（英语语言文学专业论文）现代汉语量词“个”的非典型结构评价意义研究.pdf

v 摘摘 要要 量词是人们用来表示对人，事物，动作进行分类量化的主要手段，通常是以词或者 词组的形式出现在数词之后，名词之前。数量词的组合形成了人们进行记数量化的语言 资源。不同的语言一般有不同的量词系统，比如汉语和英语，汉语量词丰富多彩，用法 复杂多变，而英语则基本上可以看作没有量词范畴，只有少量的名词被借用为量词。但 是语言范畴的不同不代表人类对数量范畴认识的不同，一张桌子在哪里都是一张桌子， 不会因为英汉语的不同,不会因为说话人的主观臆断而变成两张桌子。 因此一直以来语言 学家普遍认为量词范畴的主要功能是用来表达信息功能，用系统功能语言学的术语说， 就是概念功能。关于量词的研究也始终以概念功能相关的分析为主。但事实上，大多数 学者都没有注意到汉语中一部分量词本身可以表达出人际功能，如量词“位”和“伙” ， 人们在修饰具有正面评价，或拥有社会尊敬的人称时，倾向于用“位” ，如“一位教授” ， 但在修饰有负面评价的人称时总是使用“伙” ，如“一伙强盗” 。但这种量词比较稀少， 用法也较固定，所以并无太多相关研究。 但量词“个”作为现代汉语中使用范围最广、使用频率最高的泛化量词之一，却体 现出了值得关注的功能特征变化。首先，其他量词一般都有较固定的修饰对象，而“个” 却有很强的包容力，人，动物，植物，抽象的概念，具有的行为，动作，等等，都可以 用“个”来修饰。其次， “个”具有两种常用结构，一种是典型结构，也就是“数词+个 +名词” ，另一种是非典型结构， “动词+个+名词” 。而正如本文研究即将说明的那样，这 两种结构中的“个”体现出不同的功能。 本文认为“个”的非典型结构可以从人际意义角度分析，此结构用法之所以独特是 因为它是说话者通过语言赋予语言对象某种评价意义的手段， 说话者通过这个结构体传 达了说话者自身的一些主观看法，而不只是“个”的典型结构中传递的概念意义。也就 是说， 此时的量词所表达的意义并不局限于与 “量” 有关了， 而还包含了说话者对于 “量” 所涉及的对象的价值评判。本研究发现，只有“个”非典型结构体完型才能激活这种评 价意义，这种意义不依附于结构中的单个成份。 据此，和以往局限于概念意义的研究不同，本研究以詹姆斯马丁的评价系统理论 vi 对人际意义资源的分析为理论基础，分析了小句层面“个”的非典型结构的评价意义， 指出“个”的非典型结构用法受语篇中流动的动态人际意义驱动，它承载着语篇内“介 入支点”与“态度取向”两大功能，后者以前者为实现基础。整个结构体现了说话者对 话语现象的人际意义赋值，以“前提” （presupposition）的自言介入方式使得说话者可 以通过结构来表达他/她的人际态度。当“动+个+名”三个成分组合成“个”非典型结 构时，结构中的“个”通过激活语篇语境的动态属性，提供了一个通向评价资源的接口， 产生了一个 “介入支点” ， 这个 “支点” 就是说话者临时在语篇中插入的动态赋值语义 “前 提” ，即对话语事态的价值贬低或者淡化。说话者通过“前提”介入时所选择的贬值资 源会通过“个”非典型结构从结构内部扩展到整个小句，影响到整个句法层内部对象的 判断价值， 也就是说话者的负面态度已经不局限于他/她介入语篇时的语义支点， 说话者 是要用这个支点去影响其他对象，这种人际意义波浪韵逐渐发散，在语篇内部形成流动 的评价资源。论文最后认为“个”非典型结构可以表达三种态度： 第一种是负面鉴赏态度。 态度对象是 “个” 非典型结构内的名词所表达的对象事物。 第二种是负面评价态度。态度对象是“个”非典型结构内的动词词组所表达的对象 行为或动作。 第三种是负面情感态度。态度对象是“个”非典型结构外的名词或代词词组所表达 的对象事物或人物。 本文由五章构成。 第一章是简述，简要介绍了本文的研究动机，意义，目标及研究问题和文章框架等 等。 第二章是文献综述。文章回顾了前辈学者对于量词研究以及评价理论的相关文献， 指出前人关于量词句法和语义特征的研究是科学的具有重大意义的， 但同时也具有功能 角度不够全面的不足，通过评价理论的互补结合可以对量词的本质有更深的发掘。 第三张是理论框架。文章对评价理论的理论基础，理论特点及应用作了详述，尤其 是与本文研究紧密相关的三大子系统：态度，介入和级差。评价系统是对系统功能语言 学的新发展，詹姆斯马丁在 20 世纪 90 年代初在系统功能语言学的基础上提出了评价 系统理论，对说话人的赋值语义进行研究，进一步发展了系统功能语言学。 第四章是对现代汉语量词“个”的非典型结构进行分析。本文认为“个”拥有激活 语篇内话语动态人际意识的功能，正是这种功能给量词“个”开辟了一个广阔的活动天 vii 地，那就是通过介入支点“前提” ，出现在动词和名词之间，构成“动词+个+名词” 结构，对话语内容附加上评价意义，附加上一种态度取向，即一种类似轻视，淡化，贬 低话语对象价值的意义。 第五章是文章结论。 通过分析，本文尝试从另一个新的角度考察量词“个”的功能归属问题，虽然汉语 量词范畴的基本功能是表达概念意义， 但从人际意义角度的考察或许能对量词语法语义 功能有更深层次的理解。 本文总结认为，说话者通过使用“个”非典型结构表达的负面态度意义应该包含三 个类别，第一是鉴赏类的，即对“个”结构内的名词义价值的贬低，低于预期态度的淡 化，第二是判断类的，即对“个”结构外的行为者的行为，行为者的社会尊严与能力的 贬低与淡化，第三是情感类的，即对“个”结构外的行为者的负面情感。三种态度都是 词汇隐性的，且只能通过结构体完型本身来体现。本文也从一个侧面揭示了语言使用者 的意识形态对话语对象的赋值手段的多样化，评价资源赋值不仅可以发生在词汇层，还 可以通过句法结构来体现。 关键词：量词， “个” ，非典型结构，评价意义，态度 i abstract a quantifier, as its name indicates, expresses quantity or amount of things by means of single words or some sets of phrases which usually occur after numerals and before nouns. numerals and quantifiers together can be seen as answers of the questions “how many?” or “how much”. different languages possess different quantifier systems, such as chinese and english, with the former having a rich number of quantifiers while the latter only a few. nevertheless, all human beings have a common sense that the number and quantity of something will, despite what kind of languages they are expressed in and despite the subjective assumption of the speaker, remain the same. a table, though in chinese expressed with pronunciation as “yi zhang zhuo zi”(一张桌子), is still one table, not becoming into two or three tables whether it is in china or other countries. therefore, it seems the usage of quantifiers is rather simple, and it seems properly correct that many linguists thus consider quantifiers as language category which mainly or only has the information function, or in terms of systemic functional grammar, ideational function. as a matter of fact, many linguists do not notice that there are a limited number of quantifiers which can express interpersonal meaning by themselves. for example, different attitudinal meanings are conveyed by the quantifier “wei”(位) and “huo”(伙). when used to modify people with positive social honor, people prefer to say “yi wei jiao shou”(一位教授) for instance, while for those with negative social judgement people prefer to say “yi huo qiang dao”(一伙强盗) , etc. but such quantifiers are rather limited in number and their usages are therefore rather simple. however, things go different when the chinese quantifier “ge”(个) comes under discussion. “ge” is the most common- used quantifier in modern chinese which is of ii extraordinary capability to modify not only nouns but also verbs. not like other quantifiers in modern chinese which often have fixed usages and only modify fixed nouns or verbs, it has the ability to be used as a generalized quantifier modifying various nouns or verbs, such as people, animals, plants, ideas, actions, motions and so on. in modern chinese, there are basically two types of “ge” structure. the typical structure is “numeral + ge + noun”, which is so widely used in modern chinese that many linguists are confused by the syntactic and semantic environments in which “ge” can appear. the non- typical structure is “verb + ge + noun”, which is the focus of this study. it is hypothesized in this thesis that the “ge” non- typical structure is mainly motivated by interpersonal meaning, or appraisal meaning for specific, instead of ideational meaning. “ge” is no longer the common quantifier to express information related with quantity or amount, but with a kind of attitude implied in the structure, a kind of attitude from the speaker or writer, flowing towards nouns and verbs “ge” modifies. and this attitudinal meaning will not emerge unless “ge” appears in this structure, that is to say, it is the whole syntactic structure together that expresses the appraisal meaning instead any individual component within it. therefore, not from the traditional research views of ideational meaning, this study analyzes the interpersonal function of “ge” non- typical structure based on james martins appraisal theory. appraisal theory, as a new development and supplement to systemic functional grammar, is concerned with how interpersonal meaning is construed by the speaker or writer, and how and what attitude is engaged into interpersonal meanings. with appraisal theory applied in this analysis of quantifier “ge”, the appraisal meaning of “ge” non- typical structure can be well analyzed and explained. it is concluded that the non- typical usage of “ge” actually expresses the speaker or writers interpersonal ideological meaning. it introduces the functions of “engaging pivot” and “attitude orientation” with the former one as the basis of the latter. people use “ge” non- typical structure to convey subjective appraisal iii meaning, which is latent under the whole structure. and finally there are three attitudes the “ge” non- typical structure may express: (1) there may be the negative appreciation to things denoted by the noun within “ge” non- typical structure. (2) there may be the negative judgement to actions or behaviors denoted by the verb within “ge” non- typical structure. (3) there may be the negative affect to persons or things denoted by the pronoun or noun outside “ge” non- typical structure. the thesis is composed of five chapters. the first chapter is