（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）权势与同等中语言的功能分析.pdf

on the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity iv 摘 要 对话语的理解必须依赖一定的语境，而语境因素是一个极具抽象的概念，其中社会语境是影响话语理解的一个重要参数。权势和同等作为进行话语理解的横向和纵向两个维度内的衡量标准，在很大程度上将会影响语言的选择及其隐含意义，而对这些语言功能的分析将会加深对语言的理解。 权势和同等作为两个极为抽象的语境参数，他们只能作为一种载体。语言，承载于权势和同等这两个语义之上的实体，恰能反应语言交际中参与者或所指者之间的某种人际关系。本文从指示语，称呼语，动词或副词结构，语码语体转换等其他语言结构层面来分析它们和权势与同等这两个影响话语交际的参数的映照关系。并着重试图运用雅各布森语境因素和语言功能对应关系的理论和韩礼德系统功能语法框架来对不同语境中语言的功能进行分析。作者认为，根据奥斯丁的语言哲学，话语交际的强势方具有更大的语力效应。他们的话语能实施有效的指令功能，从而改变受话者或其他人的地位，同时在一定程度上控制话语的语轮和话题。 从礼貌原则来看，言语的强势方对话语的使用是二维的。他们可能为了利益的最大化弱化自己的权势地位，增加与弱势方的等同量。他也可能强化自己的权势地位，缩小双方的同等量。在政治语篇中，这种权势和共聚的变化都是通过言语的模糊化来表现，改变受话者的对某一事件的态度等，以实现语言的感情功能。另外，交际中的某些话语也表现出语言的交感性功能，维持人际关系以期在交际的双方获得某种同等。在韩氏系统功能语法框架中，权势和同等的关系主要影响着三大元功能中的人际功能表达。交际双方的这种权势和同等关系作为话语基调分别制约着话语中的语气系统和情态系统。 本研究的目标就是通过对话语双方权势量的不同，找出他们之间由于社会地位差距所表达的不同隐含意义，同时话语双方权势量的不同也会因为接触的频率和感情的投入程度来抵消一定的权势量，在话语双方找到一种共同点，即获得交际中的同等，从而形成具体的话语基调，影响着语境。对不同语境下语言的功能分析，就是对不同权势表达者话语的理解； 研究权势和同等中语言的功能，反过来对话语参与者选择得体，礼貌的言语形式有很好的指导意义。在说话人作为言语行为主体的条件下，只有依据语言规则和社会规约两方面的要求，说话者选择合乎法度，得体达意的言语，抽象的语言形式才会获得具体的社会意义。 关键词：权势；同等；语言功能 on the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity ii abstract a full comprehension of language is dependent on the context it is set in. context is an extremely abstract concept. power and solidarity, as two dimensions for language comprehension, vertically and horizontally, on certain degree influence the possible linguistic choice and its implied meaning. an analysis of functions of the possible linguistic choice will benefit a lot for the comprehension of language. power and solidarity can exhibit no more than a carrier on which language, as the entity, reflects the interpersonal relationship of the speech participants. this paper tries every means to find out the possible linguistic signals and styles, such as deictic terms, address terms, verb and adverb patterns, code-switching and style variation etc. to be accordent with power and solidarity. the focus of this paper is the analysis of the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity, with the application of jakobsons theory of correspondent relationship between linguistic contexts and functions as well as hallidays theory of functional grammar. according to austins linguistic philosophy, the more powerful speech participant possesses stronger linguistic force, whose language can on certain degree exerts performative function, so as to change the addressees social status or even fate, and control the topic or the turn-taking in communication. from the polite principle, the language choice of those with more power is two-dimensioned. they try to weaken their power and enhance the solidarity with the addressee for optimizing their interest. meanwhile, for their fighting validity, they might widen their power gap with the addressee, so as to change the addressees attitude to something and fulfill the emotive function of language. further more, some language can exhibit phatic function to maintain a sound interrelationship for the smooth communication. in the framework of hallidays functional grammar, the power-solidarity relationship exerts influences on the interpersonal function. it is considered as the tenor of discourse, constraining the mood and modality system in language. the purpose of this study is to conduct an functional analysis of the linguistic forms from different power groups for the full comprehension of language. meanwhile the frequency of contact or the devotion of affection on certain degree can neutralize the power gap between speech participants and certain solidarity can be obtained. the possible change can form the concrete tenor of discourse and influence the context. the 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 iiianalysis of linguistic functions in different context is the comprehension of language from different power groups. the analysis of linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity also has great significance on the appropriate linguistic choice for politeness. the speaker, as the entity for speech communication, only taking the linguistic regulations and social conventions into account, to make appropriate linguistic choice, can linguistic form fulfill the social significances. key words: power; solidarity; linguistic functions 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 v list of abbreviations a addresser x addressee or referent fn first name tln title + last name s subject v verb o object oc object complement 中南民族大学 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关部门保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并想国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权中南民族大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 本学位论文属于 保密，在 年解密后适用本授权书。 不保密 （请在以上相应方框内打） 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 i acknowledgements this thesis would otherwise have been difficult to finish if it had not been for the generous and tremendous help i have received from many sources. i should first give my gratitude to my honourable supervisor prof. huang chongzhen for her valuable help in my draft writing, revision making and final completion of the paper. without her valuable comments and insightful criticisms, the thesis would never have been what it is. my sincere appreciation is also extended to all the teachers who have taught me and have given me support and encouragement during my three-year study in south central university for nationalities. last but not least, my thanks also go to my wife for her devotion to fostering our lovely kidwan shiqian, and my elder brother for his unselfish financial support. 