阅读理解之细节理解.ppt

阅读理解细节理解,新郑一中高三英语组,细节理解题,题型解读：普通高中英语课程标准中达到英语学科的高中毕业要求为七级，其有关阅读最基本的要求是：“能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息”。对这种“获取和处理主要信息”能力的考查，主要采用的方式就是：细节判断。这类题在高考阅读理解题中占一定的比例，做好这类题是确保基础分的关键。同时，弄清细节，正确获取信息，也是把握文章主旨的前提。因此，要特别重视做好这类题。,题型解读,从最近几年的高考题看来细节理解题占了考题的一半左右。所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。在高考阅读理解中出现的频率最最高。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who,what,when,where,why和how等提问或用与此相类似的词填空。说明文和叙述文的思考题有相当于部分是此类题）及语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论。）抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。,命题考点,本类试题主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力。问题包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考查这些细节。研究近五年高考阅读理解，我们会发现，命题者很注重考查与主要事实和细节有关的题型。阅读理解考查的大部分题型是与主要事实和细节有关的题型。,设问形式,WhichofthefollowingismentionedexceptAccordingtothepassage,who/what/which/when/Where/why/how/howmany/howmuch/howlong/Howsoon/howoften,etc.?Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistrue/nottrue?Accordingtothepassage,WhichofthefollowingIsnotmentioned?Whichofthefollowingistrue/falseexcept?Inthepassagethewritestatesthat_.Choosethebestorderinwhichthepeopledo_.,解题原则,忠实于原文上下文及全篇的逻辑关系，决不能主观臆断。（1）主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题（2）文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体（3）看细节内容要跳出来看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务。（4）坚决遵循本本主义,文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题。,细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题，它们大多是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。,典例解析,（08湖北省）Margaret,marriedwithtwosmallchildren,hasbeenworkingforthelastsevenyearsasanightcleaner,cleaningofficesinabigbuilding.Shetrainedasanurse,buthadtogiveitupwhenherelderchildbecameseriouslyill.“Iwouldhavelikedtogobacktoit,buttheshifts（工作班次）areallwrongforme,asIhavetobehometogetthechildrenupandofftoschool.”Sosheworksasacleanerinstead,from9a.m.till6a.m.fivenightsaweekforjust90,beforetaxandinsurance.“Itsbetterthanitwaslastyear,butIstillthinkthatpeoplewhoworkunsocialhoursshouldgetabitextra.,Thehourssheschosentoworkmeantthatsheseesplentyofthechildren,butverylittleofherhusband.However,shedoesntthinkthatputsanypressureontheirrelationship.Herworkisntphysicallyveryhard,butitsnotexactlypleasant,either.“Idogetangrywithpeoplewholeavetheirofficeslikeaplaceforraisingpigs.Iftheyrealizedpeoplelikemehavetodoit,perhapstheydbeabitmorecareful.”ThefactthatshesworkingallnightdoesntworryMargaretatall.Unlikesomedarkbuildingsatnight,thebuildingwheresheworksisfullylit,andthewomenworkingroupsofthree.“SinceIvegottobehere,ItrytoenjoymyselfandIusuallydo,becauseoftheothergirls.Weallhaveagoodlaugh,sothetimeneverdrags.”,AnotherchallengeMargarethastofaceisthereactionofotherpeoplewhenshetellsthemwhatshedoesforaliving.“Theythinkyoureacleanerbecauseyoudontknowhowtoreadandwrite,”saidMargaret.“IusedtothinkwhatmyparentswouldsayiftheyknewwhatIdbeendoing,butIdontthinkthatwayanymore.IdontdisliketheworkthoughIcantsayImmadaboutit.”61.Margaretquitherjobasanursebecause_A.shewantedtoearnmoremoneytosupportherfamilyB.shehadsufferedalotofmentalpressureC.sheneededtherighttimetolookafterherchildrenD.shefelttiredoftakingcareofpatients,【解析】C第二段说她每天在家照顾孩子们起床上学，第四段说她Thehourssheschosentoworkmeantthatsheseesplentyofthechildren可知选C。,63.Whenatwork,Margaretfeels_.A.light-heartedbecauseofherfellowworkersB.happybecausethebuildingisfullylitC.tiredbecauseoftheheavyworkloadD.boredbecausetimepassedslowly【解析】A从第六段最后一句becauseoftheothergirls.Weallhaveagoodlaugh,sothetimeneverdrags.”可知选A。,解题策略,做这类题的一般方法是通过skimming把握文章中心后，再通过寻读法（scanning）快速确定该细节在文中的出处（信息源），对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，要学会找出其主干部分、分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处做改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。