（英语语言文学专业论文）《金色笔记》七个人物形象的精神分析解读.pdf

宁波大学硕士学位论文 i 金色笔记七个人物形象的精神分析解读 摘 要 本文以精神分析理论分析当代英国作家多丽思莱辛的作品金色笔记， 尝试利 用新的角度和视野诠释其创作的意义。通过对文本的具体分析，本文对该小说的七个人物 形象进行精神分析解读。 精神分析理论对 20 世纪世界文化思潮有着重大影响。在当今的西方文学研究中，精 神分析已经成为一个经典的理论方法。本文不拘一家之言，弗洛伊德、荣格、莱恩等大家 理论均有涉猎，旨在帮助读者从更深层次挖掘小说内涵。通过对小说七个人物进行分析， 深入研究人物的内心世界和精神面貌，能够为解读作品提供一个新的视角，帮助研究当时 英国社会人们的社会生活和精神面貌，从而对挖掘人类社会和人性本身的共同特点提供借 鉴。 本论文共由五章构成： 第一章为引言，简要介绍论文的目的、价值和写作框架。第二章介绍精神分析理论背 景，以及论文运用到的主要理论体系，结合这一理论在小说研究中的意义，为下文对文本 进行分析做好铺垫。第三章至第四章为论文主体，对安娜等七个人物从精神分析批评的视 角进行解读。具体而言，第三章分析了主人公安娜的形象，从梦的解析、写作障碍症、精 神分裂、精神整合等四个方面较为全面系统地剖析安娜的精神世界。第四章分析汤米、爱 拉、保罗、马莉恩、理查和索尔六位主要人物，逐一剖析人物的性格特点、内心世界，为 深入细致地了解小说七个人物形象提供借鉴。第五章为结论部分，通过运用精神分析理 论，本文展现了小说所描绘的现代西方社会的种种精神困扰，尤其是女性所面临的生存困 境，希望能为读者更好地理解作家眼中的生活与人性本质提供有益帮助。 关键词：金色笔记， 人物形象， 精神分析， 解读 宁波大学硕士学位论文 ii a psychoanalytical interpretation of seven characters in the golden notebook abstract the thesis applies psychoanalytical theories to analyzing the modern british writer doris lessings the golden notebook, attempting to explore the significance from a new perspective. psychoanalytical theories have a great influence on the world in the twentieth century and have become one of the classical approaches favored by modern critics. not restricted to a single aspect of psychoanalytical theories, the thesis applies freuds theory of interpretation of dreams, jungs theory of unconscious and archetypes, laings theory of schizophrenia, wherever necessary, for the purpose of combining the classical psychoanalytical theories to help the reader dig further into the depth of the novel. by presenting the inner worlds and spiritual lives of seven characters respectively, this thesis pictures a general overview of the minds and hearts of britain in the 1950s, through which a touch of common features shared by all human beings might be obtained. the thesis is composed of five chapters that run as follows: chapter one is an introduction to the purpose, significance and organization of the paper. chapter two introduces psychoanalytical theories as a critical background and the main theoretical framework to be applied in the thesis, which shows the significance of the theory in analyzing the novel and foreshadows the following textual analysis. as the main body of the thesis, chapter three analyses anna, the protagonist in terms of her mental experiences from four aspects: interpretation of dreams, writers block, schizophrenia, and soul reintegration while chapter four examines other six characters: tommy, ella, paul, marion, richard, and saul, presenting their personalities and probing into their inner worlds respectively. chapter five is the conclusion of the whole thesis. based on the previous argumentation and the interpretation of the characters fate, the thesis reveals that lessings depiction of modern western peoples lives, especially womens living perplexity, through applying psychoanalytical theories. it affords readers a better understanding of the theme of the novel as well as the writers true cognition of the real life and human nature. key words: the golden notebook, characters, psychoanalysis, interpretation 独独 创创 性性 声声 明明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工 作及取得研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方 外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果，也不包含为获得 宁波大学或其他教育机构的学位或证书所使用过的材料。与我一同工作 的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中做了明确的说明并表示了 谢意。 签名：_ 日期：_ 关于论文使用授权的声明关于论文使用授权的声明 本人完全了解宁波大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校 有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论 文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。 （保密的论文在解密后应遵循此规定）（保密的论文在解密后应遵循此规定） 签名：_ 导师签名：_ 日期：_ 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 1 - 1 introduction 1.1 significance of the topic this paper aims to analyze the masterpiece the golden notebook (1962) of doris lessing (1919- ), a contemporary english writer of international fame, who was nominated for the nobel prize of literature for several successive years. lessing has attracted critics attention worldwide since her most influential work the golden notebook was published. until now, numerous monographs, book reviews as well as over hundreds of articles concerning her life or works have been published, which provide our research with a wide and precious resource to be consulted with. although these materials are helpful and valuable, there does exist some pity. as can be seen, these efforts in terms of the writer and her work, are mainly focused on the writing skills and techniques (carey 1973; fuoroli 1981; brooms 