英语演讲：Atoms for Peace.doc

演讲稿 英语演讲：atoms for peace dwightd.eisenhower:atomsforpeace madampresidentandmembersofthegeneralassembly: whensecretarygeneralhammarskjoldsinvitationtoaddressthisgeneralassemblyreachedmeinbermuda,iwasjustbeginningaseriesofconferenceswiththeprimeministersandforeignministersofgreatbritainandoffrance.oursubjectwassomeoftheproblemsthatbesetourworld. duringtheremainderofthebermudaconference,ihadconstantlyinmindthataheadofmelayagreathonor.thathonorisminetoday,asistandhere,privilegedtoaddressthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednations. atthesametimethatiappreciatethedistinctionofaddressingyou,ihaveasenseofexhilarationasilookuponthisassembly.neverbeforeinhistoryhassomuchhopeforsomanypeoplebeengatheredtogetherinasingleorganization.yourdeliberationsanddecisionsduringthesesomberyearshavealreadyrealizedpartofthosehopes. butthegreattestsandthegreatacplishmentsstilllieahead.andintheconfidentexpectationofthoseacplishments,iwouldusetheofficewhich,forthetimebeing,ihold,toassureyouthatthegovernmentoftheunitedstateswillremainsteadfastinitssupportofthisbody.thisweshalldointheconvictionthatyouwillprovideagreatshareofthewisdom,ofthecourage,andthefaithwhichcanbringtothisworldlastingpeaceforallnations,andhappinessandwell-beingforallmen. clearly,itwouldnotbefittingformetotakethisoccasiontopresenttoyouaunilateralamericanreportonbermuda.nevertheless,iassureyouthatinourdeliberationsonthatlovelyislandwesoughttoinvokethosesamegreatconceptsofuniversalpeaceandhumandignitywhicharesocleanlyetchedinyourcharter.neitherwoulditbeameasureofthisgreatopportunitymerelytorecite,howeverhopefully,piousplatitudes. ithereforedecidedthatthisoccasionwarrantedmysayingtoyousomeofthethingsthathavebeenonthemindsandheartsofmylegislativeandexecutiveassociates,andonmine,foragreatmanymonths-thoughtsihadoriginallyplannedtosayprimarilytotheamericanpeople. iknowthattheamericanpeoplesharemydeepbeliefthatifadangerexistsintheworld,itisadangersharedbyall;andequally,thatifhopeexistsinthemindofonenation,thathopeshouldbesharedbyall. finally,ifthereistobeadvancedanyproposaldesignedtoeaseevenbythesmallestmeasurethetensionsoftodaysworld,whatmoreappropriateaudiencecouldtherebethanthemembersofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednations.ifeelimpelledtospeaktodayinalanguagethatinasenseisnew,onewhichi,whohavespentsomuchofmylifeinthemilitaryprofession,wouldhavepreferrednevertouse.thatnewlanguageisthelanguageofatomicwarfare. theatomicagehasmovedforwardatsuchapacethateverycitizenoftheworldshouldhavesomeprehension,atleastinparativeterms,oftheextentofthisdevelopment,oftheutmostsignificancetoeveryoneofus.clearly,ifthepeoplesoftheworldaretoconductanintelligentsearchforpeace,theymustbearmedwiththesignificantfactsoftodaysexistence. myrecitalofatomicdangerandpowerisnecessarilystatedinunitedstatesterms,forthesearetheonlyincontrovertiblefactsthatiknow.ineedhardlypointouttothisassembly,however,thatthissubjectisglobal,notmerelynationalincharacter. onjuly16,1945,theunitedstatessetofftheworldsfirstatomicexplosion. sincethatdatein1945,theunitedstatesofamericahasconductedforty-twotestexplosions.atomicbombstodayaremorethantwenty-fivetimesaspowerfulastheweaponswithwhichtheatomicagedawned,whilehydrogenweaponsareintherangesofmillionsoftonsoftntequivalent. today,theunitedstatesstockpileofatomicweapons,which,ofcourse,increasesdaily,exceedsbymanytimesthetotalexplosiveequivalentofthetotalofallbombsandallshellsthatcamefromeveryplaneandeverygunineverytheatreofwarinalltheyearsofworldwarii. asingleairgroup,whetherafloatorlandbased,cannowdelivertoanyreachabletargetadestructivecargoexceedinginpowerallthebombsthatfellonbritaininallofworldwarii.insizeandvariety,thedevelopmentofatomicweaponshasbeennolessremarkable.thedevelopmenthasbeensuchthatatomicweaponshavevirtuallyachievedconventionalstatuswithinourarmedservices. intheunitedstates,thearmy,thenavy,theairforce,andthemarinecorpsareallcapableofputtingthisweapontomilitaryuse.butthedreadsecretandthefearfulenginesofatomicmightarenotoursalone. inthefirstplace,thesecretispossessedbyourfriendsandallies,greatbritainandcanada,whosescientificgeniusmadeatremendouscontributiontoouroriginaldiscoveriesandthedesignsofatomicbombs. thesecretisalsoknownbythesovietunion. thesovietunionhasinformedusthat,overrecentyears,ithasdevotedextensiveresourcestoatomicweapons.duringthisperiodthesovietunionhasexplodedaseriesofatomicdevices,includingatleastoneinvolvingthermo-nuclearreactions.ifatonetimetheunitesstatespossessedwhatmighthavebeencalledamonopolyofatomicpower,thatmonopolyceasedtoexistseveralyearsago. therefore,althoughourearlierstarthaspermittedustoaccumulatewhatistodayagreatquantitativeadvantage,theatomicrealitiesoftodayprehendtwofactsofevengreatersignificance. first,theknowledgenowpossessedbyseveralnationswilleventuallybesharedbyothers,possiblyallothers. second,evenavastsuperiorityinnumbersofweapons,andaconsequentcapabilityofdevastatingretaliation,isnopreventive,ofitself,againstthefearfulmaterialdamageandtollofhumanlivesthatwouldbeinflictedbysurpriseaggression.thefreeworld,atleastdimlyawareofthesefacts,hasnaturallyembarkedonalargeprogramofwarninganddefensesystems.thatprogramwillbeacceleratedandexpanded.butletnoonethinkthattheexpenditureofvastsumsforweaponsandsystemsofdefensecanguaranteeabsolutesafetyforthecitiesandcitizensofanynation.theawfularithmeticoftheatomicbombdoesnotpermitofanysucheasysolution.evenagainstthemostpowerfuldefense,anaggressorinpossessionoftheeffectiveminimumnumberofatomicbombsforasurpriseattackcouldprobablyplaceasufficientnumberofhisbombsonthechosentargetstocausehideousdamage. shouldsuchanatomicattackbelaunchedagainsttheunitedstates,ourreactionswouldbeswiftandresolute.butformetosaythatthedefensecapabilitiesoftheunitedstatesaresuchthattheycouldinflictterriblelossesuponanaggressor,formetosaythattheretaliationcapabilitiesoftheunitesstatesaresogreatthatsuchanaggressorslandwouldbelaidwaste,allthis,whilefact,isnotthetrueexpressionofthepurposeandthehopeoftheunitedstates. topausetherewouldbetoconfirmthehopelessfinalityofabeliefthattwoatomiccolossiaredoomedmalevolentlytoeyeeachotherindefinitelyacrossatremblingworld.tostoptherewouldbetoaccepthelplesslytheprobabilityofcivilizationdestroyed,theannihilationoftheirreplaceableheritageofmankindhandeddowntousegenerationfromgeneration,andthecondemnationofmankindtobeginalloveragaintheage-oldstruggleupwardfromsavagerytowarddecency,andright,andjustice.surelynosanememberofthehumanracecoulddiscovervictoryinsuchdesolation. couldanyonewishhisnametobecoupledbyhistorywithsuchhumandegradationanddestruction?occasionalpagesofhistorydorecordthefacesofthe“greatdestroyers,”butthewholebookofhistoryrevealsmankindsnever-endingquestforpeaceandmankindsgod-givencapacitytobuild. itiswiththebookofhistory,andnotwithisolatedpages,thattheunitedstateswilleverwishtobeidentified.mycountrywantstobeconstructive,notdestructive.itwantsagreements,notwars,amongnations.itwantsitselftoliveinfreedomandintheconfidencethatthepeopleofeveryothernationenjoyequallytherightofchoosingtheirownwayoflife. somycountryspurposeistohelpustomoveoutofthedarkchamberofhorrorsintothelight,tofindawaybywhichthemindsofmen,thehopesofmen,thesoulsofmeneverywhere,canmoveforwardtowardspeaceandhappinessandwell-being. inthisquest,iknowthatwemustnotlackpatience.iknowthatinaworlddivided,suchasourstoday,salvationcannotbeattainedbyonedramaticact.iknowthatmanystepswillhavetobetakenovermanymonthsbeforetheworldcanlookatitselfonedayandtrulyrealizethatanewclimateofmutuallypeacefulconfidenceisabroadintheworld.butiknow,aboveallelse,thatwemuststarttotakethesestepsnow. theunitedstatesanditsallies,greatbritainandfrance,have,overthepastmonths,triedtotakesomeofthesesteps.letnoonesaythatweshuntheconferencetable.ontherecordhaslongstoodtherequestoftheunitedstates,greatbritain,andfrancetonegotiatewiththesovietuniontheproblemsofadividedgermany.onthatrecordhaslongstoodtherequestofthesamethreenationstonegotiateanaustrianpeacetreaty.onthesamerecordstillstandstherequestoftheunitednationstonegotiatetheproblemsofkorea. mostrecentlywehavereceivedfromthesovietunionwhatisineffectanexpressionofwillingnesstoholdafour-powermeeting.alongwithourallies,greatbritainandfrance,wewerepleasedtoseethathisnotedidnotcontaintheunacceptablepre-conditionspreviouslyputforward.asyoualreadyknowfromourjointbermudamuniqu,theunitedstates,greatbritain,andfrancehaveagreedpromptlytomeetwiththesovietunion. thegovernmentoftheunitedstatesapproachesthisconferencewithhopefulsincerity.wewillbendeveryeffortofourmindstothesinglepurposeofemergingfromthatconferencewithtangibleresultstowardspeace,theonlytruewayoflesseninginternationaltension.weneverhave,weneverwill,proposeorsuggestthatthesovietunionsurrenderwhatisrightlytheirs.wewillneversaythatthepeopleoftherussiaareanenemywithwhomwehavenodesireevertodealormingleinfriendlyandfruitfulrelationship. onthecontrary,wehopethatthisingconferencemayinitiatearelationshipwiththesovietunionwhichwilleventuallybringaboutafreeinterminglingofthepeoplesoftheeastandofthewest-theonesure,humanwayofdevelopingtheunderstandingrequiredforconfidentandpeacefulrelations. insteadofthediscontentwhichisnowsettlinguponeasterngermany,occupiedaustria,andthecountriesofeasterneurope,weseekaharmoniousfamilyoffreeeuropeannations,withnoneathreattotheother,andleastofallathreattothepeoplesoftherussia.beyondtheturmoilandstrifeandmiseryofasia,weseekpeacefulopportunityforthesepeoplestodeveloptheirnaturalresourcesandtoelevatetheirlives. thesearenotidlewordsorshallowvisions.behindthemliesastoryofnationslatelyetoindependence,notasaresultofwar,butthroughfreegrantorpeacefulnegotiation.thereisarecordalreadywrittenofassistancegladlygivenbynationsofthewesttoneedypeoplesandtothosesufferingthetemporaryeffectsoffamine,drought,andnaturaldisaster.thesearedeedsofpeace.theyspeakmoreloudlythanpromisesorprotestationsofpeacefulintent. butidonotwishtoresteitheruponthereiterationofpastproposalsortherestatementofpastdeeds.thegravityofthetimeissuchthateverynewavenueofpeace,nomatterhowdimlydiscernible,shouldbeexplored.thereisatleastonenewavenueofpeacewhichhasnotyetbeenwellexplored-anavenuenowlaidoutbythegeneralassemblyoftheunitesnations. initsresolutionofnovember18,1953thisgeneralassemblysuggested-andiquote-“thatthedisarmamentcommissionstudythedesirabilityofestablishingasub-mitteeconsistingofrepresentativesofthepowersprincipallyinvolved,whichshouldseekinprivateanacceptablesolutionandreportsuchasolutiontothegeneralassemblyandtothesecuritycouncilnotlaterthanseptember1,of1954.” theunitedstates,heedingthesuggestionofthegeneralassemblyoftheunitednations,isinstantlypreparedtomeetprivatelywithsuchothercountriesasmaybe“principallyinvolved,”toseek“anacceptablesolution”totheatomicarmamentsracewhichovershadowsnotonlythepeace,buttheverylifeoftheworld.weshallcarryintotheseprivateordiplomatictalksanewconception. theunitedstateswouldseekmorethanthemerereductionoreliminationofatomicmaterialsformilitarypurposes.itisnotenoughtotakethisweaponoutofthehandsofthesoldiers.itmustbeputintothehandsofthosewhowillknowhowtostripitsmilitarycasingandadaptittotheartsofpeace. theunitedstatesknowsthatifthefearfultrendofatomicmilitarybuild-upcanbereversed,thisgreatestofdestructiveforcescanbedevelopedintoagreatboon,forthebenefitofallmankind.theunitedstatesknowsthatpeacefulpowerfromatomicenergyisnodreamofthefuture.thatcapability,alreadyproved,ishere,now,today.whocandoubt,iftheentirebodyoftheworldsscientistsandengineershadadequateamountsoffissionablematerialwithwhichtotestanddeveloptheirideas,thatthiscapabilitywouldrapidlybetransformedintouniversal,efficient,andeconomicusage? tohastenthedaywhenfearoftheatomwillbegintodisappearfromthemindsofpeopleandthegovernmentsoftheeastandwest,therearecertainstepsthatcanbetakennow.ithereforemakethefollowingproposals: thegovernmentsprincipallyinvolved,totheextentpermittedbyelementaryprudence,tobeginnowandcontinuetomakejointcontributionsfromtheirstockpilesofnormaluraniumandfissionablematerialstoaninternationalatomicenergyagency.wewouldexpectthatsuchanagencywouldbesetupundertheaegisoftheunitednations. theratiosofcontributions,theprocedures,andotherdetailswouldproperlybewithinthescopeofthe“privateconversations”ihavereferredtoearlier. theunitedstatesispreparedtoundertaketheseexplorationsingoodfaith.anypartneroftheunitedstatesactinginthesamegoodfaithwillfindtheunitedstatesanotunreasonableorungenerousassociate. undoubtedly,initialandearlycontributionstothisplanwouldbesmallinquantity.however,theproposalhasthegreatvirtuethatitcanbeundertakenwithouttheirritationsandmutualsuspicionsincidenttoanyattempttosetupapletelyacceptablesystemofworld-wideinspectionandcontrol. theatomicenergyagencycouldbemaderesponsiblefortheimpounding,storage,andprotectionofthecontributedfissionableandothermaterials.theingenuityofourscientistswillprovidespecialsafeconditionsunderwhichsuchabankoffissionablematerialcanbemadeessentiallyimmunetosurpriseseizure. themoreimportantresponsibilityofthisatomicenergyagencywouldbetodevisemethodswherebythisfissionablematerialwouldbeallocatedtoservethepeacefulpursuitsofmankind.expertswouldbemobilizedtoapplyatomicenergytotheneedsofagriculture,medicine,andotherpeacefulactivities.aspecialpurposewouldbetoprovideabundantelectricalenergyinthepower-starvedareasoftheworld.thusthecontributingpowerswouldbededicatingsomeoftheirstrengthtoservetheneedsratherthanthefearsofmankind. theunitedstateswouldbemorethanwilling-itwouldbeproudtotakeupwithothers“principallyinvolved”thedevelopmentofplanswherebysuchpeacefuluseofatomicenergywouldbeexpedited. ofthose“principallyinvolved”thesovietunionmust,ofcourse,beone.iwouldbepreparedtosubmittothecongressoftheunitedstates,andwithever