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非谓语动词用法精讲,非谓语动词使用条件,一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语动词),又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。,Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.,非谓语动词的句法功能,语法特征:在句子中充当谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词叫非谓语动词,包括不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词),他们没有人称和数的变化,但保留动词的某些特征:有时态和语态的变化,有否定式,可以带宾语、状语和补语;又具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等成分。,1、不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。2、动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。3、分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分4、语态:必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系,从而来确定非谓语动词的语态。,非谓语动词的形式变化,非谓语动词,不定式infinitive,动名词gerund,分词participle,可充当成分:主语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语.,一、不定式,不定式的构成是指不定式符号to加上动词原形,表示具体的意义,指一次性行为、动作。不定式短语是指不定式和它的宾语或状语构成的词组。,不定式各种形式的时间含义:一般式表示动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后;完成式在谓语之前;进行式强调在谓语动词的同时;被动式是指主语是被动关系,表示被动的动作。,1.不定式作主语,Toloseyourheartmeansfailure.Ittookmeonlyfiveminutestofinishthejob.Todotwothingsatatimeistodoneither,如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个由for引起的短语。Itiseasyforthestudentstoread.Itwillbeamistakeforustohelpyou.,在Itis+形容词+ofsb+不定式结构中,形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征,如kind,silly,good,unwise,clever,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,rude,impolite,bold,thoughtful,honest,bad,sensible,naughty等。在“Itis+形容词+forsb+不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物的性质,如important,possible,impossible,necessary,difficult,hard,reasonable等。,比较ItisgoodofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.你真好,帮助我学英语。(强调you的特征=Youaregoodtohelpme.)Itisgoodforyoutogiveupsmoking.戒烟对你有好处。(强调的是giveupsmoking这一行为=Foryoutogiveupsmokingisgood.),2.不定式作宾语,有些及物动词常用不定式作宾语:afford,promise,refuse,expect,hope,learn,offer,wish,want,fail,plan,agree,forget,like,prefer,decide,manage,arrange,desire,try,determine、,一般情况下不定式都要to,help可要可不要;不定式有它自己的补语,要用it作形式宾语。Youneedntbothertocomeyourself.Theyareconsideringwhattodonext.Somewhowerefamousintheirowntimeswouldfinditdifficulttoachievesuccesstoday.,.Idontwant_likeImspeakingillofanybody,butthemanagersplanisunfair.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded.Ithinkyoullgrow_himwhenyouknowhimbetter.AlikingBtobelikeCtolikeDtobeliking,.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.AtobeheardBtobehearingCtohearDtohaveheard,3.不定式作表语,Whatshewantstodomostnowis(to)travelabroad.Themostimportantthingistotakemeasurestopreventthepollution.主语的内容或性质,Cf.HeistomarryRose.,表按计划要做的事情.,不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词、代词之后,与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。,4.不定式作定语,1主谓关系Thefuturetogreetuswillbebright.我们的未来会十分美好的。ThenexttraintoarrivewasfromNewYork.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。,在“某人是第位做某事的人”固定结构中,不定式与被修饰的词间是主谓关系,表示动作已完成。Edisonwasthefirstmantoinventelectriclight.Hewasthefirstmantoarriveandthelasttoleave.,2动宾关系OnSundays,healwayshasalotofletterstowrite.星期天,他总是有许多信要写。Hecanfindnoonetomakefriendswith.他找不到可交朋友的人。,3同位关系某些抽象名词后面用不定式说明某种情况,陈述某种事实,如:chance机会、opportunity机会、way方式/方法、time时间、right权利、need必要、moment片刻等。Westudentsshouldhavethecouragetofaceanydifficulty.Hehasnochancetoexplainittoyou.,4修饰关系Nowitistimetobeginourclass.