外文翻译--汽车车身总布置

附 录 1 汽车车身总布置采取以人为中心的设计思想，尤其是在轿车设计中，确保驾驶员与乘员的舒适性、居住性、上下车方便性、安全性以及驾驶员的操纵方便性和视野性等其应遵循一定的设计原则：外部尺寸尽量小、内部空间尽量大、满足各项功能要求、满足人机工程学要求、满足标准法规及技术条件要求。 人机工程学是上世纪 50 年代发展起来的一门新学科。它以人 -机关系为研究的对象，以实测、统计、分析为基本的研究方法，是一种描述如何塑造适宜人的工作环境的科学。具体到产品开发，就是在产品的设计和制造方面要按照人体的生 理解剖功能量身定做，更加适合于人体的工作效能。今天的汽车要追求“人车合一”，就是设计汽车的目标要以人为本，围绕人的需求而建造。要使人驾乘汽车感到舒适、方便和不易疲劳，这就是汽车人机工程学的目的。 汽车设计以总体布置为核心，而轿车总体布置又是从车厢开始的。为此，要利用能表述人体形状的标准模型作为准绳来安排驾驶舱各个部件位置。例如驾驶员的位置，从脚踩油门踏板上算起，身材高大者要比身材矮小者靠后坐，这决定了驾驶座椅后移的位置；身材矮小者要比身材高大者靠前坐，这决定了座椅前移的位置。手臂长度与腿相比是较短的 ，当座椅后移时可能手触及不到仪表板，这就有了一个范围限制。例如以百分位人群来划分，假设第 5 个百分位的女子身高为 1.47 米，而第 95 个百分位的男子身高为 1.82米，对于固定踏板的布置，工程师就只考虑 5%的矮小女子和 95%高大男子的手臂触及范围。做出仪表板的可接触的衡量，通常以高大男人的手臂长为一 个决定性准则，即以伸展的手臂运动，在水平及垂直方向上各绘出一个圆弧线，近似描绘出一个半圆形空间去安排座椅、仪表、方向盘、踏板、变速杆、中控板控制旋钮等零部件的位置及相互的距离尺寸。 人机工程学 ,在美国称之为人类工程学 (Human Engineering)、人因工程学 (Human Factors Engineering)，在欧洲有人称之为功效学 (Ergonomics)，日本称之为人间工学。而我国目前除使用上述名称外，还译成宜人学、人机工程学等。人机工程学的命名已经充分体现了该学科是“人体科学”与“工程技术”的结合 ,实际上 ,这一学科就是人体科学、环境科学不断向工程科学渗透和交叉的文化产物。人机工程学就是研究人在一定的工作环境中所涉及的解剖学、生理学、心理学等诸方面因素 ,研究人 -机 (物 )-环境系统中的交互作用着的各组成部分 (效率、健康、安全、舒适等 )，在具体的工作条件下，在家庭中和在休假的环境里 ,如何达到最优化的问题。 国外对汽车人机工程学的研究起始于上世纪五十年代，并且已经做了大量的测绘分析和基础性研究工作，尤其是美国提出了很多推荐性标准，有的已被国际标准组织所采用，如三维 H 点人体模型、眼椭圆等。国外汽车设计行业对于人机工程的应用极为重视，如日本、美国等在设计新车型时都要做相应的人机工程检查和校核，并且抽取不同的人群进行主观评价。德国汽车业联合开发的 RAMSIS 软件，建立了详细的三维人体模型，从德国、日韩、中国到 SAE 等并提 供各种年限参考，用户还可以根据自己的数据建立自己的三维人体模型。在国外，已建立起了一个较为完整的设计开发流程和评价标准。在中国，人机工程学的研究在 20 世纪 30 年代开始即有少量和零星的开展，但系统和深入的开展则在“文革”以后。 1980 年 4 月，国家标准局成立了全国人类工效学标准化技术委员会，统一规划、研究和审议全国有关人类工效学的基础标准的制定。 1984 年，国防科工委成立了国家军用人 -机 -环境系统工程标准化技术委员会。这两个技术委员会的建立，有力地推动了我国人机工程学研究的发展。此后于 1989 年又成立了中国人类 工效学学会，并且 1995 年 9 月创刊了学会会刊人类工效学季刊。 20 世纪 90 年代初，北京航空航天大学首先成立了我国该专业的第一个博士学科点，随后南京航空航天大学、西北工大、北京理工大学、北大医学部等大学也先后成立了相应的专业。我国人机工程学的研究起步比较晚，但也做了一些基础性工作如对人体尺寸的测量统计和分析等。这些都对中国人机工程学的研究起到了一些推动作用，但我国的人体测量数据没有随着时间的变化和社会的发展得到及时的更新。在 GB10000-1988 中的某些数据已经不适合当今社会人体尺寸的实际情况，并且还缺少 一部分数据，不能构成一个完整的人体，因此我国的人体工程学研究还有待于更加进一步的深入和发展。我国的大部分汽车行业依旧沿用传统的设计方法，虽然在硬件条件上已经实现了 CAD，但大部分的 CAD软件由于各方面原因的限制没有真正发掘 CAD巨大潜力以提高设计开发效率。另一方面虽然国内的一些大学、科研院所和企业经过数年的研究和积累工作已经形成了一套完整的汽车车身内部布置理论和方法， 但是由于缺少相关的交流合作，大部分研究开发成果不能实现共享，所以造成了一定程度上的人力、物力等资源上的浪费，不利于国内汽车行业整体水平的快速 提高。国内人机工程方面，建议今后科研院所及生产企业联合起来进行如下的一些工作：进行人体尺寸测量数据的统计工作，更新相关标准数据，以此为基础，进行统计分析，建立标准的中国人体模型数据库，从而在进行整车开发时，可用到中国人体百分位的模板，这是基础性的工作；建立并完善相关的标准，建立一个完善的设计流程及相应的设计推荐值；联合开发并完善一个实用的评价软件及评价标准，尽最大可能地实现共享，或者引进国外成熟软件；培养一些进行主观评价的人员等等。 附 录 2 The body of a motor car always fixes up and adopts the design philosophy that regards people as the centre, especially in the car design, guarantee the comfortableness of driver and passenger, he should follow certain design principle for livability, getting on or off the bus in the convenience, security and drivers manipulation convenience and visual field,etc.: External size try hard little, internal space try hard heavy meeting every functioning requirementing, meeting man-machine engineering requirement, meeting standard regulationing and technological terms requirementing. Man-machine engineering is a new discipline developed in the fifties of last century. It regards people - machine relation as the target of studying, regards surveying, counting, analyzing as the basic research approach, science how to mould the working environment of the suitable person that it is a kind of description. Reach product development specifically, even if in design and manufacture of the products yes made to measure according to the physiological dissection function of the human body, suitable for the working efficiency of the human body more. The car of today will be pursued People unifies car ,Goal to design car take people first, demand and construction to centre on people. Will make people feel comfortable, convenient and difficult to be tired to drive by bus, this is the purpose of man-machine engineering of car. The car is designed by fixing up overallly for the core, and the car fixes up overallly begin from the carriage. For this reason, should utilize the standard model that can state the human form to come to each part position of arrangement cockpit as the criterion. Position on it is driver,it step on since foot gas pedal cases worthwhile is the large than short and small by after sit, this position that has determined to drive the seat and move backward； It is the short and small than large by before sit,determine this by position that seat move. Compared with leg the arm length is shorter, perhaps hands can not touch the instrument board when the seat move backward, this has a range to limit. For example divide with the hundredths crowd, suppose the womans height of 5th hundredths is 1.47 meters, and the mans height in the 95th hundredths is 1.82 meters, arrangement to the fixed footboard, the engineer only considers 5% of the short and small women and arm of 95% of the tall and big men touch the range. Make instrument boards and contacts measurement, a decisive criterion with tall and big arm of man usually, move with the arm spreading, draw