（英语语言文学专业论文）从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究.pdf

硕士学位论文 i 摘摘 要要 女性主义和翻译的结合从上个世纪 70 年代开始便对翻译理论和实践带来了 强烈的冲击，并产生了丰硕的成果。随着交际理论和语言学中语用理论的发展， 威密尔（vermeer）和其他功能派学者开始注意到，翻译是人类的一种行为，而一 切人类的行为都是有意图、有目的的。由此他们提出一个新的理论目的论 （skopos theory） 。目的论认为翻译是有明确目的的跨文化交际行为，而翻译的 标准则是翻译活动的目的指向。这一理论的诞生为翻译研究提供了一个崭新有效 的视角，对传统翻译理论中评判翻译好坏的标准提出了质疑。而本文则尝试将目 的论运用于分析女性主义翻译，从目的论的角度论证女性主义翻译的特殊性和合 理性，并以目的论的原则作为评价女性主义翻译的标准。 首先，本文认为，目的论能合理地诠释译者在翻译过程中所扮演的一种积极 的并具有创造性作用的角色，并重新界定了忠诚作为一项重要翻译准则的含义。 其次，本文具体论述了目的论和女性主义翻译的关系。文本作者认为，目的 论实际上为女性主义翻译提供了理论上的解释。这种理论解释可以总结为： （1） 翻译的目的性被突出； （2）忠实原则被重新解释； （3）从理论上的解释女性主义 翻译的实践。而基于对目的论和女性主义翻译的理论分析，作者又对中国古代诗 歌集玉台新咏中两首有名的诗歌进行女性主义翻译译本和非女性主义翻译译 本的对比研究。 玉台新咏是中国文学史上的第一部全部以妇女为描写对象的诗 歌总集，也是中国历史上第一部反映女性主义的文学作品。通过这种对比，本文 旨在表明不同性别的译者对原著的理解和表达方面的差异。安妮白丽儿(anne birrell)，作为一个女性译者，并受其女性主义思想的影响，能够更敏锐地察觉到 原著的女性主义成分并对原作作了一定程度的改变。而男译者丁祖馨教授，则更 严格的遵守原文，很客观地再现了古代中国的父权制度。基于上述分析，本文最 终得出结论：虽然两个译本在很多方面有所不同，但他们都遵从并服务于各自的 翻译目的，因此两种译本都是翻译佳作。 最后，本文在肯定了女性主义翻译理论的积极方面后，也指出了这一理论及 在这一领域研究的局限性。作者建议，在今后可以尝试进行更多的跨理论跨学科 从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究 ii 的研究，并认为女性主义翻译在中国还有待发展。 关键词：目的论；女性主义翻译理论；玉台新咏 硕士学位论文 iii abstract the interplay between feminism and translation studies over the seventies of last century ultimately exerted forceful influences upon the conventionally-held concepts of translation studies, necessarily yielding fruitful researches. with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics as well as in communicative theory, vermeer and other german functionalism scholars started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative activity between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator, so they proposed a new theory- skopos theory which holds that translation is a form of translational action based on a source text and the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (skopos) of the overall translational action. the birth of skopos theory thus provides a new and effective perspective for translation study, based on which the once prevailing translation criterion for a good translation has been questioned. therefore, this thesis tentatively applies skopos theory to feminist translation to expound the speciality and rationality of feminist translation and proposes to evaluate feminist translation with rules of skopos theory. first of all, this thesis believes that skopos theory can give a reasonable analysis of translators role as an active and creative subject in translating process and redefines the concept of loyalty as an important translation principle. secondly, the thesis has elaborated on the relation between skopos theory and feminist translation. the author argues that, skopos theory actually has provided theoretic explanation to feminist translation, which can be summarized as: (1) the purpose of translation has been emphasized; (2) the principle of fidelity has been reinterpreted; (3) the feminist translation process has been theoretically analyzed. based on the theoretical analysis of skopos theory and feminist translation, the author then makes a comparative study on the two different translated versions of two famous poems chosen from new songs from a jade terrace, which is said to be the first anthology choosing women as protagonists in the history of chinese literature 从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究 iv and the first feminist literature works in chinese history. through such comparison, the thesis aims to indicate the differences existing in the understandings and linguistic expressions between two translated versions. anne birrell, as a female translator, subconsciously, is more sensitive to the feminine features in the source text and she even makes some changes to the original text according to her feminist thoughts. while professor ding zuxin, as a male translator, is stricter with the original text which objectively represents the patriarchy system of ancient china. based on the above analysis, the thesis finally arrives at the conclusion that though these two versions differ a lot in many aspects, both of them have served and fulfilled their translation purposes, so both of them can be regarded as excellent translation works. lastly, the thesis, after affirming the positive aspects of feminist translation theory, also has pointed out some limitations of this theory and the research in this field. the author suggests that more cross-theory and cross-discipline studies should be considered in future and thinks that feminist translation still awaits further development in china. key words: skopos theory; feminist translation theory; new songs from a jade terrace 硕士学位论文 v list of charts chart 1 non-feminist translation diagram.24 chart 2 feminist translation diagram.25 chart 3 traditional translating process.29 chart 4 translating process guided by skopos theory.30 chart 5 the deduction relation of skopos theory and feminist translation.35 湖湖 南南 大大 学学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所 取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任 何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡 献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的 法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意 学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文 被查阅和借阅。本人授权湖南大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编 入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇 编本学位论文。 本学位论文属于 1、保密，在_年解密后适用本授权书。 2、不保密。 （请在以上相应方框内打“” ） 作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 硕士学位论文 1 chapter 1 introduction 1.1 research background translation criterion and translation criticism have long centered on the original text, mainly taking the writers intention into consideration. in order to achieve faithfulness and smoothness, translators take no flexibility of making any changes to the original text. such self-effacing behaviors result in the value losses of early translators, whose initiatives and creativity have not gained the due attention in translation. with the economic development, there was a growing need for professional translators and interpreters not only in industry and commerce but also in the international organizations established after world war . people became aware that a mere practice training of bilingual communicators was not enough, and in the 60s and early 70s, scholars (mostly linguists, although some of them had had some experience in the practice of-mainly literary-translation) felt the need for an independent theory of translation. besides, the foundation of a number of translator training institutions inside and outside of university faculties gave an additional impulse. since the “cultural turn”1in the 1980s, translation studies have been involved in a wide variety of fields, including literary study, history, anthropology, economics, post-modernism and post-colonialism, etc. with the influence of these intellectual movements, translation studies have flourished in many new perspectives with new research methods. people gradually recognize the political, social and historical aspects of translating activity. with the pragmatic turn both in linguistics as well as in communicative theory, vermeer and other skopos scholars started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative activity between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. they also suggested that a translation 1 the cultural turn describes developments in cultural studies and the sociology of culture. it refers to a shift in emphasis towards meaning and on culture rather than politics or economics. this shift of emphasis occurred over a prolonged time, but particularly since the 1980s. 从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究 2 theory should not draw on a linguistic theory alone no matter how complex it may be, and what is needed is a theory of culture to explain the specificity of communicative situations and the relationship between verbalized and non-verbalized situational elements. under such circumstances, a new theory-skopos theory came into being. the translator, as the translating subject, thus, is no longer satisfied with their invisible situation and begins to resume their rights in translation. therefore, the study of translators position becomes a hot topic in translation studies. whats more, the situation of translator has met the common ground with that of women, for historically, both women and translators were regarded as marginal figures. they have long been, labeled as secondary, humble, weak, passive, less creative etc. thus were confined only to a lower status, as compared to men and writers respectively. there are also many metaphors related to women and translation. for example, “translation is the unfaithful beauty”. so gender begins to play a very important role in translation studies. translation can no longer simply be defined as the transfer of meaning from one set of language signs to another set of language signs, but as a process of mediation which moves through ideology and identity. the translation studies, consequently, get involved in the framework of feminism. when feminism and translation studies both have reached the stage of maturity in history, it seems only natural for them to merge together so as to create a new academic field within translation studies-feminist translation study. for the realization that many womens writings or the works concerning women have never been translated, and that those translated have been misrepresented in patriarchal system, feminist translators begin to translate the womans works which have been ignored in the literary history, and the literature works which dramatized the plight of the slighted woman and depicted the harsh and often cruel treatment of female characters at the hands of their more powerful male creations. 1.2 research scope this thesis intends to make a systematic research on feminist translation theory 硕士学位论文 3 from the perspective of both the theoretical analysis and the concrete examples in its translating process. according to skopos theory, every translation has an aim or purpose, which is the prime principle determining any translation process of the overall translational action. similarly, feminist translation studies claim that translating is a political act which shows us clearly the function of translation as a fighting tool against inequality of the society. since feminism has its obvious political purposes, feminist translation just provides a platform or a channel to fulfill feminists final goal, that is, the equality of politic, economic and social status, realization of womens social and individual value and the change of womens social image. it is actually in line with the communicative purpose of instructing the reader proposed by vermeer in his skopos theory. therefore, the study of feminist translation from the skopos theory approach gives some insightful suggestions to the feminist translation practice and also broadens the scope of translation theory study. skopos theorys explanation to feminist translation mainly lies in that it has established a theoretical framework to analyze feminist translation, which can be summarized as: (1) the purpose of translation has been emphasized; (2) the principle of fidelity has been reinterpreted; (3) the feminist translation process has been theoretically analyzed. besides the theoretical analysis, this thesis also makes a comparative study on non-feminist translation version and feminist translation version of two classic poems in new songs from a jade terrace (y-tai hsin-yung), the first anthology choosing women as protagonists in the history of chinese literature and the first feminist literature work in chinese history, so as to show the feminist features of this translation version and special feminist translating strategies. 