航空基础英语ppt课件.ppt

AviationBasicEnglish,航空基础英语,201408281447353715248,1,ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem,2,1.Avehiclewhichcanflyisclassifiedasfollows:aircraft飞行器lighter-than-airaircraft轻于空气的飞行器balloon气球airship飞船,3,(2)rotorcraft旋翼式飞行器helicopter直升机gyroplane旋翼机(3)glider滑翔机(4)airplane飞机,4,2.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesofaircraftsengine.(1)propeller-drivenaircraft螺旋桨式飞机pistonpropeller-drivenaircraft活塞螺旋桨式飞机,5,turbopropaircraft涡轮螺旋桨式飞机(2)jetaircraft喷气式飞机turbojetaircraft涡轮喷气式飞机turbofanjetaircraft涡轮风扇喷气式飞机,6,3.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsflightvelocity.(1)supersonicaircraft超音速飞机Supersonicaircrafttravelsfasterthanthespeedofsound.(2)hypersonicaircraft高超音速飞机Hypersonicaircrafttravelsmuchfasterthanthespeedofsound.,7,(3)transonicaircraft跨音速飞机Transonicaircrafttravelsapproximatelyequaltothespeedofsound.(4)subsonicaircraft亚音速飞机Subsonicaircrafttravelsslowerthanthespeedofsoundbutalsoveryfast.,8,4.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtotheaircraftsairrange.(1)short-rangeaircraft/short-haulaircraft近程飞机Theairrangeisshorterthan2400kilometers.(2)medium-haulaircraft中程飞机Theairrangeislongerthan2400kilometersbutshorterthan4800kilometers.(3)long-rangeaircraft/long-haulaircraft远程飞机Theairrangeislongerthan4800kilometers.,9,5.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothetypesoflandinggears.(1)landplane陆上飞机Alandplaneisanairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonland.(2)seaplane/hydroplane水上飞机Aseaplaneorhydroplaneisatypeofairplanethatcantakeofffromorlandonwater.(3)amphibianmfbn水陆两用飞机Anamphibianisanairplanewhichcanlandonbothlandandwater.,10,6.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothenumberofwings.(1)monoplane单翼飞机Amonoplaneisanairplanewithasinglepairofwings.(2)biplane双翼飞机Abiplaneisanold-fashionedtypeofairplanewithtwopairsofwings,oneabovetheother.(3)multiplane多翼飞机Amultiplaneisanairplanewithmorethantwopairsofwings,say,threeorfourpairs.,11,7.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtothepositionsofthewingrelativetothefuselage.(1)lowwingairplane下单翼飞机Alowwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisbelowthecabin.(2)midwingairplane中单翼飞机Amidwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisanywherebetweenthefuselage.(3)highwingairplane上单翼飞机Ahighwingairplaneisanairplanewhosewingisabovethecabin.,12,8.Anairplanecanbedividedintothefollowinggroupsaccordingtoitsmission.(1)militaryaircraft军用飞机(2)civilaircraft民用机,13,ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem,14,1.Airframe(1)fuselage机身Thefuselage(orbody)oftheairplaneholdsallofthepartstogetherandcarriesthepassengersorcargo.(2)wing/airfoil机翼Thewingsgeneratemostoftheliftnecessaryforflight.,15,aileron副翼Aileronsarepartsofthewingwhichareusedtorolltheaircraft.Atthetrailingedge,itsanaileron.leadingedgeslat前缘缝翼trailingedgeflap后缘襟翼Flapsandslatsarepartsofthewingwhichareusedduringtakeoffandlandingtoincreaseliftanddrag.,16,spoiler扰流板Spoilersarepartsofthewingwhichareusedtorolltheaircraftandtodecreaseliftandincreasedragduringlandings.Betweentheleadingandtrailingedges,itsaspoiler.(3)empennage/thetailassembly尾翼verticalstabilizer垂直安定面、垂直尾翼,17,rudder方向舵Arudderisacontrolsurfaceconnectedtotheverticalstabilizerandisusedtoyawtheaircraft.horizontalstabilizer水平安定面、水平尾翼elevator升降舵Elevatorsarecontrolsurfacesconnectedtothehorizontalstabilizerandareusedtopitchtheaircraft.stabilator全动式水平尾翼Stabilatorsarecontrolsurfaceswhichprovidebothhorizontalstabilityandpitchcontrolfortheaircraft.,18,(4)landinggear/undercarriage起落架Airplanesrequirelandinggearfortaxiing,takeoffandlanding.(5)powerplant动力装置Mostmodernaircraftarepoweredbygasturbine,orjetengines.,19,20,21,2.FourForcesontheAircraft(1)lift升力，浮力Liftisamechanicalforcegeneratedbyasolidobjectmovingthroughafluid.(2)gravity/weight重力Weightisaforcethatisalwaysdirectedtowardthecenteroftheearth.,22,(3)thrust推力，拉力Thrustisamechanicalforcegeneratedbytheenginestomovetheaircraftthroughtheair.(4)drag阻力Dragisamechanicalforcegeneratedbyasolidobjectmovingthroughafluid.,23,24,3.FuselageConstructioncabin/passengercabin客舱cargo/cargocompartment货舱cockpit/flightcompartment驾驶舱bulkhead隔板former隔框wingattachmentpoints机翼安装处firewall防火墙stringer长桁stressedskin耐压蒙皮semi-monocoque半硬壳式结构,25,26,4.WingComponentswingtip翼梢rib翼肋spar翼梁fueltank油箱stringer长桁skin蒙皮aileron副翼,27,28,5.EmpennageComponentsverticalstabilizer垂直安定面rudder方向舵horizontalstabilizer水平安定面elevator升降舵stabilator全动式水平尾翼trimtab配平调整片,29,30,6.LandingGearComponentsnoselandinggear前起落架mainlandinggear主起落架wheel(起落架)轮conventionallandinggear传统起落架tailwheel机尾(起落架)轮tricyclelandinggear三轮式起落架nosewheel机头(起落架)轮,31,32,7.PowerPlantCompartmentengine发动机，引擎propeller螺旋桨cowlingkal引擎罩，整流罩firewall防火墙,33,8.Fastener紧固件structuraljoint结构缝shank轴cotter开口销washer垫圈hinge铰链wrench扳钳bearing轴承bolt螺栓，螺钉rivet铆钉swage接头锁紧螺母nut螺母，螺帽pin销钉screw螺丝,34,9.Implement工具millingmachine铣床boringmachine镗床punchingmachine冲床turningmachine车床sawingmachine锯床routingmachine特形铣床,35,ModuleITerminologyProjectIAviationTermsUnit1AircraftsTypeUnit2AircraftsStructureUnit3AircraftsSystem,36,AircraftsSystem,37,1.HydraulicSystem液压系统Amongtheunitscommonlyoperatedbyhydraulicsystemsarelandinggear,wingflaps,speedandwheelbrakes,fixed-wingandrotary-wingfoldingmechanismsandflightcontrolsurfaces.,38,Therearethreetypesofhydraulicfluidscurrentlybeingusedincivilaircraft：,Thephosphateesterbasefluidsareusedinhighperformancepistonenginesandturbopropaircraft.,39,reservoir液压油箱filter过滤器accumulator蓄压器checkvalve单向阀handpump手动泵power-drivenpump动力驱动泵pressureregulator压力调节器pressuregage压力表reliefvalve减压阀，安全阀actuatingunit动力传动装置piston活塞cylinder汽缸actuatingcylinder作动筒,Abasichydraulicsystemincludes:,40,1.reservoir2.power-drivenpump3.filter4.pressureregulator5.accumulator6.checkvalve7.handpump8.pressuregage9.reliefvalve10.actuatingunit11.cylinder,41,2.FuelSystem燃油系统,Theaircraftfuelsystemstoresfuelanddeliverstheproperamountofcleanfuelattherightpressuretomeetthedemandsoftheengine.Awelldesignedfuelsystemensurespositiveandreliablefuelflowthroughoutallphasesofflight,whichincludechangesinattitude,violentmaneuversandsuddenaccelerationanddeceleration.,42,Theindicatorssuchasfuelpressuregages,warningsignalsandtankquantitygagesareprovidedtogivecontinuousindicationsofhowthesystemisfunctioning.Gasoline（汽油）andkerosene（煤油）arethetwomostwidelyusedaviationfuels（航空燃料）.,43,Twotypesofjetturbineengine（涡轮喷气发动机）fuelincommonusetodayare:kerosenegradeturbinefuel煤油涡轮燃料ablendofgasolineandkerosenefractions汽煤混合馏分燃料,44,Theintegralfueltank（整体油箱）inajetairlinerhas：fueltank油箱maintank主油箱reservetank/auxiliarytank储备油箱centertank中央油箱trimtank重心调整油箱ventsurgetank通风(防震动)油箱horizontalstabilizertank(onsomeaircraft),45,46,Twotypesoffuelfeedsystemareusedtosupplythefueltotheengines.Theyare:gravityfeedsystem重力式供给系统pressurefeedsystem压力式供给系统,Thegravityfeedsystemisthesimplesttypewhichisstillinuseonmanylow-poweredairplane,whilethepressurefeedsystemismuchcomplexinconstructionandoperation.,47,manifoldcross-feedsystem总管交输系统firewallshut-offvalve防火墙关断活门tank油箱filter过滤器manifoldvalve总管阀auxiliarytank储备油箱fuelmanifold燃油总管refuelingreceptacle燃油加注接头booster/boostpump增压泵tankshut-offvalve油箱关断活门engine-drivenfuelpump发动机驱动燃油泵,48,49,3.FlightControlSystem飞行操纵系统,Flightcontrolistheactiontakentomaketheaircraftfollowanydesiredflightpath.Whenanaircraftissaidtobecontrollable,itmeansthattheaircraftrespondseasilyandpromptlytothemovementofthecontrols.Movingthecontrolsurfacesonanaircraftchangestheairflowovertheaircraftssurface.,50,Theflightcontrolsurfacesarehingedormovableairfoilsdesignedtochangetheattitudeoftheaircraftduringflight.Thesesurfacesmaybedividedintothreegroups,usuallyreferredtoastheprimarygroupandauxiliarygroup.,51,Theprimarygroupincludestheailerons,elevatorsandrudder.Theyareusedformovingtheaircraftaboutitsthreeaxes.Theaileronsandelevatorsaregenerallyoperatedfromthecockpitbyacontrolstickonsingle-engineaircraftandbyawheelandyokeassemblyonmulti-engineaircraft.Therudderisoperatedbyfootpedalsonalltypesofaircraft.,52,Theauxiliarygroupincludesspoilers,speedbrakes,slatsandflaps.Theauxiliarygroupmaybedividedintotwosub-groups:theliftaugmentingdevicesandtheliftdecreasingdevices.Theliftaugmentingdevicesaretrailingedgeflapsandleadingedgeslats.Theliftdecreasingdevicesarespeedbrakesandspoilers.,53,Theflightcontrolsystemsmaybedividedintotwomajorparts:theprimarycontrolsystemsandtheauxiliarycontrolsystems.Theprimarycontrolsystemsareusedtocontroltheprimarygroupofcontrolsurfaces,whiletheauxiliarycontrolsystemsareusedtocontroltheauxiliarygroupsofcontrolsurfaces.,54,(1)controlsurface操纵面primarycontrolsurface主操纵面aileron副翼rudder方向舵elevator升降舵auxiliarycontrolsurface辅助操纵面trim调整片flap襟翼speedbrake减速板horizontalstabilizer水平安定面,55,(2)primarycontrolsystem主操纵系统(3)auxiliarycontrolsystem辅助操纵系统(4)controlstick操纵杆(5)footpedal脚蹬(6)controlcolumn驾驶杆(7)controlwheel驾驶盘(8)push-pullrod推拉杆,56,Differentcontrolsurfacesareusedtocontroltheaircraftabouteachofthethreeaxes.(1)verticalaxis/yawaxis垂直轴yaw偏航Thenoseoftheaircraftswingsfromsidetoside.(2)lateralaxis/pitchaxis横轴pitch俯仰Thenoseoftheaircraftmovesupanddown.(3)longitudinalaxis/rollaxis纵轴roll滚转Thewingsoftheaircraftmoveupanddown.,57,58,4.LandingGearSystem起落架系统,Thelandinggearofafixed-wingaircraftconsistsofmainandauxiliaryunits,eitherofwhichmayormaynotberetractable.Theauxiliarylandinggearconsistsoftailornosewheelinstallations,outboardpontoons（浮筒）,skids（刹车）,etc.,withnecessarycowlingandreinforcement.,59,Themainlandinggearformstheprinciplesupportoftheaircraftonlandorwaterandmayincludeanycombinationofwheels,floats,skids,shock-absorbingequipment,brakes,retractingmechanismwithcontrolsandwarningdevices,cowling,fairing（整流罩）andstructuralmembersnecessarytoattachanyoftheforegoingtotheprimarystructure.,60,inboardretractingmaingear向内收起式主起落架forwardretractingnosegear向前收起式前起落架tailwheelgear后三点式起落架tricyclegear前三点式起落架landinggearbay起落架舱