阅读理解之主旨大意.ppt

,ReadingComprehension,-Howtogetthemainidea?,1、细节理解题(questionsofdetails)2、词义猜测题(wordsincontext)3、推理判断题(questionsofinference)4、主旨归纳题(mainidea),ReadingComprehension,阅读理解题型归类,Questionforms:,1.主题类,（1).Themainideaofthepassageis_.(2).Thepassageismainlyabout_.(3).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize/sumupthemainideaofthepassage?(5).Whatsthemainpoint/mainidea/centralthoughtofthepassage?,Questionforms:,2.标题类,（1).Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe_.(2).Thetext(Passage)couldbeentitled_.(3).Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?(4).Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?,3.作者意图类,(1).Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthepassageis_.(2).Thepassageismeantto_.(3).Thepurposeofthisarticleis_.(4).Theauthorspurposeistoshow_.,Brainstorming:,Howcanwegetthemainideaofapassage?,Howcanwefindoutthetopicsentenceormainideaofaparagraph?,1Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smokerscough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?（1分钟）,Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.,2Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.（1分钟）,So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.,3.Whatcausestrafficjams?Toomanycars,right?No!SomeBritsarenowsayingthattrafficlightsaretoblameformuchofthecongestion（交通拥挤）.Theysuggestthattrafficlightsberemovedatbusyroads.Theybelievepeopleareabetterjudgeofwhenitssafetogo,notatrafficlightprogrammedbyanabsentregulator.,3.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?A.DontCountOnTrafficLightsB.NewTrafficSystemsNeededC.TurnThoseTrafficLightsOffD.LetPeopleHaveMoreSayInTraffic,总-分-分,T.S.,4TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.（2分钟）Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat_.A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.,detail,detail,detail,主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种：,1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。,TypesOfParagraphStructures,Atthebeginning,Attheend,Inthemiddle,Nocleartopicsentence,besides,forexample,so,therefore,Sumthemupbyyourself,But,however,actually,Summary:,Howcanwegetthemainideaofapassage?,firststep:keyparagraph(s),secondstep:keysentence(s),keyword(s),Autonomouslearning(guidance),Donforgettounderlinekeypoints&analysethestructure!,主要内容型,这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句（topicsentence）。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或者没有主题句，需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。,三、解题技巧,文首：新闻报道、议论文、科普文文末：记叙文说明文:例子/假设例子/假设后进入主题没有主题句：找反复出现的词语,判断文章体裁很重要！,TypesOfPassageStructures,inthefirstparagrahorthelastparagraph,inthefirstparagrah,inthelastparagraph,inthemiddle,Generalidea-Supportingdetails-Conclusion(总-分-总),Generalidea-Supportingdetails（总-分-分）,Supportingdetails-Conclusion(分-分-总）,Supportingdetails-Conclusion-Supportingdetails（分-总-分）,Autonomouslearning(guidance),找主题句的小窍门,1)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；,例题一Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke.TheSunsaidthepill,calledAteronon,“couldsavethousandsoflives”.TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant.Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebulid-upoffat.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howwecanpreventheartdisease.B.Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention.C.Thebuild-upoffatisharmful.D.Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes.,开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。,体裁：新闻报道,例题二：Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.,Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.,Thepassageismainlyabout_.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels,体裁：说明文,没有主题句找反复出现的词语,文章标题型,文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，考查对全文中心思想的理解，因此，解答这类题的方法与解答主要内容题基本相同，都是寻找主题句，或归纳主要内容，但与之相对比，却具备了概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。,推敲选项正误的小窍门：1)正确选项不出现细节信息。2)正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。3)正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。4)四个选项中，内容完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。5)干扰项特点：概括范围太窄，只含局部信息；概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。,例题一：3Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only79.Twodayssale.Hu-rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.(2分钟)Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale,Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.,(detail)(detail)(detail),诱售法,写作目的型,这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intendto,meantto,（inorder）to。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。,与写作目的对应的文章如下：1)toentertainreaders（使读者愉悦、发笑）：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）：常见于广告或议论文。3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。,例题一：Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation(通货膨胀)?Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvalue,howeverhightheinterestrate.Onlyabraveman,oraveryrichone,darestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavings,andevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclocks,whichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemo