四六级翻译练习题.doc

四六级新题型练习： 段落翻译（Translation）I传统文化形式1 舞狮舞狮（lion dance）是一种传统的中国民间表演艺术，距今已有一千五百多年的历史。其表演者扮成狮子的样子，随着锣鼓（gongs and drums）声，做出狮子的各种形态动作。中国古代人认为舞狮可以驱鬼，故每逢喜庆节日，例如庆祝春节、公司开业等，人们都喜欢舞狮助兴。舞狮亦随着众多中国人移居海外而闻名世界，每当春节到来的时候，海外华人都会在世界各地舞狮庆祝。2 秧歌秧歌（Yangge Dance）是一种传统的中国舞蹈，起源于宋朝，是中国北方最具代表性的民间艺术之一。在北方，不管是在乡村还是在城市，秧歌都很受人们喜爱，特别是老年人。每年春节，人们都会穿着颜色鲜艳的服装，成群结队地到街上扭秧歌，通常，扭秧歌的人会在腰上栓红色的腰带，或者手拿彩色的扇子，随着锣鼓（drums and gongs）声扭动身体。虽然每个地方秧歌的表演方式都有所不同，但无论哪里的秧歌都是喜庆的。3 京剧京剧是一种传统的中国戏剧形式。它结合了音乐，声乐演唱，哑剧（mime），舞蹈和杂技（acrobatics）等表现形式。京剧兴起于18世纪晚期，并在19世纪中期前得到充分发展与认可。这种艺术形式在清朝时的宫廷极度流行，并且逐渐被视为中国的文化瑰宝之一。这种艺术形式在台湾也得以保存，称作国剧。并且也流传到诸如美国和日本等其他国家。4 风筝中国是风筝的故乡。放风筝有益于身体健康，所以，许多国家十分流行放风筝。中国人不仅把放风筝当作有趣的游戏和有益于身体健康的体育活动，也常常把风筝作为装饰挂在墙上。目前，中国的风筝已经远销到日本以及东南亚和欧美的许多国家，受到了世界各国人民的欢迎。近年来，山东潍坊每年都要举行国际风筝节。II节日5 春节中国的春节在农历一月一日，是新年的开始，也是举家团圆的时刻。一般说来，在春节前几天，只要有可能的话，多数人无论身处何地都会回家。就像圣诞节一样，人们会买很多东西如食品、礼物、衣服和烟花爆竹给孩子们。在除夕之夜，多数农村家庭仍然保持着一些传统习俗，如在两扇门上都贴上门神和春联。他们把“福”字倒贴在墙上和家具的门上，意思是“福到了”。除夕之夜的年夜饭是必不可少的程序。全家人围坐着一张桌子一同分享佳肴，人多的话兴许不止一张桌子。家人还会为没能赶回家的亲人留些座位，仿佛他们也在一起吃饭。年夜饭过后，大家会坐在一起，观看中央电视台的春节特别节目，等待新年的到来。午夜将近时，特别节目也接近尾声，这时家家户户都到户外去放鞭炮。据说这样可以驱妖除魔。新年的早饭很特别，北方人吃饺子，南方人吃糯米饭团。走亲访友从新年的第一天就开始了，俗称“拜年”。每到这时孩子们是最开心的，因为他们可以从长辈那里拿到压岁钱，据说压岁钱能带给他们好运。新年第五天，人们拜祭财神，送走新年。春节就结束了。6 元宵节“灯节”或者叫做“元宵节”是中国的传统佳节，在每年的农历正月十五这一天庆祝。元宵节的到来也标志着春节的结束。元宵节的传统可以追溯到西汉时期。根据传统，在这一天，人们吃元宵，猜字谜并观看焰火。元宵或者叫做汤圆是元宵节这一天必吃的食物。元宵这种食物实际上是甜馅“饺子”的一种，用粘糯米和甜的馅料制成。7 中秋节中秋节是中国一个很重要的节日，在农历八月十五。在节日来临的前几天，家庭中的每一个人都帮着打扫房子，把房子装扮得漂漂亮亮的，灯笼挂在屋前。晚上有一顿美餐，离家在外工作的人也要回来团圆。晚饭后，人们点亮灯笼，一般是红色的圆灯笼。孩子们会高高兴兴地玩他们的玩具灯笼。晚上月亮又圆又大，人们在赏月的同时吃着中秋节特别的食品月饼。人们在一起回顾过去，展望未来。8 三大传统节日端午节与春节和中秋节并列为中国三大节日。这三大节日的传统食物除了在数量和质量上与平时有所不同之外，一些历史悠久、具有象征意义的食物也是必不可缺的。例如，端午节是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常吃粽子。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。因此，中秋节的特制食品是月饼。春节是中国的农历新年，人们会烹制传统菜肴，如饺子。III 饮食9 饺子饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。 相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1） 擀皮、2） 备馅、3） 包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。10 川菜中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。四川菜系，是世界上最著名的中国菜系之一。四川菜系以其香辣而闻名，味道多变，着重使用红辣椒，搭配使用青椒和花椒(prickly ash)，产生出经典的刺激的味道。此外，大蒜，姜和豆豉(fermented soybean)也被应用于烹饪过程中。野菜和野禽常被选用为原料，油炸，无油炸，腌制和文火炖煮是基本的烹饪技术。没有品尝过四川菜的人不算来过中国。红绿辣椒被用在许多菜肴中，带来特别的辣味，在中国文字里叫麻，通常会在口中留下麻木的感觉。 11 中国菜如果某人说“我喜欢中国菜”，这种说法似乎过于简单了。其实并不存在所谓的“中国菜”这一简单的概念。确切地说法应该是喜欢某一种菜系，或者喜欢某一地区的中国菜。像中国这样幅员辽阔、历史悠久而又复杂的国家，千百年来必然会形成具有鲜明地方烹饪特色的区域性菜系或帮菜。不可避免的差异是由地理位置、气候条件、交通状况、人口迁移、海外文化影响等因素所决定的。12 餐桌礼仪作为一种世代相袭的传统，中国人就餐时围桌而坐，人人手里都有一碗主食（staple food），炒菜放在桌子中央，大家一起食用。这一古老的风俗习惯反映了食物在中华文明史上的重要地位；占据餐桌中心位置的是炒菜，而不是鲜花，晚餐的主要话题常常是食物。菜肴的各种色彩和材料搭配，给人以美的享受，共食一碗菜的习俗有助于家庭成员之间的团结和友谊。当然，在一些卫生意识比较强的地方，人们在共食放在餐桌中央的菜肴时，必须使用“公筷”或“公用”汤匙，以防疾病传染。13 筷子筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同，选材包括竹子、木材、玉石、象牙、塑料、银、金等。中国人使用筷子的方法很有艺术性，各人有各人的方法，就好像签名一样，不尽一致。中国人一般都能随心所欲地用筷子夹起一粒米、一粒豌豆、一只滑溜溜的蘑菇或海参。对于那些用餐时只会使用刀叉的西方人来说，掌握用筷的方法和技巧开始时难度也许很大，也很有趣，需要很大的耐心，需要用心练习。14 茶中国俗谚有：“开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶。”茶虽位居最末，但它在日常生活中还是很重要。汉语称简餐为“粗茶淡饭”，就是指粗劣的茶水(coarse tea)、寡淡的饭菜。简餐都要备茶，如此，茶的重要性可见一斑。对中国人来说，喝茶和品茶不是一回事。喝茶是为了解渴(quench ones thirst)、提神。品茶则有文化内涵。茶叶和茶具(tea wares)要有匹配的环境，比如，轻风、明月、青松、翠竹、腊梅、冬雪。这些都显示出中国文化的终极目标：人与自然的和谐统一（天人合一）。IV人物/城市/价值观15 孔子孔子(Confucius) 出生于公元前551年的鲁国，在今山东省南部。孔子家世贫寒，在鲁国政府任职，到五十岁时已经升到高位。但由于政局混乱，被迫退职出走。此后十三年间，他周游列国，指望有机会实现他的政治、社会改革理想，却到处碰壁；晚年回到鲁国故乡，三年后逝世，时为公元前479年。16 孙中山孙中山(Sun Yat-sen) 1866年11月12日生于中国广东省，1925年于中国北京去世。