老师给的 四级翻译例子总结.doc

Lecture One A:1. 电视观众的人数在晚上8点到10点之间急剧上升。上升： rise/ go up/ jump/ climb/ rocket/ soar急剧： rapidly/ swiftly/ promptly/ dramatically/ significantly/ greatly2. 全球一体化时代已经来临。The era/ epoch/ age of globalization has approached. 3. 人们对此事持不同看法。看法：notions/ conceptions/ views differ/ vary greatly from person to person4. 一些尖锐的问题已经出现。尖锐的：acute/ sharp出现： arise5. 随着经济的迅猛发展，环境也不断恶化。(deteriorate)6. 肥胖的人身心都受到伤害。 Obese/ overweight people suffer physically and mentally/ psychologically/ spiritually7. 有毒气体危害人们健康。(endanger)8. 不良的生活习惯有害健康。(be detrimental to )9. 旅游业无限制的发展破坏生态平衡。(break ecological balance)10. 跨文化交流有助于消除偏见和敌意。()B:1. The soaring unemployment rate makes us upset.2. The critics show us some convincing evidence.3. A gap year offers high school graduates a valuable opportunity to identify their career interests and goals.4. The table shows us the results of a survey on the relationship between gender and hobbies.5. Job hunting offers people an opportunity to display their versatile talents.6. The Internet enables us to have easy access to the latest information worldwide.7. Experts advise the government to demolish / put down the old houses in the downtown area to promote the city image.8. The stressful life makes people sick. Lecture Two 简单句 S+ LV+ PBe, seem, appear, look, remain, sound, feel, smell, taste, become, grow, turn, go, prove,etc.1. 电视是个消磨时间的东西。(time-filler)2. 环境保护和生物多样性对于发展中国家来说是个奢侈的东西。Environmental protection and biodiversity are a luxury for the developing countries.3. Tourism has become an important source of foreign exchange revenue.旅游业成为外汇收入的重要来源。 S+ V+(A)电视观众的人数在晚上8点到十点之间急剧上升。The number of TV viewers climbs sharply between 8pm and 10pm.S+ V+ O穿校服的制度有利于加强学校纪律和维护学校安全。 The uniform dress policy improves school discip ine and safety. 居高不下的失业率破坏社会稳定。The high unemployment rate undermines the social stability. S+ V+ OI+ OD摄像头的安装给居民强烈的安全感。The installation of cameras brings inhabitants/ residents/civilians/ citizens/ dwellers strong sense of security. S+ V+ O+ CWe consider surfing the Internet emotionally detrimental. 我们认为上网伤感情。 There be 要尝试写扩展了的简单句含非谓语动词的句子 不定式To do做主语n How to solve the heavy traffic problem is a thorny issue for our government(s).如何解决严重的交通问题, 对于政府而言是个棘手的问题. n It is essential/ imperative for governments of developed and developing nations to adopt environmental policies. (s)n To set up a space station costs a huge sum of government revenue. 建立太空站花费大量纳税人的钱。做宾语n I prefer to side with the former/ latter point of view/ opinion. 我倾向于同意前者的观点.n I intend to explore both sides of the controversial issue before drawing a conclusion. (探讨一下)n This essay aims to analyze this complicated phenomenon from diverse angles. 本文将从不同角度分析这复杂的现象。做表语n The sole task of students is to acquire the knowledge and skills essential to their future career .(P)学生的唯一任务是获得将来工作必不可少的知识和技能。n The healthiest way to look at competition is to compete against your own accomplishments, not others. 做补语n The 21st century requires us to be equipped with advanced knowledge. 21世纪要求我们用先进的知识武装自己。n The advent of the Internet enables people to have easier access to all sorts of information worldwide. 互联网的出现使人们更加容易接触到全世界各种各样的信息。n We find smoking to be the direct cause of some diseases. 我们发现吸烟是一些疾病的直接诱因。做定语n The internet is an economical way to convey information.互联网是传播信息的经济的途径。 做状语n To be a healthy person, physically and psychologically, one should lead a balanced life. n Governments and ordinary citizens should join hands to create a cleaner environment not only for us, but also for our future generations. 不仅为了我们，也为了后代，政府和普通市民应该袖手并肩营造一个更为清洁的环境。Gerund:做主语n (s)Moving from job to job every couple of years is looked upon as a way to move upward in responsibility. (职务快速升迁的方式)n Saving endangered species is interfering with the evolutionary process. 做表语n (p) My main task is assisting you in mastering as many writing skills and testing techniques as possible. 我的主要任务是帮助你们掌握尽可能多的写作技巧和应试技巧。n The main task of our govenrnment is seeking to end poverty, disease and illiteracy. 我们政府的主要任务是致力于消除贫困、疾病和文盲。