系统功能语言学视阙下的案例分析.ppt

系统功能语言学视阙下的案例分析,上海交通大学外国语学院马丁适用语言学研究中心王振华Email:wzhenhua,引言,JudgesRemarkinTwelveAngryMen,引言,读者视角看语篇，往往关注：谁？讲了什么？谁对谁讲？语篇分析学家看语篇，除了关注：谁？讲了什么？谁对谁讲？还关注：什么导致那样讲？为什么目的那样讲？怎么讲的？怎么安排所讲内容的？为什么这样安排？用什么语言讲的？为什么？本文讨论语篇分析家所关注的内容,案例与读者心理活动(mentalpicturing),善于思考者在阅读的过程中会不断地就所读内容追问。如读到标题时，会在心里提出许多问题，如最近在国内上演的美国大片叫超体(Lucy)。善思者会追问：超体：体：什么体？有生命的物体还是无生命的物体？人体还是生物体？超：怎么超？超什么？超能力还是超速度？Lucy：是谁？年龄如何？长相如何？什么职业？什么社会地位？。拟或会问：Lucy是人名，怎么翻译为“超体”？,JudgesRemarkinTwelveAngryMen,法官在什么情况下说的这些话？在审判完嫌犯之后说给谁？说给12位陪审员的跟谁有关？跟受审的嫌犯以及12位陪审员有关说了什么？传递了信息：一级谋杀是重罪；犯罪后果；法律指导表达了态度：谋杀罪；本案件；裁决；致谢怎么安排的？谋杀罪犯罪后果法律指导要求感谢为什么这么说？法官的职责,语言起什么作用？传递信息（经验）表达观点和态度（人际）编织文本（组篇）,系统功能语言学是一个研究语篇意义的有效工具主要考察两个系统：语境系统语言系统,语境系统与语言系统,本文关注：语言：词汇语法(lexico-grammar:threemetafunctionsofideational,interpersonalandtextual)语域（Register:threevariablesoffieldtenorandmode)语类（genre),词汇语法：三大元功能IdeationalmetafunctionInterpersonalmetafunction,Textualmetafunction为什么？：因为它们生成三种意义,Tipsfortextanalysis:ClauseasPROCESS,Aclausecanbetakenasaprocess.Whatkindprocessitis,itdependsontheverbintheclause.Theprocessiscompletedbyparticipant/s,andtheprocesscantakeplaceinacertaincircumstance。,ThemaintypesofprocessareMaterial,Relational,Mental,VerbalandExistential:Doing/happeningprocess(Material):Youarefacedwithagraveresponsibility.Theodd$20or$30hereandtherecansoonmountup.Relatingprocess(being;having)(Relational)Murderinthefirstdegreepremeditatedhomicideisthemostseriouschargetriedinourcriminalcourts.Wedontowehimathing.,-Tipsfortextanalysis:ClauseasPROCESS,Sensingprocess(Mental):youwillknowhowmuch“fun”moneyyouhave.Sayingprocess(Verbal)1.“Theodd$20or$30hereandtherecansoonmountup,”shesays.2.youmustdeclarehimnotguiltyExistingprocess(Existential):thereisareasonabledoubtinyourmindsastotheguiltoftheaccused,过程类型的作用,帮助我们了解：谁做了什么？说了什么？想了什么？是什么？拥有什么？有什么特征？,Tipsfortextanalysis:MOODofclause,AclauseindicatesinterpersonalmeaningviatheMOODTYPEitbelongsto.Themoodprovokesthepowerrelationsbetweenthespeaker/writerandthehearer/reader.Declarativemood:conveyinformation;speakerastheknowerhaspoweroverthehearer.E.g.,HewaswearinganObamasticker.Interrogativemood:askquestion;speakerastheinformationseekerhaslesspowerthanthereplier.E.g.,WhywashewearinganObamasticker?Imperativemood:commandororder;speakerasthecommanderhaspoweroverthehearer.E.g.,WeartheObamasticker,please.,语气类型的作用,帮助我们了解：话语权势：谁是知者、谁发号施令,Tipsfortextanalysis:Theme-Rheme,Theme:thepointofdepartureoftheclauseasmessage.Itsetsupanorientationorlocalcontextforeachclause.Thelocalcontexttypicallyrelatestothemethodofdevelopmentofthetext:theThemeisselectedinsuchawaythatitindicateshowtheclauserelatestothismethodandcontributestotheidentificationofthecurrentstepinthedevelopment.Thethemeofaclausemayincludeelementsfromallthreemetafunctionsthataregiventhematicstatus:textualTheme,interpersonalThemeandtopicalTheme.