现在是上课的时间了。,注意:、不定式作定语要考虑与主语的关系,主语是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式要用主动式;反之用被动式。Hehasmanythingstodo.Hewantshisbiketoberepairedrightnow.,、therebe句型中用主动表示说话人的行为,被动表示说话人要别人做某事。Theremustbesomethingtofear.,tobefeared.,点津坊由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,表示动作尚未发生或有可能发生,只用一般式。因此,如果该不定式的动词是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词,这种不定式也叫反射不定式,即不定式介词结构,介词一般不可省去,如:IneedapentowritewithGivemesomepapertowriteon.Therearesomethingtobegratefulfor.Shehasachildtotakecareof.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Hehasnofriendtodependon.他没有可依靠的朋友。Ivegotalotofthingstoseetothismorning.今天上午我有许多事情要处理。,Ineedapentowritewith.CharlesLindberghisthefirstmantoflytheAtlanticalone.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.,Eg.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest_inayear.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed,Changethefollowingintoinfinitives.Hewasthefirstpersonthatcametotheclassroomthismorning.,Herearesomebooksthatyoucanread,Hewasthefirstpersontocometotheclassroomthismorning.,TheonlythingthatIwanttogetisthediamondnecklace.,Theonlythingformetogetisthediamondnecklace.,Everythingthatisdoneneedspraising.,Everythingtobedoneneedspraising.,Herearesomebooksforyoutoread,5.不定式作宾语补足语,A.感官动词:see、watch、notice、hear、listento、observe、lookat、feel.这时不定式不带to,并表示动作已经完成。Eg.Weoftenhearhersingthesongathome.Isawachildfalldownfromthetree.,B.致使、允许类动词:let、make、get、have、help、want、wish、allow、permit、forbid、advise、force、consider、expect、tellEg.Icouldnotmakethemunderstandme.Youcantallowhimtodothat.Myadvisorencouraged_asummercoursetoimprovemywritingskills.A.formetakingB.metakingC.formetotakeD.metotake,C.think、consider、suppose、feel、believe、imagine、prove、find等动词的宾语后面可带tobe结构,也可省略tobe。Eg.Wethink/considerhim(tobe)awiseleader.,D.callon、askfor、waitfor、dependon、preparefor等成语动词后面带to的不定式作宾补。Eg.Wearewaitingfortheraintostop.,6、不定式作状语,不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。A.表示目的Imsavinguptobuyacomputer.我在存钱买电脑。点津坊有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用inordertodo,和soastodo结构(soastodo不可以置于句首),否定的只能用inordernottodo,和soasnottodo。Heshoutedandwavedinordertobenoticed.为了引起注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。Illwritedownhistelephonenumbersoasnottoforgetit.我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。,Timsatnearthefiretogetwarm.Theathletespractisedhardtowinthematch.,相当于用inorder(not)to,soas(not)to引导的目的状语.,.Helenhadtoshout_abovethesoundofthemusic.A.makingherselfhearB.tomakeherselfhearC.makingherselfheardD.tomakeherselfheard.AllthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediatelyintimeforChristmas.AinordertohavereceivedBinordertoreceiveCsoastobereceivedDsoastobereceiving,._moreaboutuniversitycourses,call(920)746-3789.ATofindoutBFindingoutCFindoutDHavingfoundout,.Itwasunbelievablethatthefanswaitedoutsidethegymforthreehoursjust_alookatthesportsstarsA.hadB.havingC.tohaveD.have,B.表示结果多用于固定句型搭配中,也可以表示出乎意料,意想不到的结果。Hegottothestationonlytofindthetrainhadgone.他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。必背:不定式表示结果常见于下列句型1)so.astodo(如此而能够)Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle?把你的自行车借给我好吗?2)such.astodo(如此而能够)Wearenotsuchfoolsastobelievehim.我们还没蠢到会相信他的地步,3)enoughtodo(足够地而能够)Hedidntrunfastenoughtocatchthetrain.他跑得不够快,没赶上火车。