,说话也要礼貌,自然.Thinkbeforeyouansweranyquestions.在回答任何问题之前都要先想想.Ifyoucannotunderstand,ask:如果你没有理解,可以这样请示:Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please?“请您再重复一下这个问题,好吗?Thequestionwillthenberepeatedindifferentwords.会见者就会用不同的话重复一遍这个问题.,Ifyouarenotdefinitelyacceptedorturneddownonthespot,如果当场你没有明确地被接受或拒绝,ask:“WhenmayIexpecttoheartheresultsofthisinterview?你就要问:我可以期望在何时所到面试的结果呢?“Ifyoudoreceivealetterofferingyouthejob,如果你确实收到了提供给你工作的信函,youmustreplybyletter(keepaphotocopy)assoonaspossible.Goodluck!你必须忙地回复信函(保留复印件).祝好运!,as的用法,用作介词作为，担任Heworkedasateacherinthatschool.似，像=likeShebehavedtowardhimasamother.Hespokeasalawyer.Hespokelikealawyer.,用作副词表示程度asas“如同，好像”Hisfaceisasblackascoal