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 1 chapter 1 introduction one presupposition for a smooth speech communication is a good comprehension on language, which must be rooted in certain context. speech context is extremely abstract. many linguists, domestic or abroad, have made effort on the study of speech context. although they had different opinions on the definition of concepts and variables of context, in general, two schools are apparently outlined methodologically for the study of context. one way of study is from the psychologically cognition, which focuses the generation and comprehension of the context, considering speech communication as a cognitive process, while the other is from the social culture, which claims that language structure and function should be studied from the social and cultural environment of the speech participant, viewing speech communication is no more than a social behavior. the latter put more emphasis on social and cultural factors for speech presentation. what my paper concerns about is hallidays trichotomy on the relation between language structure and its function and jakobsons theory of three correspondence between the linguistic contexts and functions. power and solidarity, as two variables to reflect the social relations between the addresser and addressee, of course, are factors which can not be ignored in social context. the two terms were first introduced into sociolinguistics by the social psychologist roger brown. power is self-explanatory, referring to the social gap between the addresser and the addressee. this is a vertical standard to reflect the social relation of the speech participants. one who has power over another person, can control the other persons behavior and change the addressees social status, attitude or emotion to something, and initiate the recognition of certain solidarity. the older are presumed to have more power than the younger, parents over children, employers over employees, military officers over soldiers, and so on. the power semantic would be sufficient only if a society were so finely stratified that each individual had an asymmetrical relationship with every other individual; in other words, there were no power equals. solidarity, a horizontal standard to reflect the social relations, concerns the social distance between peoplehow much experience they have shared, how many social characteristics they share (religion, sex, age, region of origin, race, occupation, interests, etc.), and how far they are prepared to share intimacies, and other factors. solidarity, implying a sharing between people, a degree of closeness and on the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity 2intimacy, is an important social force that has a major impact on linguistic choice. since the two factors, power and solidarity, are of different dimensions, there sometimes are some intermediate situations to identify the social relations between the speech participants, which make the speech comprehension far more complicated. power and solidarity are two excessive abstract concepts to indicate the social relationship, including the social status and social distance of the speech participants. they are the two basic semantic forms embodying the social relationship, unable to carry any social significance. they have to assort to language or speech components to fulfill the social significances. here, what we discussed about language and social significance is what associates between form and function, with social relationship as a meaning filter. since we are living in a world with stratified social classes, our choice of any language form should be corresponding to the appropriate social relationship of the speech participants, carrying the right social function. thus we can establish a semantic-generation pattern in sociolinguistics, to illustrate how a linguistic form x with abstract concept, entering a social context y as the language input will go through a meaning filter constrained by this context of situation to produce an appropriate and meaningful social significance z as the speech output (diagram in next page). edified by former studies on the related topic, with a focus on analysis for the speech comprehension, this paper aims to achieve the following goals: firstly, try to find out the possible linguistic signals and styles concerning power and solidarity in language; secondly, to make clear how the two parameters of power and solidarity are manifested in language based on the analysis of some speech materials; thirdly, to conduct an analysis of the linguistic function so as to help people have a good comprehension for speech communication. 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 3 diagram: (a sociolinguistic model for meaning generalization from yang yonglins: a study of sociolinguistics issues) to speech comprehension, this research mainly makes some analyses of the function of language from two perspectives. one is from hallidays functional grammar. since some signals of power and solidarity are at the same time exerting parts of speech in sentence structure, the signals can be analysed in a clause as noted in functional grammar. the core of hallidays functional grammar holds that a clause can simultaneously embody three distinct kinds of meaning, of which clause as an exchange is corresponding to interpersonal functionthe exact scope manifested by the two parameters of power and solidarity, including the study of the role, mood, modality, evaluation and negotiation of the addresser and the addressee. the other is from the pragmatic perspective, since some linguists believe that in english the main markers or signals of power and solidarity are described as peripheral system of english as a whole, which can be handled in a separate section of the grammar with little or no consequence for any parts of it. pragmatics, the so-called “invalid basket”, is the right field for us to take an analysis of the linguistic functions, with three of jakobsons theory of six corresponding elements in the frame of linguistic function. the whole paper consists of six chapters. chapter one is a brief introduction of the present study, with aims, the study scope and structures of the paper included. chapter two is a literature review of the related study on power and solidarity, abroad and domestic. chapter three is the theoretical frame concerning the present research. linguistic form social contexts as meaning filter social significance on the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity 4chapter four is a notifying of linguistic signals or styles concerning power and solidarity, including the deictic terms, address terms, verb and adverb patterns, code-switching and style variation. chapter five takes an analysis of linguistic function of power and solidarity from pragmatic perspective and functional grammar respectively. the last chapter draws a conclusion of the whole research paper. 