1986; sprague 1987; budhos 1987; whittaker 1988; scott 1996; scott 1997; xu yan 1999; li huihua 2003; xu yan 2003; mort 2004; cheng qian 2005; li lili 2005), or concern the study of feminism, post-colonialism and the innovation of the novels structure (rubenstein 1979; liu xuelan 1998; han xiaomin 2001; shi min 2001; zhang ying 2003; correll 2004; bai aixian 2005), or are simply book reviews which lack profound academic depths (thorpe 1973, showalter 1999, vianu 1999). another point is that the research involves some of the main characters or the one or two aspects of the psychoanalytical theories (li xin 1997; youping, wu 2001; carol 2002), which lack the analysis of other characters and all-round psychoanalytic interpretations of the main characters in the novel. so these present achievements in this field leave a vacancy for this thesis to apply psychoanalytical theories into a further study of the writer and the book. psychoanalysis is an approach in literature criticism, which uses psychology to analyze literary works. this theory has had a great influence on the world intellectual field since the beginning of the 20th century. the golden notebook is a typical example of psychoanalysis novel, which can be easily traced both in its structure and theme. this thesis, based on the western literary critical theory, studies the psychological phenomena and their roots by combining theoretical analysis and textual interpretation. it is concerned with the psychoanalytic interpretation of the seven characters in the novel by employing a series of classical theories of psychoanalysts, including the theories of interpretation of dreams, unconscious and archetypes, schizophrenia, etc. as will be argued by the thesis, from the protagonist anna wulf to other six characters, their inner worlds will be exposed and analyzed in depth. it aims at a further exploration of the value and essence of the novel, which will be beneficial to the reader for a better and deeper appreciation of this outstanding work. 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 2 - 1.2 organization of the thesis the thesis is composed of five chapters that run as follows: chapter one is a brief introduction to the significance and organization of the paper. chapter two introduces the theory to be applied and the writer together with her writing career. chapter three and chapter four are a detailed study of seven characters in the novel. chapter five will be a conclusion of the whole thesis. through the psychoanalysis of seven characters in the novel, the thesis tries to reveal lessings vivid depiction of human spiritual atmosphere in the british society in the 1950s, and provides the reader with a better understanding of the writers true cognition of the real life as well as human nature. 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 3 - 2 psychoanalytical criticism theory 2.1 theoretical foundation and feasibility for the application of psychoanalytical criticism psychoanalysis has a great influence on the construction and evolution of world culture and trend of thought in the 20th century. through about 50 years exploration and effort, sigmund freud (1856-1936), the founder, created an independent and complicated system of theory and discourse, which is combined with medicine, literature, religion, ethics, linguistics and psychology (fang cheng, 2001:1). later various psychoanalytic schools appeared, adopting other names for their doctrines to indicate deviations from freudian theory, such as c. g. jung (1875-1961), alfred adler (1870-1937), otto rank (1884-1939), r. d. laing (1927-1989), etc. their efforts contribute to the innovation and enrichment of modern psychoanalysis that finds its application in almost all branches of humanities and social sciences. to some extent, influenced by psychoanalytical criticism, many important writers in the 20th century applied it in their literary creation consciously or unconsciously. there is no exception with doris lessings creation of the golden notebook. in this novel, with the subject matter based on the female emotional life, lessing depicts the society and life from the perspective of the intellectual women, and gives special and careful concern to the characters psychological description. lessing writes in the introduction of the novel: “this theme of breakdown, that sometimes when people crack up it is a way of self-healing, of the inner selfs dismissing false dichotomies and divisions, has of course been written about by other people, as well as by