,这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。(1)排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具体的事实然后对上面的事实进行排序。要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序以及句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生、发展的正确顺序。考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点，然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。,【例题】Inthe19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits.Womendidnotwalkaboutonthebeachintheirbathingdresses.Theyhiredabathingmachine.Abathingmachinewasusedforchangingin,andfortakingthebatherdowntothesea.Itcost2pence(便士)tohireamachineandanattendant(侍者).Whenshehadpaid,thebatherclimbedupthebackstepsandgotintothebathingmachine.Thenshechangedintoherbathingdress.Whenshehadchanged,themachinewaspulleddowntothesea.Thebathingmachinestoppedinthewaterandthebatherwentdownthefrontstepintothewater.Ifshedidnotwanttogetintothesea,theattendantpulledherin.,Question：In19thcenturypeoplewhousedthebathingmachineusuallydidthefollowingthings.Whichistherightorderfordoingthem?a.Changingintobathingclothesb.Gettingoutofthebathingmachinec.Paying2penced.Gettingintothebathingmachinee.Beingtakendownthebeachf.GettingintothewaterA.e,d,a,b,f,cB.c,d,a,e,b,fC.c,d,e,a,b,fD.d,a,e,b,f,c【解析】选B题目要求找出利用bathingmachine游泳的程序，显然，租用一个bathingmachine是要先付钱的，所以c就是第一个动作，下水f应该是最后一个动作了。这样用排除法就可以排除A和D项。再看B和C项，从第一段倒数第三句可知先a后e，故选B。,（2）计算题,计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案了。,TuitionFees(学费)Tuitionfeesaredifferentfromdepartmenttodepartment,generallyfrom$5,000to$6,000ayear.Forfurtherinformation:tuiwaikato.ac.nz.Accommodation(住宿)Youcanhavearoomina4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonthwithotherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson.Forfurtherinformation:accwaikato.ac.nzHealthTheStudentHealthServiceprovidesexcellentmedicalservicesforstudents.TheMedicalCentreisopenfivedaysaweek,includingstudentholidayswithfourdoctorsandnursestomeetyourmedicalneeds.Forfurtherinformation:healwaikato.ac.nz.SportsTheCentreisagreatplacetohavesportsactivities.Trainedexerciseteacherscanhelpyouworkoutatrainingplanandkeepyouactive.Thesportshallhasvolleyball,basketballandindoorfootballcourtsandaswimmingpoolaswell.TherearealsoalargenumberofsportsclubsatWaikato.Forfurtherinformation:sportwaikato.ac.nz,Question:Youhavetopayatleast_ayearifyoustudyattheUniversityofWaikato.A.$5,250B.$8,000C.$9,000D.$11,000【解析】选B此题为计算题。我们从所选的这些事实来看，文章中所说的TuitionFees每年需要from$5,000to$6,000，而a4-bedroomflat,whichwillcostabout$100amonth，一年需要$1200,另外的otherregularlivingcostsofabout$150amonthforoneperson经过计算可以知道一年需要$1800，加起来一年至少需要$8000。,（3）图形题在有图形试题的阅读理解中，有的图形出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图形中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用先读题目再按图寻找正确答案的方法。,（4）其它类型,【例题】TristandaCunha,a38-square-mileisland,isthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld,accordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords.Itis1,510milessouthwestofitsnearestneighbor,St.Helena,and1,950mileswestofAfrica.DiscoveredbythePortugueseadmiral（葡萄牙海军上将）ofthesamenamein1506,andsettledin1810,theislandbelongstoGreatBritainandhasapopulationofafewhundred.Cominginaclosesecond-andoftenwronglymentionedasthemostdistantlandisEasterIsland,whichlies1,260mileseastofitsnearestneighbor,PitcairnIsland,and2,300mileswestofSouthAmerica.,Themountainous64-square-mileislandwasSettledaroundthe5thcentury,supposedlybypeoplewhowerelostatsea.Theyhadnoconnectionwiththeoutsideworldformorethanathousandyears,givingthemplentyoftimetobuildmorethan1,000hugestonefigures,calledmoai,forwhichtheislandismostfamous.OnEasterSunday,1772,however,settlersfromHolland