(C.M.I.M.Matthiessenandetal2010),主位-述位结构例句分析,Youveheardalongandcomplexcase,gentlemen,anditisnowyourdutytositdowntotryandseparatethefactsfromthefancy.Onemanisdead.Thelifeofanotherisatstake.Ifthereisareasonabledoubtinyourmindsastotheguiltoftheaccused.thenyoumustdeclarehimnotguilty.Unfortunately,hehaspassedaway.,主位-述位的作用,帮助我们：组织语篇识别旧信息和新信息识别话题的变换,Tipsfortextanalysis:logico-semanticrelationsinclausecomplex,Themeaningofoneclausecanbeexpandedorprojected.Projectionitisdeterminedbywhatthespeakerisdoingsocially.(Cf.registerinmusic.)Theprinciplecontrollingvariablesarefieldofdiscourse(typeofsocialaction),tenorofrelationshipbetweenspeakerandlistener(rolerelationships),andmode(symbolicorganization),Field,tenor,mode,JUDGE:Murderinthefirstdegreepremeditatedhomicideisthemostseriouschargetriedinourcriminalcourts.Youveheardalongandcomplexcase,gentlemen,anditisnowyourdutytositdowntotryandseparatethefactsfromthefancy.Onemanisdead.Thelifeofanotherisatstake.Ifthereisareasonabledoubtinyourmindsastotheguiltoftheaccused.thenyoumustdeclarehimnotguilty.If,however,thereisnoreasonabledoubt,thenhemustbefoundguilty.Whicheverwayyoudecide,theverdictmustbeunanimous.Iurgeyoutodeliberatehonestlyandthoughtfully.Youarefacedwithagraveresponsibility.Thankyou,gentlemen.Field:judgeinstructsthejurorssocialactionTenor:judgetojurors.ThejudgehaspoweroverthejurorsrelationshipMode:thetextisorganizedbyorientation,conjunction,instructiontheterritorymarkedNo.IIonthe2ndand3rdofOctober;theterritorymarkedNo.IIIonthe3rd,4thand5thofOctober;theterritorymarkedNo.IVonthe6thand7thofOctober.Theremainingterritoryofpreponderantly占优势Germancharacterwillbeascertainedbytheaforesaidinternationalcommissionforthwith立刻andbeoccupiedbyGermantroopsbythe10thofOctober.,(5)Theinternationalcommissionreferredtoinparagraph3willdeterminetheterritoriesinwhichaplebisciteplebst平民表决istobeheld.Theseterritorieswillbeoccupiedbyinternationalbodies国际机构untiltheplebiscitehasbeencompleted.Thesamecommissionwillfixtheconditionsinwhichtheplebisciteistobeheld,takingasabasistheconditionsoftheSaar萨尔州plebiscite.Thecommissionwillalsofixadate,notlaterthantheendofNovember,onwhichtheplebiscitewillbeheld.,(6)Thefinaldeterminationofthefrontierswillbecarriedoutbytheinternationalcommission.ThecommissionwillalsobeentitledtorecommendtothefourPowers,Germany,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandItaly,incertainexceptionalcases,minormodificationsinthestrictlyethnographical民族志学的determinationofthezoneswhicharetobetransferredwithoutplebiscite.(7)Therewillbearightofoptionintoandoutofthetransferredterritories,theoptiontobeexercisedwithinsixmonthsfromthedateofthisagreement.AGerman-Czechoslovakcommissionshalldeterminethedetailsoftheoptio