Unit7 American Literatureppt课件

Unit7AmericanLiterature,1,EarlyFiction,2,Definition:WashingtonIrving,Oneofthefamouswritersofthepost-Revolutionaryperiod.HistoryofNewYorkanaccountoftheDutchsettlementofManhattanIsland.WiththisworkIrvingfurnishedAmericawithfirstmyth-hero,FatherKnickerbockers.,3,Leatherstockingtales,ItreferstothefirstgreatromanceswrittenbyFenimoreCooper,attheperiodofthepostAmericanRevolution.ItincludesThePioneers,TheLastiftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinder,TheDeerslayer.Itpresentsthelifestoryofthefamouswoodsman,NattyBumppo,whobecametheforerunnerofallheroicforestscouts,bearhunters,andcowboysoflaterAmericannovelsandfilms.,4,Transcendentalists,5,Definition:Emerson,In1836,hepublishedastartlingbookcalledNature.Heclaimedthatbystudyingandrespondingtonatureindividualscouldreachahigherspiritualstatewithoutformalreligion.Emersonslectureswerelikesermons,withdirectadmotivatinglanguage.Inhispoetry,hedevelopedafree-form,naturalstyle,usingsymbolsandimagerydrawnfromnature.Hisworkhadanimmenseimpactonotherpoets.,6,Definition:TheTranscendentalists,AcircleofintellectualswhowerediscontentedwiththeNewEnglandestablishmentsoongatheredaroundEmerson.Theywereknownasthetranscendentalists,basedontheiracceptanceofEmersonstheoriesaboutspiritualtranscendence.,7,Definition:Thoreau,Thoreauwaspassionateaboutindividualslearningtothinkforthemselvesandbeingindependent,bothtraditionalAmericanvalues.Walden,publishedin1854,abouthisexperiencebesideawoodedpond.Thedictatesofanindividualsconscienceshouldtakeprecedenceoverthedemands,eventhelaws,ofthesociety.,8,PowerofImagination,9,AllanPoe,Hepublishedpoemsofmusicallanguageandextravagantimaginary,whichmadehimaworthyrivaloftheEuropeanRomanticpoets.In1835,hebeganwritingbold,originalstories,suchas,TheMasqueofRedDeathandTheFalloftheHouseofUsher.Thesesuspenseful,terrifyingtalesplungeddeepintohumanpsychology,andexploredtherealmsofsciencefictionandthemysterystorylongbeforesuchgenreswererecognized.,10,NathanielHawthorne,Hiswaywastowriteimaginativeromances,storiesandnovelswhichwerenotnecessarilyrealisticbutwhichweredesignedtoexplorecertainmoralthemessuchasguilt,prideandemotionalrepression.HismasterpiecewasTheScarletLetter,anovelpublishedin1850.setinthePuritanpast,itisthestarkdramaofawomanharshlycastoutfromhercommunityforcommittingthesinofadultery.,11,HermanMelville,Hewrotenovelswhichwerefundamentallyallegoriesonpoliticsandreligion.Thepublicrejected.Ironically,theverybooksthatprovedunacceptableduringhislifetimearetheonesmostadmiredtoday.MobyDick,publishedin1851,usesastoryofawhalingvoyagetoexploreprofoundthemessuchasfate,thenatureofevil,andtheindividualsstruggleagainsttheuniverse.ItisconsideredanAmericanmasterpiece.,12,NewVisionsofAmerica,13,WaltWhitman,In1855,hepublishedaground-breakingbookcalledLeavesofGrass.Readerswereamazedbythefree-flowingstructureofhispoetrywithitslongirregularlines.WhitmanventuredbeyondtraditionalformstomeethisneedformorespacetoexpresstheAmericanspirit.WhitmandweltonhimselfsimplybecausehesawhimselfasaprototypeoftheAmerican.HecelebratedasweepingpanoramaoftheAmericanlandscapeandsangoftherhythmsoflifeunitingallcitizensofthedemocracy.,14,ReformandLiberation,15,UncleTomsCabin,AnantislaverynovelwrittenbyaNewEnglandwomannamedHarrietBeecherStowe.Sentimentalandmelodramaticasitwas,UncleTomsCabinportrayedblackslavesassympathetic,sufferingfigures,andcreatedanimageofthecruelslaveowner.Asaresultofthisbestsellingstory,theslaveryquestionbecameapassionatelydebatedpoliticalissue.,16,Regionalism,17,Thecountryhadbeengrowing;aspioneerssettlednewterritoriesintheWest,writersnowfocusedonthedifferencesbetweenthevariousregionsoftheUnitedStatesratherthanonasinglevisionoftheexpandingcountry.,18,MarkTwain,ThefirstmajorAmericanwritertobebornawayfromtheEastCoast.Twainwasanewvoice,anoriginalgenius,amanofthepeople.HecapturedapeculiarlyAmericansenseofhumor.Twainhadacynicalstreakthatmatchedthecountrysskepticalpost-CivilWarmood.HisgreatestbookisTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.,19,EmilyDickinson,Apoetwhohasbeenadmiredbylatergenerations,butwhowasbarelyknownwhileshelived.Herpoetrymixedgaietyandgloom.Herversesarefilledwiththenamesoffaraway,exoticplaces,ontheotherhand,shecouldmakepoeticdramaoutofthingsathand.Shewasfascinatedbylife,shewasalsomorethanalittleinlovewithdeath.Herpoemsarebrief,butinsmallspacesshepackedanemotionalchargeofsurprisingforce.,20,ANewWave,21,HenryJames,AnAmericanwholivedinEurope,examinedAmericansocietybyobservingthedivergencebetweenAmericanandEuropeaninnovelslikeTheAmericanandPortraitofaLady.HisotherworksareTheWingsoftheDove,TheAmbassadorsandTheGoldenBowl,inwhichheplungeddeepintothecharactersandpersonalitiesofhissubjects.Jamesinterestwaspsychologicalratherthansocial.Hedrewhisreadersclosetohischaractersmentalandemotionalprocesses.,22,Naturalists,Theyconcentratedincreasinglyuponthegrimmeraspectsofrealityandadeterministicviewoflife.,23,WilliamDeanHowellstheRiseofSilasLapham.StephenCraneMaggie,AGirloftheStreets;TheRedBadgeofCourage(thefirstimpressionisticnovelinAmerica).TheodoreDreiserSisterCarrieSinclairTheJungleJackLondonCalloftheWildEdithWhartonTheHouseofMirth;TheAgeofInnocence.,24,SympatheticViews,25,KateChopinTheAwakeningissetintheheartoftheSouth,inNewOrleans.WillaCatherOPioneers!DepictslifeonthesweepingplainsofMidwesternNebraska.W.E.B.DuBoisSoulsofBlackFolk,aseriesofsketchesofthecommonlivesofblackpeoplesinceslavery.,26,RebelliousSpirit,27,SinclairLewis,MainStreetrevoltfromthevillageGopherPrairiesuggestscrudenessandlackofculture.BabbittandArrowsmithLewisdrewvividcaricaturesandsatirizedthetraditionalAmericandreamofsuccess.HesummedupwhatsmalltownAmericawasallabout.HewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1930,thefirstAmericantobesohonored.,28,TheModernists,29,Imagism,Poetsfocusedonstrong,concreteimages.EzraPoundwasanImagist.,30,T.S.Eliot,Hewrotespare,intellectualpoetry,carriedbyadensestructureofsymbols.His1922poem,TheWasteLandspunout,infragmented,hauntingimages,apessimisticvisionofpost-WorldWarsociety.Fromthenon,Eliotdominatedtheso-calledModernMovementinpoetry.,31,LostGeneration,32,IntheaftermathofWorldWar,manynovelistsproducedaliteratureofdisillusionment.SomelivedinEurope.TheywereknownastheLostGeneration.TwoofthemostrepresentativewritersoftheLostGenerationwereHemingwayandFitzgerald.,33,F.ScottFitzgerald,Hisnovelscapturedtherestless,pleasure-hungry,defiantmoodofthe1920s.TheGreatGatsby,wasofyouthsgoldendreamsturningtodisappointment.Hisprosewasexquisite,yethisvisionwasessentiallymelancholyandnostalgic.,34,ErnestHemingway,Headoptedamoralcodeexaltingsimplesurvivalandthebasicvaluesofstrength,courageandhonesty.Hecutoutallunnecessarywordsandcomplexsentencestructure,concentratingonconcreteobjectsandactions.HisbestworkswereTheSunAlsoRise,AFarewelltoArmsandForWhomtheBellTolls.HewontheNobelPrizeandisconsideredoneofthegreatestAmericanwriters.,35,WilliamFaulkner,TheSoundandtheFuryLightinAugustHewonaNobelPrize.,36,HarlemRenaissance,37,Harlem,afashionableblackneighborhoodinNewYorkCity.Jazz,alively,powerfulmusicbroughtbyAfrican-American.TheNewNegro,anarticulateurbanblack,consciousofhisorherracialidentity.,38,NewDrama,39,EugeneONeil,Hewas20thAmericanfamousplaywright.HewonaNobelPrizein1936forliterature.AmonghismajorplayswereDesireUndertheElms,MorningBecomesElectra,TheIcemancometh,andLongDaysJourneyintoNight.,40,Depression,RealismandEscapism,41,JohnSteinbecktheGrapesofWrathMargaretMitchellGonewiththeWind,Historicalfiction.JosephHellerCatch22.,42,PostwarVoicesandtheBeatGeneration,43,RichardWrightNativeSonRalphEllisonInvisiblemanJamesBaldwinGoTellItontheMountain;TheFireNextTimeAmericanJews,SingerandBellowwontheNobelPrizeforLiterature.TennesseeWilliamsTheGlassMenagerie;StreetCarNamedDesireArthurMillerDeathofaSalesmanJ.D.SalingerTheCatcher