1929年4月23日, 民国政府委命何应钦负责孙中山的安葬。 5月26日, 灵柩(coffin)离开北京, 28日抵达南京。 1929年6月1日, 孙中山被安葬于中山陵( Doctor Sun Yat-sens mausoleum)。孙中山在中国大陆与台湾都被认为是“现代中国之父”, 他反抗清朝政府，并于1911年革命后结束了封建帝制(monarchy) ,建立了中华民国( the Republic of China)。17 天坛天坛的建设始于明朝 （Ming Dynasty）永乐年间，于1420年竣工，与紫禁城(Forbidden City)的竣工时间相仿。1420年，永乐皇帝把都城从南京迁往北京，正是在天坛举行了祭天酬神(pay tribute to Heaven and Earth) 的重要仪式。将近600年后，天坛完好无损，伫立于北京南边。占地面积接近紫禁城的四倍，天坛吸引了全世界的无数游客。因为它不仅呈现了美丽的景象，更代表着中国人对天人和谐的追求。18 满月习俗在中国，小孩儿出生满一个月的那天，孩子的家人一般要招呼亲朋挚友，邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。按照中国的传统，这一天，家里会充满了喜庆和节日的氛围，满月就要办得热热闹闹才行。不过最近这些年，这个习俗在城市尤其是年轻夫妇中有逐渐被淡化的趋势。但是，小孩儿满月对于每个家庭来说，仍然是一个非常值得纪念的高兴的日子。19 独生子女政策独生子女政策于1979年最初实行，是中华人民共和国的人口控制政策。此政策限制城镇户口的已婚夫妻只能生育一胎， 但对于双胞胎、农村夫妻、少数民族(ethnic minorities)和夫妻双方均为独生子女等几种情况作出了例外规定。因其实施的方式和可能会给社会带来的负面影响，该政策在国内外都存有争议。尽管如此，一个2008年的调查显示76%的中国人口仍然支持这一政策。20 民为贵中华民族历来尊重人的尊严（dignity）和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，为人为贵”。一切社会的发展和进步，都取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主（democratic rights）的生动写照。中国在公元1世纪人口就已达到6000万，众多人口的衣食住行，几千年来一直是中国政府所要解决的首要人权问题。Keys to the translationI Traditional Arts1. Lion dance is a type of traditional folk performing arts in China, which has a history of over 1,500 years. The performers dress as the lions and make all kinds of gestures and actions of the lions with the sound of gongs and drums. The ancient Chinese people believed that lion dance could scare the ghosts/evil spirits away. For this reason, people enjoy watching lion dance to entertain themselves whenever joyous festivals come, for instance, the celebration of the Spring Festival, the opening of a company, etc. Since a large number of Chinese people moved to overseas countries, lion dance has become well-known in the world. Every time the Lunar New Year approaches, overseas Chinese will celebrate the festival by performing lion dance around the whole world.2. Yangge Dance is a form of Chinese folk dance originating from the Song Dynasty. It is one of the most representative forms of folk arts in northern China. People both in the countryside and cities, especially older ones, love this kind of dance. During the Spring Festival, crowds of people dressed in colorful costumes will go out and dance in line in the street. Dancers typically use a red silk ribbon around the waist or colorful fans in both hands. They will swing their bodies to music played by drum and gong. In different areas Yangge is performed in different styles, but all types express happiness.3. Peking opera is a form of traditional Chinese theatre. It combines music, vocal performance, mime, dance and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th century and became fully developed and recognized by the mid-19th century. The form was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty court and has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. The art form is also preserved in Taiwan, where it is known as Guoju. It has also spread to other countries such as the United States and Japan.4. China is the birthplace of kites. Because flying kites is beneficial to ones health, it is gaining popularity in many countries. The Chinese regard it as an interesting game as well as a sport helping keep fit. Some people also hang kites on the wall for decoration. Chinese kites, which are popular among people all over the world, are