introduction, which briefly introduces the motivations, significance and objectives of this research, and in which some basic preliminary concepts are put forward as well as the arrangement of this thesis. the second chapter is literature review which gives a detailed survey on previous studies. there are some researches around chinese quantifier, especially around “ge” for its mystery and complicated appearance. but hardly any research is orientated to its interpersonal meaning, let alone the appraisal meaning and the attitude its structure can carry. thus based on the ignored corner that is not lighted by previous studies, the questions of present research arise. the third chapter is theoretical frame, in which the appraisal theory is in full description and explanation. the key basis and some important concepts are stated in detail including the three key regions of appraisal system: attitude, engagement and graduation. the fourth chapter is analysis of appraisal meaning of “verb + ge +noun”. the interpersonal function of “ge” is analyzed in three aspects: what kind of attitude it carries, how the speaker or writer engages into this attitude, and what degree this attitude could be. the fifth chapter is conclusion. chinese quantifier is an important language category, making chinese more vivid and colorful. it plays a very useful role for people to express meaning in a more facilitating way. iv “ge”, as a widely used generalized quantifier, can convey not only ideational meaning, but also interpersonal meaning. this paper provides a new perspective for people to understand the nature of quantifiers, whose name does not always match the reality. key words: quantifier, “ge”, non- typical structure, appraisal meaning, attitude 关于学位论文独创声明和学术诚信承诺 本人向河南大学提出硕士学位申请。本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文是本人在导 师的指导下独立完成的， 对所研究的课题有新的见解。 据我所知， 除文中特别加以说明、 标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包括其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包括其 他人为获得任何教育、科研机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我一同工作的同事对 本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。 在此本人郑重承诺：所呈交的学位论文不存在舞弊作伪行为，文责自负。 学位申请人（学位论文作者）签名： 201 年 月 日 关于学位论文著作权使用授权书 本人经河南大学审核批准授予硕士学位。作为学位论文的作者，本人完全了解并同 意河南大学有关保留、使用学位论文的要求，即河南大学有权向国家图书馆、科研信息 机构、数据收集机构和本校图书馆等提供学位论文（纸质文本和电子文本）以供公众检 索、查阅。本人授权河南大学出于宣扬、展览学校学术发展和进行学术交流等目的，可 以采取影印、 缩印、 扫描和拷贝等复制手段保存、 汇编学位论文 （纸质文本和电子文本） 。 （涉及保密内容的学位论文在解密后适用本授权书） 学位获得者（学位论文作者）签名： 201 年 月 日 学位论文指导教师签名： 201 年 月 日 chapter two literature review 1 chapter one introduction 1.1 introductory remarks this study is intended to analyze the appraisal meaning of the non- typical structure of the quantifier “ge” (个) in modern chinese within the framework of appraisal theory (at hereafter). by conducting the present study, the author aims to make a scientific description and explanation on the appraisal meaning implied by the “ge” non- typical structure, including analysis of what kind of attitude is packed in and where the attitude comes from and will go toward. 1.2 motivation of the study chinese is regarded as one of the most complex languages all over the world for its intricate writing characters, for its spoken lexical tones, and, for another system which may not even occur in other languages, the quantifier system. a quantifier, as its names means, indicates quantity, or amount of things or actions of the modified referent. chinese is so rich in quantifiers that foreigner always feel confused to learn it. just see a set of examples of quantifiers: (1) 一首歌、二只鹦鹉、三张桌子、四枚硬币、五把扇子、六辆汽车、七架飞机、 