4)onlytodo(表示与原来的目的或愿望相反的结果)Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.他搬起石头砸自己的脚。,5)too.todo(太而不能够)Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.他的视力太差了,看不清这么小的字。注:too之前如果有only,not,never,all,but,此时不定式不再表否定意,而表肯定意,onlytoo表“非常”、“很”意。如:Theyareonlytooluckytogoabroadforavisit.他们很幸运去国外访问。另外,too后如果是happy,glad,kind,anxious,easy,delighted,eager,pleased,ready,surprised,willing之类形容词时,不定式也表肯定意,如:Shewastoohappytomeetheroldfriendinthestreet,.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only_thefilmstarshadleft.AtotellBtobetoldCtellingDtold,.Hehurriedtothestationonly_thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound,C.表示原因,Youweresillynot_yourcar.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked,常放在动词后面或用于表示心理感觉的形容词、过去分词后面,不定式的动作先于谓语动词的动作。Iamhappytoseeyou.Shewassadtohearthebadnews.,动词不定式与主语是主谓关系,动词不定式的动词可带宾语;如果不定式与主语是动宾关系,不可带宾语。Iwasverypleasedtoseeyouyesterday.Relativitytheoryisnteasytounderstand.,Iamverygladtoseeyou我见到你很高兴Wearesorrytoleave.Heissuretocome.Volleyballisveryinterestingtowatch.打排球看起来很有意思Thisproblemisdifficulttosolve.这个问题难解决Shesverynicetotalkto和她谈话是愉快的,7、不定式的进行式、完成式.,它们与谓语动词的进行式、完成式相似,进行式表示不定式动作与主句动作几乎同时发生;完成式表示不定式动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。常用以下固定结构。,1)由及物动词besaid、besupposed、bebelieved、bethought、beknown、bereported、regret、prove等固定结构。Heissaidtobetranslatinganewnovel.=Itssaidheistranslatinganewnovel.Thenovelwassaidtohavebeenpublished.=Itwassaidthatthenovelhasbeenpublished.Iregrettohavebeenwithyouforsomanyyears.,2)由不及物动词seem、appear、happen等固定结构。,Anelephanthappenedtobepassingby.=Ithappenedthatanelephantwaspassingby.Sheseemed/appearedtohaveheardofit.=Itseemed/appearedthatshehadheardofit.,3)由want、mean、hope、plan、intend等动词的一般过去式接不定式完成式表示本打算做,结果未实现。,Iwanted/meanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.=Ihadwanted/meanttotelephone,butIforgot,4)wouldlike、was/wereto以及情态动词等接不定式完成式表示本打算做,结果未完成。Hewouldliketohaveattendedthemeeting,butIfellill.,此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别。,Imsorrytokeepyouwaitingforaminute.对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)Imsorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久),.Youweresillynot_yourcar.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked,.Idontknowwhetheryouhappen,butImgoingtostudyintheU.S.A.thisSeptember.AtobeheardBtobehearingCtohearDtohaveheard,.-IsBobstillperforming?-Imafraidnot.Heissaid_thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.tohaveleftB.toleaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft,8、动词不定式的各种结构,1)否定结构:not+todo(表示较强的否定意义时用never+todo)Ipromisednottowakehimup.Youmustpromisenevertodothatagain.,2)连接词+todo:具有名词性质,相当于一个名词性从句,可作主宾表成分。连接代词:who,whom,which,what。连接副词:when,how,where,whether等,但不可用why,if,whose。,S.Whattodonexthasnotbeendecided.O.Shehasforgottenwhomtoask.Iaskedhimwheretogetthisbook.Hehadnoideaofhowtodoit.P.Thequestioniswhichtobuy.,3)for+N./Pron.+todo结构动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语或谓语的宾语,它有自己的主语,这时用for引出,可作主宾表定状等成分。,ItisimportantforustolearnEnglish.(主语)Imeantforyoutodecide.(宾语)IconsideritnecessaryforhertolearnEnglish.Thatisforhertodecide.(表语)Thereisnoneedforhertocome.(定语)Itstimeforustogo.Sheopenedthegateforthecartoenter.(目的)Thebookistoodifficultforthestudentstoreaad.(结果),4)of+N./Pron.