做宾语Finish, avoid, enjoy, appreciate, practise, cant help, defer, delay, deny, dislike, imagine, mind, risk, suggest, postpone. n I suggest the department concerned taking some effective measures to improve the present situation. 做定语 （目的、用途）n If you want to improve your English writing ability, you are advised to do more writing and reading practice. 如果你想提高英语写作能力， 建议你多做写作和阅读练习。 n A nursing house can provide better living conditions and professional care. 敬老院提供较好的居住条件和专业的照料和治疗。 做同位语n (appos) His ambition, conquering the world, has never been fulfilled. V-ing做表语n (P) The issue of juvenile delinquency is pressing for our serious consideration. 青少年犯罪问题亟待我们的认真思考。n The fact that many animals are used in medical research is sickening. 许多动物被用于医学研究实验的事实令人恶心。n The low employment rate is depressing. 这么低的就业率令人沮丧。n The advancement of science and technology is quite inspiring. 科学技术的进步令人鼓舞。 做定语（性质）n (Attri)The deteriorating environment has aroused peoples wide concern/draw ones attention. 日益恶化的环境已经引起人们的广泛关注。n The worsening health condition of youths has been brought in public focus. 青少年不断恶化的健康状况引起公众的关注。 n The media sometimes give misleading and cheating messages. 媒体有时发出误导和欺骗性的信息。 n People can rarely reach an absolute consensus on the controversial issue being discussed. 人们无法就正在讨论的具有争议的话题达成完全一致。 做状语n (Adv) Making deafening noises and emitting toxic gases, cars are affecting human life adversely. 汽车发出震耳欲聋的噪音，释放出有毒气体，严重影响人们身体健康。n (Adv)Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonbly come to the conclusion that compulsory military service is totally unacceptable.(arrive at/ reach/ draw/ get to ) 考虑所有这些因素之后，我们可以得出合理结论：新闻审查制度完全不可接受。做补语n (Oc)I find the real situation frustrating.我觉得现状令人沮丧。V-ed被动做表语n (P)Our city is becoming increasingly crowed, due to the expanding population and the sharp rise 由于不断增长的人口和私家车数量的剧增，我们的城市变得愈来愈拥挤。 n Our natural energy will soon be exhausted if we pay no attention to the conservation of it . 如果不重视自然资源的保护，它将很快被耗尽。 n Many career women are worn out after a days toil. 经过一天辛苦的工作， 许多职业妇女感到筋疲力尽。 做定语the broken walkmanthe game designed by n Many retired people can still contribute a lot to the society with their rich experience. 许多退休老人还能用他们丰富的经验为社会作贡献。 n Many pedestrians are penalized according to the newly issued regulations. 依据新颁布的规定，许多行人被处罚。 做状语n If asked to make a choice, I would not hesitate to side with the latter view for several reasons. 如果要我选择的话， 我将基于以下几点理由毫不犹豫地选择后者的观点。n Sent to study overseas, some students are reported to fail to adapt to the local life and even commit suicide. 据报道，有些学生送出国外去学习之后，不能适应当地的生活甚至自杀。做补语n We often find ourselves caught in a dilemma, whether we should send our children to a boarding school or a day school. 我们经常进退两难：是送我们的孩子去寄宿学校还是走读学校？We find greatly changed. n Television not only presents a vivid world to us, but also keeps us informed of the latest development of all fields. 电视不仅给我们呈现了逼真的世界，同时使我们了解各个领域的最新发展。并列句Parallel structureBoth A and B./ neithernorNot onlybut also/ eitheror1. 政府或许应该对私家车课以重税,不然就得发展公共交通.The government may levy heavy taxes on private car owners, or it will develop the public transport. 2. 传统印刷的书籍不会被电子图书所取代, 正如快餐食品不会取代传统食品一样.P-books will not be replaced by e-books, nor will fast food replace traditional food. 3. 远程教育在现代教育中起到日益重要的作用,Distance education has been an increasingly important role in modern education, so some optimistic people claim that our children no longer need to go to the traditional school to receive formal education. Lecture Three 名词性从句：主语从句It is universally acknowledged that tourism is becomes an indispensable part in our life. P9 It is sagacious that all relevant factors should be taken into account before taking any action/measures/steps. 众所周知的是，在吸烟和一些严重的疾病之间有清楚的联系。It is generally believed/held that smoking is related to /connected to some serious diseases. Smoking and some serious diseases are definitely related. 宾语从句赞成者指出环境保护非常重要，人类没有权利剥夺动物生存权力。 Supporters/Advocates insisted that human beings are not entitled to strip/rob of /deprive the subsistent rights of animals. 这张图显示了伦敦地铁站从早上6点到晚上10点来往乘客数量的变化情况。