now available for sale in Japan, Southeast Asia and many countries in Europe and America. In recent years, the annual International Kite Festival has been held in Weifang of Shandong Province.II Holidays5. According to the Chinese lunar calendar, the Spring Festival falls on the first day of the first month, which marks the beginning of a new year. It is a time for family reunion. In most cases, just a few days before the festival, if possible, most of the family members come home, no matter where they are. And like the Christmas season, people buy a lot of things: food, gifts, clothing and fireworks for children. On the New Years Eve, most of the families in the countryside still keep the customs of pasting paintings of door gods on the two doors and couplets on either side of the doors. They put the Chinese character “Fu (happiness)” upside down and paste it on walls and doors of the furniture to mean “happiness has come.” Feast dinner is a must for the whole family on the New Years Eve, when all the family members sit at one or more tables. Dinner seats will be arranged for the absent members as if they were also joining the dinner. After dinner, they sit together waiting for the coming of the New Year, usually by watching the CCTV special program for Spring Festival. At midnight when it is near the end of the program, every family goes out to set off firecrackers, which is said to drive evils away. Breakfast for the New Years Day is special, Jiaozi (stuffed dumplings) for those in North China and small glutinous rice balls for the southerners. Visits are exchanged to relatives and friends from the New Years Day on, which is called “Bainian”. Children are the happiest ones because they can get lucky money from their seniors. The money is believed to bring good luck to them. On the fifth day, people celebrate the end of the Festival by worshipping the Fortune God.6.The Lantern Festival or Yuanxiao Jie is a traditional Chinese festival, which is on the 15th of the first month of the Chinese New Year. The festival marks the end of the celebrations of the Chinese New Year. Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival from the Han Dynasty. According to the tradition, people eat Yuanxiao, guess lantern riddles and watch fireworks on this day. Yuanxiao or Tangyuan is the special food for the Lantern Festival. It is a kind of sweet dumpling, which is made with sticky rice flour filled with sweet stuffing.7.The Mid-Autumn is a very important Chinese festival. It falls on the 15th day of August. A few days before the festival, everyone in the family will help to make the house clean and beautiful. Lanterns will be hung in front of the house. On the evening there will be a big family dinner. People who work far away from their homes will try to come back for the union. After dinner, people will light the lanterns which are usually red and round. Children will play with their own toy lanterns happily.At night the moon is usually round and bright. People can enjoy the moon while eating moon-cakes which are the special food for this festival. They can look back on the past and look forward to the future together.8.The Dragon Boat Festival is one of three major Chinese holidays, along with the Spring and Moon Festivals. Traditional holiday meals are different from everyday meals in terms of quantity