（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）从人们的语言态度透视方言的社会功能.pdf

ii 摘摘 要要 从上个世纪80年代以来，社会语言学已经成为方言研究的新载体，中国的社会语言 学家从社会语言学的角度研究方言已取得了不少成果。 然而就烟台市使用方言与普通话 的比较研究至今仍是空白， 就其方言的社会功能研究更少， 因此这将是本文研究的重点。 本研究是从人们的语言态度透视方言的社会功能。 作者首先描述了烟台市区人们对方言 和普通话的语言态度，研究调查的对象是烟台市大学生和公务员。本研究对这两组人群 的语言态度差异进行了对比分析，试图找到语言态度和语言使用之间的联系，并从人们 对方言的态度透视方言的社会功能。 本文从语言态度入手来研究方言的社会功能, 采用了问卷调查法、定量和定性分析 相结合的方法。作者选择了烟台大学的学生和烟台市公务员作为调查对象，并利用问卷 统计软件 2.4 来统计分析数据，获得频数分布。 通过统计分析，本研究主要有如下基本发现：首先方言是作为低层语体存在，普通 话作为高层语体存在，而方言作为低层语体的语言交际功能主要体现在家庭生活场合。 就方言的社会功能而言，方言具有内部认同的功能，具有外部表征和承载地方文化的功 能和具有联络乡情的功能。最后，作者通过对烟台市大学生和公务员的对比，还发现他 们对待方言的态度存在着某些差异。 本文是从人们的语言态度透视方言的社会功能。这是个新的研究视角，可供参考的 资料较少，因此本研究具有较大的理论和应用价值。本文研究的是烟台市大学生和公务 员对方言的态度及使用情况，从而透视出地区方言的社会功能状况。通过对该区域的人 们对方言的使用态度的调查研究，本研究不仅透视出该区域的语言使用现状，为汉语方 言将与普通话长期和谐共存提供了科学的数据资料， 同时也可为相关部门制定语言政策 提供有价值的参考。 关键词：关键词： 方言；普通话；语言态度；社会功能 iii abstract since the last 20 years of the last century, sociolinguistics has been a new carrier of the development of research on dialect. chinese sociolinguists have achieved much fruit in researches of dialect from the angle of sociolinguistics. however, the research on the comparison between dialect and standard chinese in yantai city is still a gap and the research on the social functions of dialect is also much less. therefore, it will be the highlight of this dissertation. this dissertation has a perspective on functions of dialect from peoples attitudes. the author starts with describing peoples language attitudes to both dialect and standard chinese or putonghua in yantai city. the subjects are university students and civil servants of yantai city. then, it is to compare the differences of language attitudes among the two groups with the purpose to find out the relations between peoples attitudes and the language use, and so as to investigate the social functions of dialect from peoples language attitudes. the dissertation is to study social functions of dialect from peoples language attitudes. the author adopts the method of questionnaires, the quantitative and qualitative analysis method, and chooses the students of yantai university and civil servants in yantai city as samples. after collecting the questionnaire, the author uses the questionnaire statistical software 2.4 to get the distribution of frequency. through the analysis of data, the author mainly has the following tentative findings: dialect exists as a low variety while putonghua as a high variety in communication. dialect has the function of verbal communication as a low variety mainly in the family. in terms of social functions of dialect, it has the function of inherent identity, external symbols, carrier of local culture and contacting hometown passion. finally, the author has also made a contrast between university students and civil servants in the city, and finds that their language attitudes are varied differently. the dissertation is to study social functions of dialect from peoples language attitudes, which is a new research angle and has less literature to be referred. therefore, this research has comparatively some value in theory and application. since this dissertation is to investigate peoples attitudes to dialect and the use of dialect among university students and iv civil servants of yantai city, therefore we could know the present situation of the social functions of regional dialect in yantai city. in addition, through the investigation into peoples attitudes to dialect, this research might also reflect the present situation of language use in this region and provide a scientific data for the harmonious co-existence between dialects and putonghua. simultaneously, it might serve as a reference for the relevant departments to make language policy as well. key words: dialect; putonghua; language attitudes; social functions 烟台大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明烟台大学学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明原创性声明 本人郑重声明： 所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研 究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人 或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品或成果。 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集 体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文使用授权说明学位论文使用授权说明 本人完全了解烟台大学关于收集、保存、使用学位论文的规定，即： 按照学校要求提交学位论文的印刷本和电子版本； 学校有权保存学位论文的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务； 学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文； 在不以赢利为目的的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。 （保密论文在解密后遵守此规定） 论文作者签名： 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 版权声明版权声明 任何收存和保管本论文各种版本的单位和个人，未经本论文作者同意，不得 将本论文转借他人，亦不得随意复制、抄录、拍照或以任何方式传播。否则，引 起有碍作者著作权之问题，将可能承担法律责任。 i acknowledgements upon the completion of this thesis, i would like to express my heartfelt thanks and great appreciation to all those who have contributed to this thesis either directly or indirectly. first of all, my deepest gratitude is extended to prof. zhang tingguo, my supervisor, who has afforded his insightful advice and guidance at various stages of the development of the thesis. without his invaluable suggestions and encouragement, this thesis would have been impossible. my special thanks also go to all those who have assisted me in the process of collecting and analyzing data. their kindness and friendship benefits me in my studies and life. they are the students in the school of foreign languages, the school of law and the school of civil engineering of yantai university. i also should thank the civil servants in development and reform commission, discipline inspecting committee, local tax bureau, foreign trade bureau and finance bureau in yantai city. besides, i am grateful to my friend liu huaicheng, han kelei, zhang yu, etc., who have helped me so much. without their help, it is also impossible for me to finish the thesis. then, i am grateful to all the professors in the school of foreign languages of yantai university, among whom prof. han xiaoling, prof. chen zhonghua and prof. zhou guohui have always been constant sources of ideas and suggestions for the completion and polish of the thesis. last but not least, i should express my gratitude to my parents, who have encouraged me so much. i am really indebted beyond words. 