Franklin D. Roosevelt- The Four Freedoms.doc

演讲稿 franklin d. roosevelt: the four freedoms franklind.roosevelt:thefourfreedomsmr.speaker,membersofthe77thcongress:iaddressyou,themembersofthisnewcongress,atamomentunprecedentedinthehistoryoftheunion.iusetheword“unprecedented”becauseatnoprevioustimehasamericansecuritybeenasseriouslythreatenedfromwithoutasitistoday.sincethepermanentformationofourgovernmentundertheconstitutionin1789,mostoftheperiodsofcrisisinourhistoryhaverelatedtoourdomesticaffairs.and,fortunately,onlyoneofthesethefour-yearwarbetweenthestateseverthreatenedournationalunity.today,thankgod,130,000,000americansinforty-eightstateshaveforgottenpointsofthepassinournationalunity.itistruethatpriorto1914theunitedstatesoftenhasbeendisturbedbyeventsinothercontinents.wehaveevenengagedintwowarswitheuropeannationsandinanumberofundeclaredwarsinthewestindies,inthemediterraneanandinthepacific,forthemaintenanceofamericanrightsandfortheprinciplesofpeacefulmerce.butinnocasehasaseriousthreatbeenraisedagainstournationalsafetyorourcontinuedindependence.whatiseektoconveyisthehistorictruththattheunitedstatesasanationhasatalltimesmaintainedoppositionclear,definiteoppositiontoanyattempttolockusinbehindanancientchinesewallwhiletheprocessionofcivilizationwentpast.today,thinkingofourchildrenandoftheirchildren,weopposeenforcedisolationforourselvesorforanyotherpartoftheamericas.thatdeterminationofours,extendingoveralltheseyears,wasproved,forexample,intheearlydaysduringthequartercenturyofwarsfollowingthefrenchrevolution.whilethenapoleonicstruggledidthreateninterestsoftheunitedstatesbecauseofthefrenchfootholdinthewestindiesandinlouisiana,andwhileweengagedinthewarof1812tovindicateourrighttopeacefultrade,itisneverthelessclearthatneitherfrancenorgreatbritainnoranyothernationwasaimingatdominationofthewholeworld.andinlikefashion,from1815to1914ninety-nineyearsnosinglewarineuropeorinasiaconstitutedarealthreatagainstourfutureoragainstthefutureofanyotheramericannation.exceptinthemaximilianinterludeinmexico,noforeignpowersoughttoestablishitselfinthishemisphere.andfriendlystrength;itisstillafriendlystrength.evenwhentheworldwarbrokeoutin1914itseemedtocontainonlysmallthreatofdangertoourownamericanfuture.butastimewenton,asweremember,theamericanpeoplebegantovisualizewhatthedownfallofdemocraticnationsmightmeantoourowndemocracy.weneednotoveremphasizeimperfectionsinthepeaceofversailles.weneednotharponfailureofthedemocraciestodealwithproblemsofworldreconstruction.weshouldrememberthatthepeaceof1919wasfarlessunjustthanthekindofpacificationwhichbeganevenbeforemunich,andwhichisbeingcarriedonundertheneworderoftyrannythatseekstospreadovereverycontinenttoday.theamericanpeoplehaveunalterablysettheirfacesagainstthattyranny.isupposethateveryrealistknowsthatthedemocraticwayoflifeisatthismomentbeingdirectlyassailedineverypartoftheworldassailedeitherbyarmsorbysecretspreadingofpoisonouspropagandabythosewhoseektodestroyunityandpromotediscordinnationsthatarestillatpeace.duringsixteenlongmonthsthisassaulthasblottedoutthewholepatternofdemocraticlifeinanappallingnumberofindependentnations,greatandsmall.andtheassailantsarestillonthemarch,threateningothernations,greatandsmall.therefore,asyourpresident,performingmyconstitutionaldutyto“givetothecongressinformationofthestateoftheunion,”ifinditunhappilynecessarytoreportthatthefutureandthesafetyofourcountryandofourdemocracyareoverwhelminglyinvolvedineventsfarbeyondourborders.armeddefenseofdemocraticexistenceisnowbeinggallantlywagedinfourcontinents.ifthatdefensefails,allthepopulationandalltheresourcesofeuropeandasia,africaandaustraliawillbedominatedbyconquerors.andletusrememberthatthetotalofthosepopulationsinthosefourcontinents,thetotalofthosepopulationsandtheirresourcesgreatlyexceedsthesumtotalofthepopulationandtheresourcesofthewholeofthewesternhemisphereyes,manytimesover.intimesliketheseitisimmatureand,incidentally,untrueforanybodytobragthatanunpreparedamerica,single-handedandwithonehandtiedbehinditsback,canholdoffthewholeworld.norealisticamericancanexpectfromadictatorspeaceinternationalgenerosity,orreturnoftrueindependence,orworlddisarmament,orfreedomofexpression,orfreedomofreligionorevengoodbusiness.suchapeacewouldbringnosecurityforusorforourneighbors.thosewhowouldgiveupessentiallibertytopurchasealittletemporarysafetydeserveneitherlibertynorsafety.asanationwemaytakeprideinthefactthatwearesoft-hearted;butwecannotaffordtobesoft-headed.wemustalwaysbewaryofthosewhowithsoundingbrassandatinklingcymbalpreachtheismofappeasement.wemustespeciallybewareofthatsmallgroupofselfishmenwhowouldclipthewingsoftheamericaneagleinordertofeathertheirownnests.ihaverecentlypointedouthowquicklythetempoofmodernwarfarecouldbringintoourverymidstthephysicalattackwhichwemusteventuallyexpectifthedictatornationwinthiswar.thereismuchloosetalkofourimmunityfromimmediateanddirectinvasionfromacrosstheseas.obviously,aslongasthebritishnavyretainsitspower,nosuchdangerexists.eveniftherewerenobritishnavy,itisnotprobablethatanyenemywouldbestupidenoughtoattackusbylandingtroopsintheunitedstatesfromacrossthousandsofmilesofocean,untilithadacquiredstrategicbasesfromwhichtooperate.butwelearnmuchfromthelessonsofthepastyearsineuropeparticularlythelessonofnorway,whoseessentialseaportswerecapturedbytreacheryandsurprisebuiltupoveraseriesofyears.thefirstphaseoftheinvasionofthishemispherewouldnotbethelandingofregulartroops.thenecessarystrategicpointswouldbeoccupiedbysecretagentsandbytheirdupesandgreatnumbersofthemarealreadyhereandinlatinamerica.aslongastheaggressornationsmaintaintheoffensivethey,notwe,willchoosethetimeandtheplaceandthemethodoftheirattack.andthatiswhythefutureofalltheamericanrepublicsistodayinseriousdanger.thatiswhythisannualmessagetothecongressisuniqueinourhistory.thatiswhyeverymemberoftheexecutivebranchofthegovernmentandeverymemberofthecongressfacegreatresponsibilitygreataccountability.theneedofthemomentisthatouractionsandourpolicyshouldbedevotedprimarilyalmostexclusivelytomeetingthisforeignperil.forallourdomesticproblemsarenowapartofthegreatemergency.justasournationalpolicyininternalaffairshasbeenbaseduponadecentrespectfortherightsanddignityofallourfellowmenwithinourgates,soournationalpolicyinforeignaffairshasbeenbasedonadecentrespectfortherightsandthedignityofallnations,largeandsmall.andthejusticeofmoralitymustandwillwinintheend.ournationalpolicyisthis:first,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearemittedtoall-inclusivenationaldefense.second,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearemittedtofullsupportofallthoseresolutepeopleeverywherewhoareresistingaggressionandaretherebykeepingwarawayfromourhemisphere.bythissupportweexpressourdeterminationthatthedemocraticcauseshallprevail,andwestrengthenthedefenseandthesecurityofourownnation.third,byanimpressiveexpressionofthepublicwillandwithoutregardtopartisanship,wearemittedtothepropositionthatprincipleofmoralityandconsiderationsforourownsecuritywillneverpermitustoacquiesceinapeacedictatedbyaggressorsandsponsoredbyappeasers.weknowthatenduringpeacecannotbeboughtatthecostofotherpeoplesfreedom.intherecentnationalelectiontherewasnosubstantialdifferencebetweenthetwogreatpartiesinrespecttothatnationalpolicy.noissuewasfoughtoutonthelinebeforetheamericanelectorate.andtodayitisabundantlyevidentthatamericancitizenseverywherearedemandingandsupportingspeedyandpleteactioninrecognitionofobviousdanger.therefore,theimmediateneedisaswiftanddrivingincreaseinourarmamentproduction.leadersofindustryandlaborhaverespondedtooursummons.goalsofspeedhavebeenset.insomecasesthesegoalsarebeingreachedaheadoftime.insomecasesweareonschedule;inothercasesthereareslightbutnotseriousdelays.andinsomecasesand,iamsorrytosay,veryimportantcases-weareallconcernedbytheslownessoftheacplishmentofourplans.thearmyandnavy,however,havemadesubstantialprogressduringthepastyear.actualexperienceisimprovingandspeedingupourmethodsofproductionwitheverypassingday.andtodaysbestisnotgoodenoughfortomorrow.iamnotsatisfiedwiththeprogressthusfarmade.themeninchargeoftheprogramrepresentthebestintraining,inabilityandinpatriotism.theyarenotsatisfiedwiththeprogressthusfarmade.noneofuswillbesatisfieduntilthejobisdone.nomatterwhethertheoriginalgoalwassettoohighortoolow,ourobjectiveisquickerandbetterresults.togiveyoutwoillustrations:wearebehindscheduleinturningoutfinishedairplanes.weareworkingdayandnighttosolvetheinnumerableproblemsandtocatchup.weareaheadofscheduleinbuildingwarships,butweareworkingtogetevenfurtheraheadofthatschedule.tochangeawholenationfromabasisofpeacetimeproductionofimplementsofpeacetoabasisofwartimeproductionofimplementsofwarisnosmalltask.thegreatestdifficultyesatthebeginningoftheprogram,whennewtools,andnewplantfacilities,newassemblylines,newshipwaysmustfirstbeconstructedbeforetheactualmaterialbeginstoflowsteadilyandspeedilyfromthem.thecongressofcourse,mustrightlykeepitselfinformedatalltimesoftheprogressoftheprogram.however,thereiscertaininformation,asthecongressitselfwillreadilyrecognize,which,intheinterestsofourownsecurityandthoseofthenationsthatwearesupporting,mustofneedsbekeptinconfidence.newcircumstancesareconstantlybegettingnewneedsforoursafety.ishallaskthiscongressforgreatlyincreasednewappropriationsandauthorizationstocarryonwhatwehavebegun.ialsoaskthiscongressforauthorityandforfundssufficienttomanufactureadditionalmunitionsandwarsuppliesofmanykinds,tobeturnedovertothosenationswhicharenowinactualwarwithaggressornations.ourmostusefulandimmediateroleistoactasanarsenalforthemaswellasforourselves.theydonotneedmanpower,buttheydoneedbillionsofdollarsworthoftheweaponsofdefense.thetimeisnearwhentheywillnotbeabletopayforthemallinreadycash.wecannot,andwewillnot,tellthemthattheymustsurrendermerelybecauseofpresentinabilitytopayfortheweaponswhichweknowtheymusthave.idonotremendthatwemakethemaloanofdollarswithwhichtopayfortheseweapons-aloantoberepaidindollars.iremendthatwemakeitpossibleforthosenationstocontinuetoobtainwarmaterialsintheunitedstates,fittingtheirordersintoourownprogram.andnearlyalloftheirmaterialwould,ifthetimeevercame,beusefulinourowndefense.takingcounselofexpertmilitaryandnavalauthorities,consideringwhatisbestforourownsecurity,wearefreetodecidehowmuchshouldbekepthereandhowmuchshouldbesentabroadtoourfriendswho,bytheirdeterminedandheroicresistance,aregivingustimeinwhichtomakereadyourowndefense.forwhatwesendabroadweshallberepaid,repaidwithinareasonabletimefollowingthecloseofhostilities,repaidinsimilarmaterials,oratouroptioninothergoodsofmanykindswhichtheycanproduceandwhichweneed.letussaytothedemocracies:weamericansarevitallyconcernedinyourdefenseoffreedom.weareputtingforthourenergies,ourresources,andourorganizingpowerstogiveyouthestrengthtoregainandmaintainafreeworld.weshallsendyouinever-increasingnumbers,ships,planes,tanks,guns.thisisourpurposeandourpledge.infulfillmentofthispurposewewillnotbeintimidatedbythethreatsofdictatorsthattheywillregardasabreachofinternationallaworasanactofwarouraidtothedemocracieswhichdaretoresisttheiraggression.suchaidisnotanactofwar,evenifadictatorshouldunilaterallyproclaimitsotobe.andwhenthedictatorsifthedictators-arereadytomakewaruponus,theywillnotwaitforanactofwaronourpart.theydidnotwaitfornorwayorbelgiumorthenetherlandstomitanactofwar.theironlyinterestisinanewone-wayinternationallaw,whichlacksmutualityinitsobservanceandthereforebeesaninstrumentofoppression.thehappinessoffuturegenerationsofamericansmaywelldependonhoweffectiveandhowimmediatewecanmakeouraidfelt.noonecantelltheexactcharacteroftheemergencysituationsthatwemaybecalledupontomeet.thenationshandsmustnotbetiedwhenthenationslifeisindanger.yes,andwemustprepare,allofusprepare,tomakethesacrificesthattheemergencyalmostasseriousaswaritself-demands.whateverstandsinthewayofspeedandefficiencyindefense,indefensepreparationsatanytime,mustgivewaytothenationalneed.afreenationhastherighttoexpectfullcooperationfromallgroups.afreenationhastherighttolooktotheleadersofbusiness,oflaborandofagriculturetotaketheleadinstimulatingeffort,notamongothergroupsbutwithintheirowngroups.thebestwayofdealingwiththefewslackersortrouble-makersinourmidstis,first,toshamethembypatrioticexample,andifthatfails,tousethesovereigntyofgovernmenttosavegovernment.asmendonotlivebybreadalone,theydonotfightbyarmamentsalone.thosewhomanourdefensesandthosebehindthemwhobuildourdefensesmusthavethestaminaandthecouragewhichefromanunshakablebeliefinthemanneroflifewhichtheyaredefending.themightyactionthatwearecallingforcannotbebasedonadisregardofallthethingsworthfightingfor.thenationtakesgreatsatisfactionandmuchstrengthfromthethingswhichhavebeendonetomakeitspeopleconsciousoftheirindividualstakeinthepreservationofdemocraticlifeinamerica.thosethingshavetoughenedthefiberofourpeople,haverenewedtheirfaithandstrengthenedtheirdevotiontotheinstitutionswemakereadytoprotect.certainlythisisnotimeforanyofustostopthinkingaboutthesocialandeconomicproblemswhicharetherootcauseofthesocialrevolutionwhichistodayasupremefactorintheworld.forthereisnothingmysteriousaboutthefoundationsofahealthyandstrongdemocracy.thebasicthingsexpectedbyourpeopleoftheirpoliticalandeconomicsystemsaresimple.theyare:equalityofopportunityforyouthandforothers.jobsforthosewhocanwork.securityforthosewhoneedit.theendingofspecialprivilegeforthefew.thepreservationofcivillibertiesforall.theenjoymentofthefruitsofscientificprogressinawiderandconstantlyrisingstandardofliving.thesearethesimple,thebasicthingsthatmustneverbelostsightofintheturmoilandunbelievableplexityofourmodernworld.theinnerandabidingstraightofoureconomicandpoliticalsystemsisdependentuponthedegreetowhichtheyfulfilltheseexpectations.manysubjectsconnectedwithoursocialeconomycallforimmediateimprovement.asexamples:weshouldbringmorecitizensunderthecoverageofold-agepensionsandunemploymentinsurance.weshouldwidentheopportunitiesforadequatemedicalcare.weshouldplanabettersystembywhichpersonsdeservingorneedinggainfulemploymentmayobtainit.ihavecalledforpersonalsacrifice,andiamassuredofthewillingnessofalmostallamericanstorespondtothatcall.apartofthesacrificemeansthepaymentofmoremoneyintaxes.inmybudgetmessageiwillremendthatagreaterportionofthisgreatdefenseprogrambepaidforfromtaxationthanwearepayingfortoday.nopersonshouldtry,orbeallowedtogetrichoutoftheprogram,andtheprincipleoftaxpaymentsinaccordancewithabilitytopayshouldbeconstantlybeforeoureyestoguideourlegislation.ifthecongressmaintainstheseprinciplesthevoters,puttingpatriotismaheadpocketbooks,willgiveyoutheirapplause.inthefuturedays,whichweseektomak