and quality. In addition, some foods with a long history and symbolic significance are indispensable on these occasions. For example, on the Dragon Boat Festival, a day set aside in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan, people will eat zongzi, a kind of glutinous rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The special food of the day is moon cake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Years holiday. People will prepare traditional food, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings.III Food Culture9.Dumplings are one of the Chinese peoples favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. Theres an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”. During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.10.China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Sichuan Cuisine is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Wild vegetables and animals are usually chosen as ingredients, while frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. It cannot be said that one who does not experience Sichuan food ever reaches China.Chili peppers and prickly ash are used in many dishes, giving it a distinctively spicy taste, called ma in Chinese. It often leaves a slight numb sensation in the mouth. 11.If you hear someone say “I love Chinese food”, he is taking too much for granted. As a matter of fact, there is no such simple thing as the so-called “Chinese food”. A more accurate statement in this instance should be such that expresses ones preference for a particular Chinese cuisine or a particular regional way of cooking. With a territory as large and history as long and complex as Chinas, it is inevitable that distinct regional differences in cuisine have evolved over the course of centuries. Numerous factors are involved in this inevitable distinction: geography, climate, transportation, migration, influence from overseas cultures, etc.12.Traditionally, everyone at the Chinese dining table has his or her own bowl of staple food, while the dishes are placed in the middle of the dinner table to be shared by all. This age-old custom is one manifestation of the importance of food in Chinese civilization. It is the cooked dishes, rather than flowers, that serve as centerpieces on a Chinese table; food is frequently the main topic of dinner-time conversation. Variety in the color and texture of the dishes serves aesthetic ends, while the ritual of sharing the food from the same dish plates is conductive to family togetherness and friendship. In more health-conscious environments, however, only “public” chopsticks and spoons are used to remove food from the plates in the middle of the dinning-table, so as to prevent any possible spread of diseases.13.Chopsticks, or kuaizi, are the most distinctive eating tool at the Chinese dining table. Chopsticks, which are roughly uniform in size throughout China, can be made of a variety of materials, including bamboo, wood, jade, ivory, plastic, silver and gold. The way Chinese handle our chopsticks is quite artistic and varied from person to person like ones signature. An average Chinese can very easily pick up a single tiny grain of rice, or a tiny piece of peas, or a slippery mushroom or sea cucumber. For those Westerners who use only forks and knives for their meals, the mastery of