八根柱子、九条丝瓜、十面镜子、十一尾鱼、十二道菜 at first sight, it seems that the quantity and amount are objective properties of things or actions, not going to be affected by humans subjective assume. this is obviously right one table will not become into two or three tables just because of humans wish. thus for a long time linguists consider quantifiers as means of expressing informational meaning, namely, ideational meaning in terms of systemic functional linguistics (sfl hereafter), and almost 2 no one notices that quantifiers also can convey interpersonal meaning. and almost all the researches are of focus on what syntactic and semantic patterns of ideational meaning are conveyed by quantifiers. however, there are actually some few quantifiers who can carry subjective interpersonal meanings. people prefer to use “位” to modify person with positive social honor such as “一 位教授”, and use “伙” for those with negative social honor such “一伙强盗”. but such quantifiers are very limited in number and their distribution and usage are rather simple. things go different when the quantifier “ge” comes under discussion, as “ge” can form not only the “numeral + ge + noun” structure but also structure of “verb + ge + noun” out of which different functional meaning can be discerned, for example: (2)一个警察、 两个强盗、三个桌子、四个电脑 (3) 唉，连他都跟我说，去干个体户拼命奋斗，挣出十几万块钱买一套三室一厅， 跟在这样的机关里勾心斗角，当个副处长，分个一套三室一厅，走后一条路子还容易点 儿，就是住进了那三室一厅，也不用掏修理费苦闷啊，真苦闷！ （刘心武， 白牙 ） it is hypothesized in this thesis that the structure “verb + ge +noun”, namely the “ge” non- typical structure in this paper, is mainly motivated by interpersonal meaning, or appraisal meaning for specific, instead of ideational meaning. “ge” is no longer the common quantifier to express information related with quantity or amount, but with a kind of attitude implied in the structure, a kind of attitude from the speaker or writer, flowing towards nouns and verbs “ge” modifies. and this attitudinal meaning will not emerge unless “ge” appears in this structure, that is to say, it is the whole syntactic structure together that express the appraisal meaning instead any individual component within it. therefore, not from the traditional research views of ideational meaning, this study analyzes the interpersonal function of “ge” non- typical structure based on james martins chapter two literature review 3 appraisal theory. with appraisal theory applied in this analysis of quantifier “ge”, the appraisal meaning of “ge” non- typical structure can be well analyzed and explained. 1.3 objective of the study as mentioned above, not all quantifiers in modern chinese carry the interpersonal meaning by themselves, thus this study of “ge” non- typical structure is critical in revealing the nature of the quantifiers in chinese, which is also the first concern of this paper. firstly, it should be discussed that whether “ge” can carry appraisal meaning whenever and wherever it appears. there are two types of “ge” structure which possess distinct form, so it may be that they also take distinct function. secondly, since it is hypothesized that the non- typical structure is mainly motivated to express appraisal meaning, then what kind of syntactic and semantic patterns dose the quantifier “ge” demonstrate, and what exact attitude can emerge from the structure. these targets should be finished. thirdly, this study should also be answer for the question that why people use this indirect way to express their appraisal attitude. 