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 5 chapter 2 literature review 2.1 the origin of the two concepts of power and solidarity many european languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous (t/v) distinction in latin, where grammatically there is a “singular you” tu and a “plural you” vous. the t/v distinction began as a genuine difference between singular and plural. but later on, a complication arose to extend the meaning of tu and vous. in the latin of antiquity there was only tu in the singular. the plural vos as form of address to one person was first directed to the emperor. the use of the plural to the emperor began in the fourth century, by that time there were actually two emperorsthe ruler of the eastern empire with his seat in constanatinople and the ruler of the west sat in rome. because of diocletians reforms the imperial office, although rested in two men, was administratively unified. words addressed to one man were, by implication, addressed to both. the choice of vos as a form of address may have been in response to this implicit plurality. an emperor is also plural in another sense; he is the summation of his people and can speak as their representative. royal persons sometimes say we where an ordinary man would say i. the roman emperor sometimes spoke of himself as vos, and the reverential vos is the simple reciprocal of this. according to brown and gilmans study, by the medieval times, the upper class in rome apparently began to use v forms with each other to show mutual respect and politeness as an extension, while the lower class used mutual t form to take the same social purpose. and the upper class addressed the lower classes with t but received v. the latter asymmetrical t/v usage therefore came to symbolize a power relationship. so, the power relationship is usually non-reciprocal. symmetrical v usage became polite usage, this polite usage spread downward in society. symmetrical t usage was always available to show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to situations in which two people agree they had strong common interests, that is, the feeling of solidarity. so originally, the extremely abstract concepts of power and solidarity were first applied to addressing to each other at the beginning. with the further study of language itself, we may find power and solidarity are not merely manifested in addressing forms, but also in many other linguistic forms as we will mentioned in the next chapter. on the linguistic functions concerning power and solidarity 62.2 r. brown and a. gilmans research it is the famous american psychologist roger brown who first introduces the two concepts power and solidarity into sociolinguistics. in roger brown and albert gilmans collaborative thesis “the pronouns of power and solidarity”, with address pronouns as the corpora, they conduct a contrastive research of the address terms in some main european languages through interview, questionnaire and literary analysis. by diachronic study, they find that there are two basic common social features for address terms in english, french, german, italian and spanish, namely, power and solidarity. they first point out the semantic changes of the address pronouns in some european languages from grammatical meaning to social meaning. and stress that power and solidarity are constrained by social structure, group consciousness and meaning of pronoun itself. the static social structure is accompanied by religious preaching, requiring everyone satisfied with the god will, never going beyond the social status recognized by the religious doctrines. the reciprocal solidarity is developed by the fluid society change and equal consciousness. the permanent style of speakers reflects their social status and political perspective. brown and gilman define power as a relationship between at least two persons and it is nonreciprocal in the sense that both cannot have power in the same area of behavior. there are many bases of power physical strength, wealth, age, sex, institutionalized role in the church, the state, the army or within the family. older people are assumed to have power over younger people. bosses have power over their employees, officials over non-officials, nobles over peasants, military officers over soldiers, parents over children, pope over priests. hence, the power semantic is nonreciprocal: the superior says t and receives v the individuals first experience of subordination to power and of the reverential v comes in his relation to his parents. since brown and gilman reported their research, a number of other scholars have conducted research on the same and other languages. lambent and tucker (1976)analyzed a mass of survey data from french-speaking communities in france and canada and spanish communities in puerto rico and colombia. bates and benigni (1975) conducted their research on italian in rome. both studies are in agreement with the finding of brown and gilman, but they propose that there is considerable variation in pronoun choice such as social class, age, sex, and other social factors. power gap in a society almost exists in any possible way. once a conversation is made, long or short, the relationship between interlocutors can be easily reflected in 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 7linguistic signs. so we can say power is absolute, while solidarity is relative. 2.3 r.a. hudson and r. wardhaughs researches r.a. hudson and ronald wardhaughs introduction of power and solidarity are based on brown and gilmans research the