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 1 chapter 1 introduction 1.1 research context language is a general concept, which can be further divided into standard language, dialect, slang and so on. dialect is a language variety related with region, time and society. according to the nature, dialect can be divided into regional dialect and social dialect. regional dialect is a variety which is formed because of the regional differences of language. it is a branch of common language in different regions and it is a reflection of imbalance of language development in different regions. in terms of the research on regional dialect, the dialect by yang xiong of xi han dynasty and the modern research “methods and practice of chinese dialect research” written by professor qian zengyi in 2002 are the research to chinese dialect from the angle of regional dialect. social dialect is a social variety formed by the social differences of social members belonging to the same region, which are the differences in occupation, class, age, gender, education and etc (zhang, 2008). in terms of the research on social dialect, labov, a sociolinguist in america, has researched the social stratification of english in new york city. his doctoral thesis, the social stratification of english in new york city was published in 1966. labovs “stratified random sample” of new york speakers took account of their “ethnic origin” (new yorkers, italians, jews, blacks) and their assignation to a social class: upper middle, lower middle, upper and lower working class, on the basis of income, level of education, and occupation. the research established his leadership in the field of sociolinguistics. since the last 20 years of the 20th century, chinese sociolinguists have achieved much fruit in researches of dialect from the angle of sociolinguistics. for example, “a course in sociolinguistics” written by you rujie and zou jiayan in 2004, “language variation and change” written by xu daming in 2006 are such researches. therefore, sociolinguistics has served as a new carrier of the development of research on dialect. however, the research on the comparison between dialects and standard chinese in yantai city is still a gap and the research on the social functions of dialect is also much less. therefore, it will be the highlight of this dissertation. languages, such as chinese, are used by people in different ways. that is to say we could not wish all speakers of the particular language used that language in a uniform way. the fact is that every language will have more than one variety, especially in the way in which it is spoken. today while the government promotes standard chinese in the country, dialects also play an important role in the country. therefore, the research of chinese dialect also needs attention. this dissertation focuses on dialect in 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 2 social aspects, which is based on the issues in yantai city. dialect and standard chinese assume different social functions and complement each other. standard chinese and dialect affect one another and both will have long-term coexistence and harmonious development. since china carried out the reform and opening policies to the world, our economy has witnessed a fast development, which also causes the people in different regions to have frequent contact with each other. as the most important communication tool - language also highlights its importance. standard chinese is a well-deserved official language and there are a growing number of residents learn and use it in different regions. at present, status of standard chinese is rising and the status of dialect is on the decline. for example, 50 years after the state council issued instructions regarding the promotion of putonghua, population in shanghai that can communicate in putonghua has accounted for 70.47% of the total population, which is 17 percentage points higher than the national average 53.06% (you, 2006). the score is remarkable and displays that the status of standard chinese is rising and the status of dialect is on the decline. the relationship between dialect and standard chinese has become the focus of attention. it is impossible there is only a single nation, a single language or dialect in a country since china is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-dialect country. the phenomenon of co-existence for multi-languages or multi-dialects is settled by the social functions of language, but not by administrative orders or peoples subjective wishes. the correct attitude is to let them play their different social functions side by side and then have coexistence and harmonious development. at present, recent applied researches on dialect are mainly about several aspects, such as the relationship between common national language and dialect, dialect and local culture, regional dialect and social dialect and etc. however, there are not many current domestic researches on social functions of regional dialect. therefore the author thinks it is valuable to make a further research on this topic. 1.2 the aim of the research when talking about the aims for this research, the author would like to focus the research on the following aims: the first is to describe peoples language attitudes to dialect and standard chinese. the subjects are university students and civil servants of yantai city. the second is to compare the differences of peoples language attitudes to dialect and standard chinese so as to find the relations between peoples attitudes and the use of dialect and standard chinese. the third is to find the social functions of dialect and to give an extensive discussion about why regional dialect could exist over generations. the fourth is to forecast 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 3 the further development of dialect. 