the method and skills for using chopsticks may be quite challenging, and amusing, at the beginning. A lot of patience and concentrated practice is required. This is not only very necessary and but also very rewarding if they wish to enjoy a real Chinese dinner.14.The Chinese have a saying: Firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea are the seven necessities to begin a day. Though tea is last on the list, we still can see its importance in daily life. A simple meal in Chinese is Cu Cha Dan Fan, namely coarse tea and tasteless dinner. Even a simple meal is finished off with tea so its importance is obvious.For the Chinese, tea drinking and tasting are not the same. Tea drinking is for quenching ones thirst or for refreshment. Tea tasting has a cultural meaning. Tea and tea wares should match surrounding elements such as breeze, bright moon, pines, bamboo, plums and snow. All these show the ultimate goal of Chinese culture: the harmonious unity of human beings with nature.IV Figures, Places &Values15.Confucius was born in 551 B.C. in the state of Lu, in the southern part of Shantung province in eastern China. Confucius was poor in his youth, but entered the government of Lu and by the time he was fifty had reached high official rank. As a result of political intrigue, however, he was soon forced to resign his post and go into exile. For the next thirteen years he traveled from one state to another, always hoping to find an opportunity to realize his ideal of political and social reform. Nowhere, however, did he succeed, and finally as an old man he returned to Lu, where he died three years later in 479 B.C.16.Sun Yatsen was born in Guangdong province of China on 12 November 1866, and died in 1925 in Beijing, China. On 23 April 1929, the Chinese government appointed He Yingqin to be in charge of laying Dr. Sun to rest. On 26 May, the coffin departed from Beijing, and on 28 May, it arrived in Nanjing. On 1 June 1929, Dr. Sun was buried in Doctor Sun Yet sans mausoleum. Sun, considered to be the Father of Modern China both in mainland China and in Taiwan, fought against the imperial Qing government and after the 1911 revolution ended the monarchy and founded the Republic of China.17.The Temple of Heaven was constructed during the reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty, and completed in 1420, about the same time as the Forbidden City. When Emperor Yongle moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing in 1420, it was at the Temple of Heaven that he performed the important ritual of paying tribute to Heaven and Earth. Nearly 600 years later, it stands intact in the south of Beijing. Covering an area nearly four times as large as that of Forbidden City, it attracts numerous visitors from around the world, for it not only presents a beautiful spectacle, but also represents the Chinese pursuit of harmony between Heaven and people.18.In China, on the day when a baby is one month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion. In a traditional One-Month-Old Ceremony, there will be a rejoicing andfestive atmosphere in the family and the feast is supposed to be lively and joyful. However, in recent years this custom has been gradually abandoned by people living in cities, especially among young couples. Nevertheless, One-Month-Old Feast still remains a memora