外文翻译--离合器的性能分析

附 录 附录 A Clutch Performance Analysis A clutch is a subcomponent of an engines transmission designed to allow engagement or disengagement of the engine to whatever apparatus is being driven. A clutch may also be a device on a shaft that will “slip” when higher than normal resistance is encountered. There are many different clutch designs, but most are based on one or more friction discs, pressed tightly together or against a flywheel using springs. The spring pressure is released when the clutch pedal is depressed and the discs are held less tightly and allowed to rotate freely. Clutches are useful in devices with two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft is driving another device. The clutch connects the two shafts so that they can either be locked together and spin at the same speednc.qoos.www, or be decoupled and spin at different speeds. In a car, the engine spins all the time and the car wheels dont. In order for a car to stop without killing the engine, the wheels need to be disconnected from the engine somehow. The clutch smoothly engage a spinning engine to a non-spinning transmission by controlling the slippage between them. The flywheel is connected to the engine, and the clutch plate is connected to the transmission. When your foot is off the pedal, the springs will push the pressure plate against the clutch disc, which in turn presses against the flywheel. This locks the engine to the transmission input shaft, causing them to spin at the same speed. The amount of force the clutch can hold depends on the friction between the clutch plate and the flywheel, and how much force the spring puts on the pressure plate. The friction force in the clutch works just like the blocks in the friction section of brake, except that the spring presses on the clutch plate instead of weight pressing the block into the ground. When the clutch pedal is pressed, a cable or bydraulic piston pushes on the release fork, which presses the throw-out bearing against the middle of the diaphragm spring. As the middle of the diaphragm spring is pushed in, a series of pins near the outside of the spring causes the spring to pull the pressure plate away from the clutch disc. This releases the clutch from the spinning engine. Note the springs in the clutch plate. These springs help to isolate the transmission from the shock of the clutch engaging. The most common problem with clutches is that the friction material on the disc wears out. The friction material on a clutch disc is very similar to the friction material on the pads of a disc brake, or the shoes of a drum brake-after a while, it wears away. When most or all of the friction material is gone, the clutch will start to slip, and eventually it wont transmit any power from the engine to the wheels. The clutch only wears while the clutch disc and the flywheel are spinning at different speeds. When they are locked together, the friction material is held tightly against the flywheel, and they spin in sync. It is only when to clutch disc is slipping against the flywheel that wearing occurs. So if you are the type of driver who slips the clutch a lot, you will wear out your clutch a lot faster. In a car it is operated by the left-most pedal. No pressure on the pedal means that the clutch plates are engaged (driving) , while depressing the pedal will disengage the clutch plates, allowing the driver to shift gears. When the right-most pedal (the accelerator) is pressed while the clutch pedal is being let out. Cars equipped with automatic transmissions normally do not have a clutch. On these, the transmission operates automaticaly so that the driver is not required to use a clutch to shift gears. 附录 B 离合器的性能分析 离合器是 发动机 传动系中的一个基础部件，无论什么样的发动机，传动系都可以接上或脱开。离合器还可以在负载过大时在轴上“打滑”。 离合器有很多类型，但大多数离合器都有一个或多个摩擦片，用弹簧紧紧压着飞轮。当离合器踏板踩下时，弹簧松开，摩擦片就松动并可以自由旋转。 对开两轴之间的联结离合器都有一个或多个摩擦片，典型的情况是，一根轴由发动机或皮带轮传动，另一根轴将动力传递给其他部件。离合器就是实现两轴的联结，或者 使两轴接合，以相同的转速运转；或者两轴分离，各自以不同的转速运转。 在 汽车 上发动机始终不停地运转，而车轮却不能不停地转动。为了在发动机不熄火的情况下使汽车停下来，车轮需要断开与发动机的联系。离合器借助相互之间的打滑，使转动的发动机与静止的传动系平稳接合。 飞轮与发动机连接，离合器盘与传动系连接。 当你松开踏板，膜片弹簧将 压盘逐渐压紧在离合器盘上， 压力依次传到飞轮。这样使发动机和传动系输入轴可靠地接合，使它们以相同的转速运转。 离合器能传递的力的大小取决于离合器盘和飞轮之间的摩擦系数，以及弹簧对压盘的压紧力的大小。离合器的摩擦力和制动器的摩擦力起一样的作用，不同的是压在地面上的重压力变成了离合器中弹簧压在离合器盘上的压力。 当踩下离合器踏板时，在分离叉上的绳索或液压活塞，压着分离轴承顶住膜片弹簧的中心。当膜片弹簧的中心被推凹进去时，在弹簧周围的一圈餾铆钉将压盘后拉，使压盘与离合器盘分离。这样离合器也就切断了发动机的传动。 注意离合器盘内的弹簧组，这些弹簧帮助隔离离合器接合时的冲击，避免冲击传给传动系统。 离合器的最常见的问题是盘上的摩擦 材料 的磨损。离合器盘上的摩擦材料类似于盘式制动器上的摩擦片的材料、或鼓式制动器上制动蹄的材料 过一段时间就被磨掉了。当摩擦材料被全部磨损或大部分磨损后，离合器就开始打滑，最终，这个离合器将失去从发动机向车轮传递动力的能力。 只有当离合 器盘和飞轮转速不同