me, since then.” (lessing, 1981:14) the novel depicts the protagonist anna wulfs psychological experience of how to overcome a “writers block”, defeat spiritual fragmentation and integrate a divided self. according to eagleton, psychoanalysis is not only a theory of the human mind, but a practice for curing those who are considered mentally ill or disturbed (eagleton, 1983:159). the theme reflected in this novel finds convincing evidence for applying psychoanalytical approach to it. 2.2 psychoanalytical literatures and theories as critical background 2.2.1 the theory of interpretation of dreams sigmund freud, the recognized founder of modern psychoanalysis, has exerted an influence far beyond his own field. the first of freuds innovations is his recognition of unconscious psychiatric processes that follow laws different from those that govern conscious experience. through analysis of unconscious processes, freud raises the theory of the interpretation of dreams. the interpretation of dreams (1900) provides a hermeneutic for the unmasking of the dreams disguise. it is largely due to this work that freudianism should have such an enormous impact on literary criticism and theory. to freud, dreams are explained as the disguised expression of wish fulfillment. like neurotic symptoms, dreams are the effects of compromises in the psyche between 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 4 - desires and prohibitions. in other words, the manifest content of the dream, which is remembered and reported, must be understood as veiling a latent meaning (zhu gang, 2001:111). freud believes that the function of dreams is to prevent sleep from disturbing impulses that originate from within and connected with ones early life experiences. thus, unacceptable impulses and thoughts, called the latent dream content, are transformed into the manifest dream that is a conscious and incomprehensible experience. based on these unconscious mechanisms, the analyst reverses the so-called dream work, that is, through dream interpretation, the latent dream is transformed into the manifest dream and its underlying meaning is recognized. 2.2.2 the theory of unconscious and archetypes carl gustav jung, one of freuds earliest pupils, eventually created a school that he preferred to call analytical psychology. like freud, jung uses the concept of the libido. however, to him, it means not only sexual drives, but also a composite of all creative instincts and impulses and the entire motivating force of human conduct. according to his theories, the unconscious is divided into two parts: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. the former contains the results of the individuals entire experience. the latter, the reservoir of the experience of the human race, is the key point of his psychological theory and very critical to the understanding of the concept of “archetype”. “the hypothesis of a collective unconscious belongs to the class of ideas that people at first find strange but soon come to possess and use as familiar conceptions.” (jung, 1980:3) the content of the collective unconscious is made up essentially of archetypes. the word “archetype,” according to jung, is much used in ancient greek, arche meaning “root” and “origin” while typos “pattern” or “model.” the modern concept of the archetype appeared in the late 19th century, referring to the recurring literary phenomena such as motifs, themes, and narrative designs (zhu gang, 2001:128). archetypes tell us that so far as the collective unconscious contents are concerned we are dealing with archaic or-i would say-primordial types, that is, with universal images that have existed since the remotest times (jung, 1980:5). archetypes take the form of bits of intuitive knowledge or apprehension and normally exist only in the collective unconscious of the individual. jung divided archetypes into two kinds: types of figures and types of situations. as for types of situation, he names many archetypes related to human images: persona, shadow, the wise old man, anima and animus, etc. (qiu yunhua, 2005:122). archetypes are primitive modes of thought and tend to personify natural processes in terms of such mythological concepts. as archetypes usually include myths (tales, rituals, totems, taboos, etc.), so “archetypal criticism” is often used for myth and archetypal criticism. jung disagrees with freuds distinction between the ego and superego. he defines a portion of the personality as the persona which is somewhat similar to the superego. the persona refers to what a person appears to be to others, which is different from what he or she actually is. the 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 5 - persona is the role the individual chooses to play in life, the total impression he or she hopes to make on the outside world (hall, 1987:48). besides jung, james frazer (1854-1941) in the late nineteenth century revealed the recurring mythical patterns in tales and rituals; and northrop frye (1912-1991), the canadian theologian and literary critic, believes that archetypes are typical recurrent images. based on the previous two theories, he proposed a whole system of literary archetypical criticism in the 1950s. 2.2.3 the theory of schizophrenia the study of schizophrenia had appeared to many psychologists and psychiatrists before the swiss psychiatrist eugen bleuler (1857-1939) introduced the term schizophrenia. among them, freud made a dominating achievement in the pathological study of schizophrenia. he used dementia praecox instead of the term schizophrenia. he proposed that the patient who suffers from dementia praecox regresses to a state of primary narcissism, which is characteristic of a period of infancy during which the distinction between id, ego, and superego disappears (macmillan, 1997:363). in eagletons interpretation, schizophrenia involves a detachment from reality and a turning in on the self, with an excessive but loosely systematized production of fantasies (eagleton, 1983:159). however, the anti-psychiatry movement asserts that psychosis is no longer regarded as a pathological phenomenon. r. d. laing, an english psychiatrist and also a major anti-psychiatrist, interprets psychosis as “a kind of return of the repressed of modern society” (frosh, 1991:147). laing applies a theory of the split between inner self and false self to explain psychosis. according to his interpretation, psychosis is the sudden removal of the veil of the false selfs outer conformity. as a result, the inner self begins to pour out accusations of persecution by the very persons with whom the false self has been complying. schizophrenia, as one kind of psychosis, is regarded “as an intelligible and potentially healing response to conflicting social demands” when the schizoid individual is filled with extreme ontological insecurity toward his own identity (showalter, 1987:238). in self and others (1969), laing indicates that those who desire to leave the social fantasy system are considered “mad.” in laings interpretation, schizoid individuals are those who are trapped in the untenable position since it is impossible for them to leave, and they are unbearable to stay in the social fantasy systems. they are no longer willing to comply with others for the sake of the social fantasy system. in the divided self (1965), laing further elucidates schizophrenia from a new perspective based on existential theories. as laing asserts, “the reality of the world and of the self are mutually potentiated by the direct relationship between self and other.” (laing, 1965:82) in his theory, the schizoid individuals refer to individuals whose experience is spilt in two ways: a rent in their relation to the world, and a disruption of their relation to themselves (shean, 1978:237). shean interprets laings idea of schizophrenia in an all-round way: schizophrenia is explained as a symptom of extreme ontological insecurity, with its attendant anxieties of engulfment, petrification, and implosion; the consequent defense mechanisms are 宁波大学硕士学位论文 - 6 - designed to maintain the persons precarious sense of identity, such as the flight into fantasy and the deliberate cultivation of the rupture between the so-called real and false selves (shean, 1978:238). 2.2.4 other theories of psychoanalytic criticism in addition to the above three main theories, there are other psychoanalytic theories to be applied in the thesis, including laings theory of family fantasy, and the theory of sadism and masochism. laings theory of family fantasy concerns the relationship between parents and children; sado-masochism in this thesis mainly focuses on the male-female relationship that men are in a predominant status while women a subordinate position. in chapter three and chapter four, the thesis will have a detailed discussion about them. 2.3 introduction to the writer and her writing career doris lessing was born of british parents, in persia (now iran) on october 22, 1919. in 1925, lured by the promise of getting rich through maize farming, the family moved to the bri