1.3 structure of the research under the topic “the perspective on social functions of dialect from peoples language attitudes based on the investigation over university students and civil servants of yantai city”, this research comprises such six chapters as follows: chapter 1 is an introduction. it offers some information on the research context, research aims and structure of the research as well. chapter 2 covers quite an extensive review concerning theories such as views or definitions of chinese dialect, the functions of regional dialect and an overview on language attitudes (la) researches. then the significance of the research is illustrated. chapter 3 describes the research method. it concerns about the research subjects and research procedures, its data collection, and then some difficult issues and limitations concerning the data collection. chapter 4 presents the statistical results and suggested findings in this research. chapter 5 is the discussion. it is to interpret the suggested findings and discuss whether they have proved the hypothesis. moreover, it is to explain the affect of the results and findings to the present research on dialect. at last, it also describes the limitations of the research and gives suggestions about better methods for such a study. chapter 6 concerns with the conclusion. it discusses the significance of the research, recommendation for further study and its application. 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 4 chapter 2 literature review in this chapter, i will first review the basic concepts concerning this research, which include concepts of sociolinguistics, diglossia, standard chinese, dialect, regional dialect and social dialect, etc. then, i also reviewed some theories about the function of dialect, an overview of language attitudes (la). in addition, the problem and hypothesis of the research also have been stated, and the value of the research has been mentioned at the end of this chapter. 2.1 the basic concepts concerning this research 1) sociolinguistics sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. they are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning (holmes, 1999:1). hudson (2000:4) says “we can define sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society”. the object of sociolinguistics is the relation between language and society. it deals with 3 real objects as follows: the first is to look at the language variation and change, to see the cause and rules of variation or to look at society from the language point of view. this is regarded as micro-sociolinguistics. the second is to look at language in relation to society, such as peoples attitudes to language, language policy and planning, multilingual, language community, etc. this is regarded as macro-sociolinguistics. the third is to look into how people communicate in certain context and the differences of language use by different social classes. this is regarded as ethnography of speaking. coulmas (1997:2) and wardhaugh (2000:13) think that micro sociolinguistics investigates how social structure influences the way people talk and language varieties and patterns of use correlate with social attributes such as class, sex, and age. macro sociolinguistics, on the other hand, studies what societies do with their languages, that is, attitudes and attachment that account for the functional distribution of speech form in society, language shift, maintenance, replacement, the delimitation and interaction of speech communities. 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 烟 台 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 5 2) diglossia diglossia is in terms of the social functions of language. diglossia is used to describe a situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community, each with a distinct range of social functions. there is normally a high variety, for formal or serious matters, and a low variety, for conversation and other informal uses. the term diglossia was introduced into the english-language literature on sociolinguistics by charles ferguson (1959). in all these societies there are two distinct varieties, sufficiently distinct for lay-people to call them separate languages, of which one is used only on formal and public occasions while the other is used by everybody under everyday circumstances. the two varieties are normally called high and low or standard and vernacular. holmes (1999:32) says diglossia has three crucial features: (1) two distinct varieties of the same language are used in the community, with one regarded as a high variety (h) and the other a low variety (l). (2) each variety is used for quite distinct functions; h and l complement each other. (3) no one uses the h in everyday conversation. when talking about diglossia, wardhaugh (2000) says that diglossia bears such features as: (1) a key characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept quite apart in their functions. one is used in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set. for example, the h variety may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and television, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers. in contrast, the l variety may be used in giving instructions to workers in low-prestige occupations or to household servants, in conversation with familiars, in soap operas and popular programs on the radio, in captions on political cartoons in newspapers, and in folk literature. on occasion, a person may lecture in an h variety but answer questions about its contents or explain parts of it in an l variety so as to ensure understanding. (2) the h variety is the prestige variety; the l variety lacks prestige. (3) another important difference between the h and l vari