+todo结构,某些表示性格特征以及心理状态和行为的形容词要用此结构,并常用it作形式主语,如:kind,nice,clever,silly,foolish,wise,rude,cruel,careful,careless,wrong,polite,impolite,honest等。,Itswiseofyounottogothere.Itswrongofhimtolaughatthedisablepeople.,5)独立结构或成分有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子,可单独使用,具有插入语的性质,表示说话人的态度和看法。如:totellyouthetruth说老实话tobeginwith首先tosaynothingof姑且不说sotospeak可以这么说tobeexact精确地说tobesure诚然,固然todohimjustice说句对他公道的话tomakealongstoryshort长话短说tobefrank坦率地说tobebrief简言之toconclude总而言之,Totellyouthetruth,Idontcareforyourplan.Heisnotabadman,tobesure.固然,他不是个坏人。Theyare,sotospeak,grownupboys.可以这么说,他们是大孩子了。Tobefrank,youareright.坦率地说,你是对的。Heisveryhonest,tobeginwith.首先,他很诚实。,6)分裂结构在不定式符号to和动词原形之间可插入一个副词,使句意明确,通顺自然,构成分裂不定式,所插入的副词习惯上常与不定式的动词原形连用,故分裂不定式要合乎习惯,不可滥用,如:HelikedtohalfclosehiseyesItistooheavyformetoevenlift.它很重,我都掀不动它。Iremembertohaveplainlyrefusedhisoffer.Imgladtoalwaysseehimworkhard.由于总是看见他努力工作,我就高兴。,7)介词+whom/which+todo结构这种结构常放在名词后面作定语,实际上是不及物动词作宾语的特例。,Maryneedsafriendtoplaywith/withwhomtoplay.Heslookingforaplacetolivein/inwhichtolive.Imlookingforsomethingtocleanthecarpetwith./withwhichtocleanthecarpet.,9、不带to的动词不定式,1)大部分助动词和情态动词后面构成复合谓语Weshallseeyousoon.YoucanspeakEnglishfluently.,2)在固定成语的后面:在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldrather.than,wouldsooner,wouldsooner.than,cannotbut,cannotchoosebut,cannothelpbut,may/mightaswell等结构后直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。Youdbetterlistentoyourteachersopinion.你最好听一听老师的意见。Wehadbestcallforthedoctoratonce.我们最好马上就请医生来。,3)在口语中,动词原形come和go后可接不带to的不定式。Gotellher.去告诉她吧。Comehaveaglass.来喝一杯。,4)在why引起的一些问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形表示做某事是愚蠢的或无意义的行为;或“Whynot+动词原形”表示用来提出建议或劝告。Whymakesomuchnoise?Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入我们?Whysitdownifyoucanliedown?Whyhurry?Whynothavearest?,5)在感官动词see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,feel,hear,listento或致使类动词make,let,have后做宾补时,可省略to,被动态中要加上to。Iwillhaveyouknowyourpositionhere.Shewasseentoentertheroom.,后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词:一些动词要掌握,have,let和make,此三动词是使役,“注意”“观察(lookat,observe)”“听到(hear,listento)”see,还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细后接“宾补”略去“to”,此点千万要牢记,6)在动词help,dare后,to可要可不要。help后无to,表示帮助者直接参与动作。Theyhelpedmecarrytheboxes.Thiskindofsoapwillhelpustowashtheclothesmoreeasily.,7)在介词but,except,besides,连词than后,如果它们前面有do的某种形式,这时不定式不带to,否则,besides后用动名词,其余的可带to;但前面有动名词时,后面也用动名词。,Mydogdoeseverythingexcept/butspeak.Hedidnothingelsethanlaugh.Hehadnochoiceexcept/buttoobey.Hegavethemmoneybesidesadvising.Helikeddoingnothingexcept/butbesideswatchingTVintheevening.,8)如果主语是“all+定从”、“thing+定从”、“what+分句”、“thing+不定式”等,并带有do的某种形式,这时做表语的不定式可以不带to。,AllIdidwas(to)hithimonthehead.Theonlythingwecandonowis(to)encouragehimtotryagain.WhatIlldois(to)tellherthetruthoffacts.,9)同一结构中出现两个以上的作用相同的不定式,第一个不定式要to,后面的不要to,但表示对比、对照关系时,可加to。,Idliketoliedownandgotosleep.Doyouwanttohavelunchorwaittilllater?,10)在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。Heletgotherope.他松开了绳子。Ihearsaytherewillbeanearthquakesoon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。Shemadebelieveshewasinnocent.她假装清白。,.Acomputerdoesonlywhatthinkingpeople_.A.haveitdoB.haveitdoneC.havedoneitD.havingitdone.Wevemissedthelastbus.Imafraidwehavenochoicebut_ataxi.A.totakeB.takingC.takeD.taken,10.