The chart/graph/diagram indicates/reveals/reflects/identifies/unfolds/dispalys the number of passengers taking london tube/underground varies/differs from 6.am. to 10p.m. 反对者认为保护野生动物是浪费资源。The critics maintain/contend protecting wild animal is a waste of resource. 表语从句Another factor we must consider is that television plays an educational role in our daily life. 每个人都能看到的主要原因是电视在我们面前展现了一个生动形象的世界。The main reason why everyone can see is that TV presents us a vivid picture. 同位语从句We hold that the phenomenon of throw-away is becoming serious. ( outstanding/ penetrating)Regenerationg 再生We hold the view that No one can deny that smoking promotes economic development. the fact that从上面我所提到的，不难得出这样一个结论。From what I have mentioned above/ what is mentioned above, we may safely draw the conclusion that student in hish school should study abroad in foreign countries. 名词从句例子1. Smokers contend that smoking relieves them of stress and relaxes/comforts them. (o)2. Personally, I firmly hold that smoking yields hazardous effects on our health. (o)3. It is generally held that environment exercises profound impacts on ones personality. (s)4. The assumption that computers will sooner or later replace human teachers cannot hold water. (appos)5. The view that extinction will give rise to ecological disaster is an exaggeration. (appos)Whether & If 也可以引导名词性从句关于政府该不该资助艺术家和音乐家引起激烈讨论。Whether should subsidize give rise to heated debate. There arises a controversial debate over whether the government should subsidize artists and musicians. 关于大城市该不该禁养宠物。Whether pets should be banned in big cities has triggered a heated discussion. 国际旅游业是增进不同民族间的相互理解还是激化国家之间的紧张关系是个具有争议的问题。 Whether international tourism enhances mutual understanding between different peoples or increase tension between nations has become a very controversial issue. I wonder if this practise can bear close analysis. Who should be responsible for our senior citizen/the old generation/the aged/the elderly has been discussed in our community. 连接副词 when where why how 引导名词性从句 Where we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments. 形容词性从句/定语从句关系代词：who,whom,whose,which + 句子成分1.Those students who take a gap year seem to be more confident, independent and wordly wise. 2. As is known to all, nuclear technology is a double-edged sword. 3. Some people are strongly against the proposal that is set forth by animal-rights activists/advocates.4.People who skip from job to job are looked on as being unstable and somehow untrustworthy. 5. We shold take pride in our cultural legacy handed from our ancestors which reflect our brilliant history and culture. 关系副词：when, where,why引导定语从句1. A gap year is a period of time when before they further their study. 2. The reason why many countries inverse heavily on tourism is that tourism can bring a lot of foreign currency and showcase the brilliant culture and history to the outside world. 限制性定语从句和非限定性定语从句1. English is widely used as official language which leads to the disappearance of minor languages.2. Robots are employed in many fields which triggers the sharp increasing of laid-offs. 3. Many cars are parked along the roads, which is the direct cause of traffic congestion. Those who advocate the application of Internet hold that it brings us convenience and efficiency. Adverbial clause 状语从句 P 11. 7(2)In order to drive away loneliness and kill/fill time, they can cultivate/develop other hobbies such as growing flowers, collecting stamps and learning drawing. 8. (3) Even though the view/notions seems reasonable and attractive, it cannot hold water/ bear analysis. 9 (2)Provided that we pull down/demonish old/ancient buildings,we may destroy / ruin cultural legacy and traditional values. Lecture Four Effective Sentences1. 主谓不一致：所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.whenonehavemoney, hecandowhathewantto. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么.) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网 one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has; 同理，want应改为wants.本句是 典型的主谓不一致. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网改为：onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网2. 修饰语错位(misplacedmodifiers) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解.例1.ibelieveicandoitwellandiwillbetterknowtheworldoutsidethecampus. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网3. 句子不完整(sentencefragments) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网1.therearemanywaystoknowthesociety.forexamplebytv,radio,newspaperandsoon. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网本句后半部分forexamplebytv,radio,newspaperandsoon.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句.改为：therearemanywaystoknowsociety,forexample,bytv,radio,andnewspaper. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网4. 悬垂修饰语(danglingmodifiers) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如：attheageoften,mygrandfatherdied.这句中attheageoften只点出十岁时，但没有说明”谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是mygrandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了.改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网wheniwasten,mygrandfatherdied. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.todowellincollege,goodgradesareessential.剖析：句中不定式短语“todowellincollege”的逻辑主语不清楚. 58v中国英语学习58v中国英语学习网改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网todowellincollege,astudentneedsgoodgrades.5. 词性误用(misuseofpartsofspeech) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等.例1.nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网剖析：negative系形容词，误作动词。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网6. 指代不清(ambiguousreferenceofpronouns) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.剖析：句中人称代词we和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网7. 不间断句子(run-onsentences) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网什么叫run-onsentence?请看下面的例句。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.therearemanywayswegettoknowtheoutsideworld.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“therearemanyways.”以及“wegettoknowtheoutsideworld.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网therearemanywaysforustolearnabouttheoutsideworld.或：therearemanywaysthroughwhichwecanbecomeacquaintedwiththeoutsideworld 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网8. 措词毛病(troublesindiction) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网diction是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不断增加的使用)”应改为“abusiveuse(滥用)”。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网改:58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网9. 累赘(redundancy) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网inspiteofthefactthatheislazy,ilikehim.本句的“thefactthatheislazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：inspiteofhislaziness,ilikehim.例1.forthepeoplewhoarediligentandkind,moneyisjustthethingtobeusedtobuythethingtheyneed. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网改为： 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网diligent,caringpeopleusemoneyonlytobuywhattheyneed. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网10. 不连贯(incoherence) 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网例1.thefreshwater,itisthemostimportantthingsoftheearth. 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网剖析：thefreshwater与逗号后的it不连贯。it与things在数方面不一致。 58v中国英语学习网58v中国英语学习网常见联词有效句子标准：Unity Coherence Concise Variety1.1 同义表达与句型转换-The Chinese people are/feel happy now. -It is nothing but/only/ no more than a low speed engine. -She said it and she did it too. 1.2 派生词的转换Very important-be of great importanceThe boy reads every word very carefully-1.3 语序调整We know history is apt to repeat itself. Now, I am clear about it . The news surprised him. The sun went in and the rain came down. If I had been there, I should have spoken to her. 1.4 缩减和扩展 For all his wealth, he did not feel happy. Rich as he was, The boy pretended that he was ill.第一部分：TASK1图表写作套句精选 第一部分：Task1 写作经典套句1. the table shows the changes in the number of.over the period from.to. 该表格描述了在.年之.年间.数量的变化。 2.the bar chart illustrates that. 该柱状图展示了. 3.the graph provides some interesting data regarding. 该图为我们