a round arc in the horizontal and vertical direction respectively, depict first semi-circular space to arrange for the seat approximately, instrument, steering wheel,footboard, gearshift lever, in accuse of for the position and mutual distance sizes of spare partses such as knob,etc. Man-machine engineering, call that the ergonomics (Human Engineering) in U.S.A., people, because of engineering (Human Factors Engineering) ,Study (Ergonomics) in the European efficiency that someone calls that ,An engineering of attitude towards life which Japan calls. And our country also translates into pleasant studying, man-machine engineering,etc. besides using name described above at present. The name of man-machine engineering has already fully reflected this discipline is Human science With engineering Combination,in fact, this discipline science, environmental science, constantly project culture result where science permeate and crosses human. Study all peoples respect factors such as anatomy, physiology, psychology involved in certain working environment in man-machine engineering, study people - machine (thing) -Every component (efficiency of reciprocation of environmental system, healthy, safe, comfortable) ,Under the concrete condition of work, in the family and in the environment of having a holiday, problem of how to reach and is optimized most. The foreign study on man-machine engineering of car originates in the fifties of last century, and has already made a large amount of survey and drawing analyzing and basic research work, especially U.S.A. has proposed a lot of recommendatory standards, some have already been adopted by ISO(International Standards Organization), for instance three-dimensional H some dummies, eyes are oval. The foreign car designs the trade to extremely pay attention to the application of the ergonomic, for instance Japan, U.S.A.,etc. will do the corresponding ergonomic to check and check while designing the new style, and collect different crowds and carry on subjective appraisal. RAMSIS software which the German car industry developed jointly, has set up detailed three-dimensional dummy, offer, consult various service life from Germany, Japan and Korea S., China to SAE,etc., user can also follow ones own data set up ones own three-dimensional dummy. Abroad, have already set up a comparatively intact design and developed the procedure and evaluation criterion. In China, the research of man-machine engineering began in the 1930s there were a small amount of and fragmentary development promptly, but the system and deep development are here The Culture Revolution Later. In April of 1980, the national standardized technical committee of human ergonomy was established in National Bureau of Standards, plan, study and review the formulation of the national basic standard about human ergonomy in unison. In 1984, - the machine - environmental standardized technical committee of system engineering was established the national army to choose the right person in the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence. Setting-up of these two pieces of technical committee, development promoting man-machine engineering of our country to study effectively. Establish China learn by human ergonomy on 1989 hereafter, start publication, learn proceedings human ergonomy quarterly will it be September 1995. At the beginning of 1990s, Beihang University established the discipline of first doctor that our country should be specialized to click at first, Nanjing Aero-Space university, northwest worker heavy, Beijing Institute of Technology subsequently, Peking University medical department,etc. university establish corresponding speciality successively even. Of our country man-machine research of engineering start, late, make if some basic work count and analyze etc. to human measurement of size too. All these study on Chinese man-machine engineering has played some impetuses, but the human measurement of our country has not got prompt renewal with the development of change and the society of time. Already unsuitable nowadays actual conditions of the social human size of some data in GB10000-1988, and lack some data, cant form an intact human body, so study and await more further deepening and development in human engineering of our country. Most cars trades of our country still continue to use the traditional design method, though has already realized CAD on the hardware condition, but most CAD software does not as really explore CAD enormous potentiality and design the efficiency of developing in order to improve because of the limitations of reasons of various fields. On the other hand though some domestic universities, scientific research institutions with enterprise work, form an intact body of a motor car assign theory and method already research and accumulation for several year, But because lack relevant exchange