科研方法与论文写作--英美文学（英文版）(ppt 32页)

WaystoUnderstandandInterprettheNovel,ResearchMethodsandThesisWriting-Literature,Whydowestudyliterature?,Literaturerepresentsalanguageorapeople:cultureandtradition.But,literatureismoreimportantthanjustahistoricalorculturalartifact.Literatureintroducesustonewworldsofexperience.Welearnaboutbooksandliterature;weenjoythecomediesandthetragediesofpoems,stories,andplays;andwemayevengrowandevolvethroughourliteraryjourneywithbooks.,Howdoweinterpretandevaluateliterature?,wemaydiscovermeaninginliteraturebylookingatwhattheauthorsaysandhowhe/shesaysit.Wemayinterprettheauthorsmessage.Inacademiccircles,thisdecodingofthetextisoftencarriedoutthroughtheuseofliterarytheory,usingamythological,psychological,cultural,historical,orotherapproach.,Whatisnovel?,Novelisafictionalpieceofproseusuallywritteninanarrativestyle.Novelstellstories,whicharetypicallydefinedasaseriesofeventsdescribedinasequence.Formula:Patterns:,ThePrecriticalResponse,.Setting.Plot.Character.Theme.SymbolismVI.PointofView,I.Setting,Definition:Settingisthetimeandplaceinwhichtheeventsofanarrativeoccur.Themajorelementsofsettingarethetime,theplace,andthesocialenvironmentthatframesthecharacters.Thesettingmaybespecificanddetailed,andintroducedattheverybeginningofthenovel,oritmaybemerelysuggestedthroughtheuseofdetailsscatteredthroughoutthenovel.EffectsofSetting-Createsatmosphere,givesinsighttocharacters,andprovidesconnectionstootheraspectsofthestory.,ExampleofSetting,JaneEyreSetting(time)-Earlydecadesofthe19thcentury.Setting(place)-Thenovelisstructuredaroundfiveseparatelocations,allsupposedlyinnorthernEngland:TheReedfamilyshomeatGateshead,ThewretchedLowoodSchool,RochestersmanorhouseThornfield,TheRiversfamilyshomeatMoorHouse,RochestersruralretreatatFerndean.,II.Plot,Simplyspeaking,plotisthearrangementoftheeventsoractionsinastoryintoacausalrelationship.“Thekingdiedandthenthequeendied.”InAspectsoftheNovel,E.MFosterdefinedastoryasanarrativeofeventsarrangedintheirtimesequence.(Aplotisalsoanarrativeofevents,theemphasisfallingoncausality.),III.Characterreportingthecharactersspeechandbehavior;describingthereactionsofothercharacterstotheindividual;revealingthecharactersthoughtsandfeelings,ExamplesofCharacterizationI,Karenwassmallforherageandinclinedtoplumpness.Herblueeyesviewedthepeopleandeventsaroundherwithamixtureofcuriosityandamusement.Shewasnotawoman,butshewaspastbeingachild;toosophisticatedfortoys,shemightstill,onimpulse,turnasomersault(翻筋斗)onthelivingrug.,1.ApproximatelyhowoldisKaren?2.Whatdetailshelpyouvisualizeher?3.WhatdetailsrevealsomethingaboutKarenspersonality?,ExamplesofCharacterizationII,ButwhycantIgo?Karenwailed.Everyoneelseisgoing.Youneverletmegoanywhere!Youjustdontwantmetogrowupandhavefun!Karenwheeledaroundandstormedoutofthehouse,slammingthedoorbehindher.,1.WhatdoesKarenrevealaboutherpersonalityinthisspeech?2.Whatdoheractionscontributetoyourpictureofher?,ExamplesofCharacterizationIII,IveknownKarenforalongtime,eversincefirstgrade.Wevebeenbestfriendssincelastyear.Ilikeherbecause.well,Iguessitsbecausesheisalwayssohappyandsureofherselfandshesgoodatthingslikebaseball,andswimmingandpaintingandstuff.Joaniepaused,thenadded,Everybodyatschoollikesher.,1.WhatisJoaniesrelationshiptoKaren?2.WhatdoyoulearnaboutKarenfromJoaniescomments?,ExamplesofCharacterizationIV,Thesunlighttrickledbetweentheslatesofthebambooblinds.Karenstretchedluxuriously,pleasantlyawareofthetinglingsensationinhermuscles.Shereallyoughttogetup,shethought.Sallywascomingoverateleven.Maybesheshouldmakesomesandwichessotheycouldeatoutinthebackyard.Mrs.Henleywastakingthemtothebeachintheafternoon.SheshouldfinishthatlettertoPeggy.maybeshewouldtonight.ifsheremembered.andifshehadtime.,1.WhatisKarenthinkingabout?2.Whatdoherthoughtstellyouaboutherpersonality?,Protagonistandthe“split:betweenkindsoflove,physicalandspiritual,whichthesondevelops,thekindsrepresentedbytwoyoungwomen,ClaraandMiriam.,V,SymbolsinPilgrimsProgress,TheprotagonistChristian-theCelestialCity-VanityFair-Faithful,Great-heart-,VI.PointofView,PointofViewreferstotheperspectivefromwhichastoryistold.Thewriterchoosesanarratorforeverystory.Thenarratortellsthestoryfromeitherthefirst-personorthethird-personpointofview.Theauthorschoiceofnarratorforastorydeterminestheamountofinformationareaderwillbegiven.Thefollowingarethefourmajorpointsofview:,FourMajorPointsofView,firstperson:Thenarrator(I)isacharacterinthestorywhocanrevealonlypersonalthoughtsandfeelingsandwhatheorsheseesandistoldbyothercharacters.third-personobjective:Thenarratorisanoutsiderwhocanreportonlywhatheorsheseesandhears.third-personlimited:Thenarratorisanoutsiderwhoseesintothemindofoneofthecharacters.third-personomniscient:Thenarratorisanall-knowingoutsiderwhocanenterthemindsofmorethanoneofthecharacters.,ExamplesofPointofView,AsIplacedthecarefullywrappedpackageontheparkbench,IlookedupandsawMollywalkingacrossthestreet.Ihopedthatshehadntseenme.AsGeorgeplacedthecarefullywrappedpackageontheparkbench,helookedupandsawMollywalkingacrossthestreet.George,anxiouslyhopingthatnoonewaswatchinghim,placedacarefullywrappedpackageonanemptyparkbench.Whenhelookedaround,hesawMollywatchinghimfromacrossthestreet.George,anxiouslyhopingthatnoonewaswatchinghim,placedacarefullywrappedpackageonanemptyparkbench.Molly,whowaswalkinghome,sawhimandcouldnthelpthinkingthathewasactingstrangely.,(first-person),(third-personobjective),(third-personlimited),(third-personomniscient),AnAnalysisofJaneEyre,Plotsummary:JaneschildhoodatGatesheadJaneseducationatLowoodSchoolJanestimeasgovernessatThornfieldManorJanestimewiththeRiversfamilyJanesreunionwithMr.RochesterCharacters:JaneEyre:Theprotagonistofthenovelandthetitlecharacter.Orphanedasababy,shestrugglesthroughhernearlylovelesschildhoodandbecomesgovernessatThornfieldHall.Rochester:ThemasterofThornfieldManor.AByronichero,hemakesanunfortunatefirstmarriagebeforehemeetsJaneMr.Reed:Janesmaternaluncle,whoadoptsJanewhenherparentsdie,AnAnalysisofJaneEyre,Themes:Socialclass,Genderrelations,LoveversusAutonomy-JaneEyreisverymuchthestoryofaquesttobeloved.Janesearches,notjustforromanticlove,butalsoforasenseofbeingvalued,ofbelonging.ThusJanesaystoHelenBurns:togainsomerealaffectionfromyou,orMissTemple,oranyotherwhomItrulylove,Iwouldwillinglysubmittohavetheboneofmyarmbroken,ortoletabulltossme,ortostandbehindakickinghorse,andletitdashitshoofatmychest(Chapter8).Yet,overthecourseofthebook,Janemustlearnhowtogainlovewithoutsacrificingandharmingherselfintheprocess.,AnAnalysisofJaneEyre,PointofView-AlloftheeventsaretoldfromJanespointofview.Sometimesshenarratestheeventsassheexperiencedthematthetime,whileatothertimesshefocusesonherretrospectiveunderstandingoftheevents.Climax-ThenovelsclimaxcomesafterJanereceiveshersecondmarriageproposalofthenovelthistimefromSt.JohnRivers,whoasksJanetoaccompanyhimtoIndiaashiswifeandfellowmissionary.,MajorTopicsofLiteraryanalysis,AnalysisofthemeAnalysisofplotorstructureAnalysisofcharacterandcharacterization4.Analysisofsetting5.Analysisoflanguageorstyle,SuggestedTopic,Character:AnCharacterAnalysisoftheHeroineof