1.4 significance of the study firstly, perhaps misled by the name “quantifier” itself, many linguists make researches around the conception related with “quantity”, that is, research of how information is expressed within quantifier system, and what is the cognitive basis of ideational meaning represented by different quantifiers. hardly any of researches is interpersonal- meaning- oriented. this study comes from the very corner which forgot by previous studies, and is going to make a full supplement to those ideational studies. secondly, the quantifier “ge” is regarded as one of the most popular used quantifier with 4 the most wide use range. for a long time it is a headache for linguists as it is very hard to give a proper and scientific definition and description to it for its complex syntactic usage and semantic features. by this study, there will be a new and fresh perspective to reexamine its syntactic distributions and semantic points. thirdly, moreover, as a new development of sfl, at mainly focuses on the semantics of evaluation, but the analysis of evaluation meaning is basically limited within lexical level, and as wang zhenhua (2001) pointed out, there should be more researches in the level of clause level or discourse level. this study, which pays attention to the syntactic structure, explores the possibility of the syntactic means of appraisal meaning. 1.5 data source 1. the main data of this study come from the center for chinese linguistics pku corpus (ccl.pku), basically including two kinds of works: modern and contemporary literature works, and writing texts for drama and films. 2. in consideration of the balance of data types, electronic newspapers including the peoples daily, beijing daily, etc. are also be examined for data. 3. this study also employs internet searching tools such as baidu and google, of which the searched data are selected and confirmed. 4. there are also data referenced in other papers, which is noted in this thesis. 1.6 organization of the thesis the thesis is composed of five chapters. the first chapter is introduction, which briefly introduces the motivations, significance and objectives of this research, and in which some basic preliminary concepts are put forward as well as the arrangement of this thesis. chapter two literature review 5 the second chapter is literature review which gives a detailed survey on previous studies. there are some researches around chinese quantifier, especially around “ge” for its mystery and complicated appearance. but hardly any research is oriented its interpersonal meaning, let alone the appraisal meaning and the attitude its structure can carry. thus based on the ignored corner that is not lighted by previous studies, the questions of present research arise. the third chapter is theoretical frame, in which the appraisal theory is in full description and explanation. the key basis and some important concepts are stated in detail including the three key regions of appraisal system: attitude, engagement and graduation. the fourth chapter is analysis of appraisal meaning of “verb + ge +noun”. the interpersonal function of “ge” is analyzed in three aspects: what kind of attitude it carries, how does the speaker or writer engage into this attitude, and what degree this attitude could be. the fifth chapter is conclusion of the study. 6 chapter two literature review 2.1 introductions since “ge” is a widely used quantifier in modern chinese which is often used to replace other specific quantifiers, researches about it are rather rich. but there is no firmly accepted and affirmed study that is universally agreed. zhao yuanren (1979) and