不定式后动词的省略,1)动词love,mean,want,hate,like,wish,expect,hope,try,intend,plan,refuse,prefer,seem及beglad(pleased,delighted,happy)to等后面接不定式时,为避免重复,常省略与上文相同的动词,只保留to不定式符号,而try后的to也可省略。,.-WouldyouliketogototheGreatTheatrewithmetonight?-_.A.Yes,IwouldliketogototheGreatTheaterwithyoutonight.B.Idloveto,butIhaveanexamtomorrow.C.No,IwouldntD.Thatsallright.-DoesyourbrotherintendtostudyGermany?-Yes,heintends_.A./B.toC.soD.that,2)句式wouldhavedone,shouldhavedone,oughttohavedone,neednthavedone,usedtobe等省略形式为wouldhave,shouldhave,oughttohave,neednthave,usedtobe,要保留不定式后的be或have。例-Areyouasailor?-No,butIusedtobe(asailor).,3)在begoingto,beableto,usedto为固定结构,to不可省略。Idontdancenow,butIusedto.,4)当want,like用于下列从句时,可省略不定式,甚至可省略to:when时间状语从句,if和aslongas条件状语从句,as方式状语从句以及what宾语从句。,Comewhenyouwant.Doasyoulike.Youmaycomeifyoulike.IvedecidedtodowhatIlike.,5)在某些形容词后,to可替代整个不定式,甚至在从句中可省略to。Youcantforcehimtogothereifhesnotready(to).Wouldyouliketogotherewithme?Illbegladto.,返回,二、动名词,A.动名词的构成:V.+ing.兼有名词和动词的特征,即可起名词作用,也具有动词的时态和语态的变化,在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语成分:,B.动名词形式变化的时间关系:一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语的动作同时发生或在其后发生,有时也可在谓语之前,也可用一般式代替完成式;完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语的动作以前发生;被动式表示被动意义。,动名词的句法功能,1.动名词作主语表示经常性、习惯性和抽象的动作,可以用it作形式主语,但常用于固定结构。动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.百闻不如一见。为了保持句子平衡,通常用先行词it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在句末。Itisnousecryingoverspiltmilk.作无益的后悔是没有用的。Itsawasteoftimearguingaboutit.争论这事是浪费时间。,动名词作主语:如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,就要用-ing形式的被动式。ThemeetingbeingheldinBeijingnowisofgreatimportance.正在北京召开的会议非常重要。(themeeting和举行之间的关系是被动的,所以用beingheld),a.Seeingisbelieving.Playingchessisfun.b.Itsnouse/good/awasteoftime=Thereisnouse/Itsnousetalkingaboutit.Itsnogoodtalkingtohim.c.ThereisnoV.ing.=ItisimpossibletodoThereisnosayingwhenitwillstopraining.无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。Thereisnojokingaboutsuchmatters.d.Itisuselesstelephoninghim.e.Heisnotwillingtocome.f.Itsworthmakinganeffort.努力一下是值得的。,2.动名词作表语a.表示抽象的动作或行为,说明主语的内容不用副词修饰,其动作不是主语发出的,可以和主语的位置相互换。Herjobiskeepingthelecturehallascleanaspossible.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。b.表示主语具有的特征Theproblemisquitepuzzling.这个问题很令人困惑。,Thenursesjobislookingafterthepatients.Themainthingisgettingthereintime.Cf.Thenurseislookingafterthepatients.,3.动名词作宾语,动词-ing形式既可作及物动词的宾语,也可作介词的宾语。A、作动词宾语能用动词-ing形式作宾语的及物动词可分两类,一类是只能用动词-ing形式作宾语,另一类是既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语。1)只能用-ing形式作宾语的动词(这类动词只能用-ing形式作宾语,不能用不定式作宾语。)Fancymeetingyouhere!想不到在这儿见到你了!Isuggestdoingitinadifferentway.我建议用另一种方法做这件事。,下列动词后只能接动名词:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,canthelp,mind,enjoy,require,practise,miss,escape,pardon,advise,consider,imagine,keep,appreciate,permit。Doyoumindmyopeningthewindows?,下列动词短语接动名词:leaveoff,putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,be/getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,beworth。Eg.IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.,必背只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有:admit承认appreciate感激avoid避免putoff推迟keep保持consider考虑delay耽搁dislike嫌恶resist抵制mention提及enjoy喜欢escape避免excuse原谅practice练习mind介意fancy想不到feellike意欲finish完成risk冒险include包括forgive原谅giveup放弃suggest建议miss逃过imagine设想cannothelp情不自禁,只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的动词口诀:建议冒险去献身,忍受期待不停顿;放弃延期悔失去,坚持欣赏实践成;注意原谅避反对,考虑要求不自禁;允许习惯不介意,价值开始想动名。