英语词汇学课件Unit.ppt

UNIT3WORDFORMATION(I),Contents,派生法的特点,1,复合法的特点,2,转化法的特点,3,Introduction,现代英语词汇的发展主要依靠构词法。构词的方式有多种。其中活动能力很强的有词缀法（派生法）、复合法和转化法。根据Pyles&Algeo(1982)的研究，英语通过词缀法构词的占新词总量的30-40%；复合法28-30%；转化法26%；其余的新词来自于缩略法等其它构词法。构词规则的使用范围有限制。规则本身不是固定不变的，某一时期一种构词方法可能会很活跃，有时又失去活跃性，不再构成新词。必须记住，规则都有例外。如：古英语-th,3.1Derivation&derivative,derivation:Aprocessbywhichmorecomplexwordsareformedfromlesscomplexwords.Eg.pure-purify-purificationderivative:Acomplexwordformedbyderivation.Eg.girl-girlhood,leg-legal,3.1.1Prefixandsuffix来源:古英语和外来语特点：多义性。Eg.-ercooker,binder,pointer译法不同。同义性。-an,-ant/ent,-ar,-ard,-arian,-ee,-eer,-er,-ese,-eur,-ian,-ician,-icist,-ist,-logist,-or,-ster,-crat构词能力不同：与出现频率无关前后缀的主要功能不同前后缀与词根的关系不同拼写和发音（-ette,international,unattractive),#.前缀（主要改变词义）,Negativeprefixes:a-/dis-/in-/non-/un-Reversativeprefixes:de-/dis-/un-Pejorativeprefixes:mal-/mis-/pseudo-Prefixesofdegreeorsize:arch-/extra-/hyper-/macro-/micro-/mini-/over-/sub-/super-/sur-/ultra-/under-Prefixesoforientationandattitude:anti-/contra-/counter-/pro-Locativeprefixes:extra-/fore-/inter-/trans-Prefixesoftimeandorder:ex-/fore-/post-/pre-/re-Numberprefixes:bi-/multi-/poly-/semi-/hemi-/tri-/uni-/mono-Miscellaneousprefixes:auto-/neo-/pan-/vice-,#.后缀（不仅改变词义，还会改变词性）,形容词后缀:名词后缀:动词后缀:副词后缀:改变词性的三个前缀:en-/em-:endanger,enrich,empowera-:asleep,aglow,astridebe-:bewitch,befriend,3.1.2Structureofderivatives以自由词根为主，附以粘着词素。prefix+freeroot+suffixcombiningform+freeroot以粘着词根为主，附以派生词缀或另一粘着词根prefix+non-productiveboundroot+suffixcombiningform+combiningform(组合形式与组合形式构成的词有的地方称作新古典复合词，也有的地方直接归入复合词。）Ex.P33,Ex.2,hemi-semi-,demi-mono-uni-di-bi-tri-tri-tetra-quadri-penta-quint-hexa-sex-hept-sept-oct-oct-ennea-nona-deca-deci-,3.2Compounding&compound,compounding/composition:Aprocessofwordformation,biningtwoormoreotherwisefreemorphemesorseriesofmorphemes(=words)toformacompound.Eg.blackboard,sitting-roomcompound:Awordmadeoftwoormoreindependentwords.,3.2.1CompoundVs.freephraseSemantically:blackbird/blackmail/hotdog?flowerpot,washingmachine,dumbshowSyntactically:Hebad-mouthedme.Phonologically:Thesunshineisgorgeous.Thisblackbirdisablackbird.orthographically：hotdog,bad-mouth,blackbird,连字符（hyphen)的作用：置于词与词之间，构成新词：tax-exemption,eco-geographic避免印刷上的误解，如：Heisaforeignstampcollector.表示成语：aroot-and-branchrevision,3.2.2Meaningofcompound最古老的构词方法之一。语义关系:第一部分限定或修饰第二部分（也有例外）形式相同的复合词其内部的语义关系可能是各不相同的。(Ex.5)词性：复合介词，复合连接词，复合副词，复合代词，复合数词，句式复合词，等等。,3.2.3Compoundnouns按照各组成部分的词性来分：Q&A:sleepingdogVS.sleepingcar重音sleepingcar（gerundorP.P.)sleepingdogvs.floatingbridgeWhatifsleepingdogisakindofdog?按照组成部分之间的句法关系来分Q&A:同位关系与限定关系的区别？,3.2.4Compoundadjectives3.2.5Compoundverbs可直接由两个词复合而成，但主要是通过转化法或者逆生法从复合名词变来的。Ex.P49,I-A,P53V1-4,3.3Conversion,conversion:Awordformationprocessthatassignsanalreadyexistingwordtoanewsyntacticcategory(alsocalledzeroderivation.)Eg.nurse(n.)-nurse(v.)*转化法大多在简单词中进行，派生词通常不能转化。,3.3.1Verbsn.v.Adj.vAdv.(prep.Conj.Interj.)vyes(yessed,yessing)Allshehastodowasyeshimwhenhewastalking.3.3.2NounsV.n.(*contrast,abstract)Adj.n(full&partialconversion)thepoor,3.3.3Adjectives名词做定语：streetlightVPAdj.nonceword（临时词）：本身是自由词组或习语，但用连字符连接起来构成单个的词。stay-at-home,forget-me-no