1.3research methodology this thesis intends to give a systematic review of feminist translation theory and practice as well as its related theories. comparative and textual analyses will be used in case study, and the characteristics of feminist translation will be substantiated through analysis and some concrete versions, translated by professor ding zuxin 从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究 4 (male) and anne birrell (female) respectively. 1.4research organization the thesis consists of five chapters and a conclusion part and they are organized as follows: chapter 1, as has been shown, is the generalization of the whole thesis. the research background is introduced, followed by the presentation of research scope, research methodology, research arrangement and research significance of the thesis. chapter 2 gives a historical literature review of skopos theory. first, the definition of skopos theory is discussed. second, a brief account of the historical background of skopos theory is given and a literature review is presented in details. third, the main ideas in skopos theory are introduced. chapter 3 discusses the feminist intervention in translation. the author gives a systematical introduction to the development of feminism. then the historical association between women and translation and their common concern on the issue of identity is analyzed, on the basis of which, another new translation theory-feminist translation theory came into being. then, the author systematically introduces the development of this new theory, gives a brief review of the theories proposed by andr lefevere, sherry simon and luise von flotow, and also summaries the main standpoints of feminist translation theories which serve as the theoretical basis for the feminist translation practice. chapter 4 combines the skopos theory with the feminist translation theory and discovers skopos theorys explanation to feminist translation. skopos theorys explanation to feminist translation is analyzed in terms of theoretical support and practice guidance. chapter 5 is a case study of the research and it is the core of the thesis. the author chooses new songs from a jade terrace (y-tai hsin-yung) as the original text for the case study. new songs from a jade terrace (y-tai hsin-yung) is the first anthology choosing women as protagonists in the history of chinese literature and the 硕士学位论文 5 first feminist literature work in chinese history. anne birrell, a female sinologist gives a full translation to this anthology. while there are two very popular poems in this anthology which have been translated by many people: one is mulberry by the path and the other is an ancient poem with a forward dedicated to the wife of jiao zhongqing. then the author makes a comparative study on the version translated by professor ding zuxin and that by anne birrell. through this comparison, the application of feminist translation theory in the translation practice has been analyzed and the characteristics for the feminist translation become clear and obvious. in the concluding part, conclusions are drawn on the basis of the theoretical analysis and the comparative study. limitations of the current study are then discussed, followed by some suggestions for the further research. 1.5 research significance translators not only communicate between the readers of the two languages, but also rewrite or manipulate the text. discussions on the translators purpose positively confirm their creativity and initiatives. the conventional theory that the original text has authority over the translation has been denied. by emphasizing the creative and active role of translators, we can objectively evaluate their efforts and enhance their responsibility. from the perspective of feminism, the purpose of feminist translation theory is to identify and discuss the concepts which place both women and translators at the bottom of the system, and eliminate the prejudice against women in translation theory and practice. therefore, translation for feminist translators is no longer a linguistic transfer from one language to another one, but becomes a rewriting activity which is concerned with translators identity, ideology and cultural background. this thesis, based on another translation theory-skopos theory, makes an in-depth study on feminist translation theory. this is also the first time for skopos theory to be used to analyze a translation theory instead of translation practice. according to the through research on the theoretical support and its translation 从目的论的角度分析女性主义翻译研究 6 practice, we can have a better and more comprehensive understanding of feminist translation as well as its developing prospect. this may promote the cross-theory study or even cross-discipline study, which will give great inspiration to the further research of translation study and some other academic studies. 硕士学位论文 7 chapter 2 a brief review of skopos theory 2.1 introduction skopos is a greek word, means “aim” or “purpose” and was introduced into translation theory in the 1970s by hans j. vermeer as a technical term for referring to the purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. skopos is a technical term for the aim or purpose of a translation (vermeer1 : 221). skopostheorists assert that any action has an aim, a purpose. from their standpoint, translation is considered not as a process of transcoding (the position usually adopted by earlier non-functionalist approaches), but as a form of human action which has its own purpose basically decided on by the translator. the skopos of a translation, vermeer1 (2000) explains, is the goal or purpose, defined by the commission and if necessary adjusted by the translator. he defines commission as the instruction, given by oneself or by someone else, to carry out a given action which could be translation (vermeer1 : 221). focusing on the purpose of translation as the most decisive factor in translation action, skopos theory emphasizes the role of