,.Hewasinlowspiritsandevenconsidered_(go)away.Practise_(put)yourhandtotheground.Icanthelp_(have)thetriptoBritain.Donttellmeyoualwaysescape_(fine)becauseyouhaveafastsportscar.Leaveoff_(bite)yournails!.Hedidntfeellike_(work),sohesuggested_(spend)thedayinthegarden.Youcertainlymustntmiss_(see)thewonderfulfilm,2)既可用动词-ing形式作宾语,也可用不定式作宾语,但用法并不相同,主要有以下几种情况:有些动词,如attempt,continue,hate,intend,like,love,prefer等,后面接动词-ing形式或不定式区别不是很大。Theypreferspending/tospendtheirsummervacationinDalian.Iintendtobuy/buyinganEnglish-Chinesedictionary.比较:Hehatessmoking.他讨厌吸烟。Hehatestosmoke.他不爱吸烟。提示应尽量避免接连出现两个动词-ing形式。IamstartingtolearnRussian.我开始学俄语。避免说:IamstartinglearningRussian.,3)有些动词或词组后可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有所不同。cometodo表示一个渐渐发展的过程Ihopeweshallbefriendsandcometounderstandoneanother.我希望我们会成为朋友并互相了解comedoing表示陪衬性的动作Itwasalreadytwooclockwhenshecamehurryingin.她急急忙忙跑进来时已经两点了。,goontodo做完一件事后,接下去做另外一件事Havingfinishedtheexercises,wewentontolearnthenewwordsinthenextunit.做完练习以后,我们继续学习下一单元的单词。goondoing继续做同一件事。Thoughitwasrainingheavily,theywentonworking.尽管天下着大雨,他们仍然继续工作。meantodo想要做某事Ididntmeantohurtyou.我并不想要伤害你。meandoing意味着要有一个结果Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。,regrettodo对即将要做的事表示遗憾IregrettosayImustleavetomorrow.很遗憾,我明天必须离开了。regretdoing对所做的事感到后悔Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier.没能更早地告诉她,我很后悔。remembertodo讲的是将来的事,表示“不要忘记”Remembertolockthedoorwhenyouleave.rememberdoing讲的是过去的事,表示“记起来”Irememberpostingthatletter.我记得寄了那封信。,forgettodo忘记要做某事Shenearlyforgottogivetheporteratipforhisservice.她几乎忘记给行李搬运工付小费。forgetdoing忘记以前曾做过的事Illneverforgetmeetingmyschoolheadmasterforthefirsttime.我永远忘不了和我小学校长初次见面的情景。stoptodo停止原来做的事,开始做另一件事Whileworking,hestoppedtotalkwithTomattimes.工作的时候,他不时停下来和汤姆谈话。stopdoing停止正在做的事Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thepupilsstoppedtalking.教师走进教室的时候,小学生们停止了说话。,trytodo设法做某事Imusttrytogeteverythingreadybeforehearrives.在他到来之前,我必须尽力把一切都准备好。trydoing试验做某事Wouldyoupleasetrydoingthatagain?请你再试一次好吗?,4)need,require,want作“需要”解时,stand(忍受),deserve(应该)后面接动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式,意义上并无差别,但用动词-ing形式比较普通。而beworthdoing=beworthytobedone/ofbeingdone。Yourcompositionneedscorrecting/tobecorrected.你的作文需要修改。Hiscoatwantscleaning/tobecleaned.他的外套需要洗了。Theoldwomanrequireslookingaftercarefully/tobelookedaftercarefully.这个老大娘需要细心地照料。,2019/12/13,68,可编辑,5)advise,forbid,consider,allow,permit,recomend有宾语时,用todo做宾补;没有人称宾语时用动名词做宾语。IadvisedhimtolearnEnglishwell.TheyconsideredLiuMingtobeagoodteacher.Thedoctoradvised_(stay)longerinhospital.Thelawforbids_(sell)liquortochildren,6)下列动词后跟带to的不定式作宾语补语:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,prefer,require,want,teach,tell,warn,wish等。Myfatherhadexpectedmegoingtocollege.Myfatherhadexpectedmetogotocollege.,B、作介词宾语动词-ing形式作介词宾语大都和一些固定搭配有关,可表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。也可放在以to结尾的短语动词后:lookforwardto,objectto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,belongto,objectto,devoteoneself/onestime/energyto,getdownto(着手干),leadto(通向,导致),seeto,referto,turnto等,而动词不定式只在少数介词but,except,besides,连词than后用。,Thankyouforgivingussomuchhelp.Heisusedtowritingwithhislefthand.Heleftwithoutsayinganything.,注意:in,on,after+动名词的时间概念,in+V.ing在

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