修辞：Irony.ppt

Irony,Ironyisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.(冯翠华，1995：213),2.Ironyistheexpressionofonesmeaningbyusinglanguagethatnormallysignifiestheopposite,typicallyforhumorousoremphaticeffect.,ClassificationsofIrony:therearetwodifferentwaysofdividingIrony.Thefirstcaseisbasedonthegenre,thesecondcaseisontheformamildformornot.,Generallyspeaking,IronycanbedividedintofourcategoriesonthebasisofGenre:1.VerbalIrony(语言倒反)2.StylisticIrony(风格倒反)3.DramaticIrony(戏剧倒反)4.SituationalIrony(情景倒反),1.VerbalIronyWhatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawofhisfavoredcountry!theyletthepaupersgotosleep!(Dickens)这是证明他那可爱的国家的仁慈法律的一个多么漂亮的例证！他们允许穷人睡觉！,b.Itisincrediblethatmereignoranceshouldhaveachievedsuchmasterpiecesofhorror.(H.L.Mencken:TheLibidofortheUgly)很难想象人们仅仅出于无知会搞出这些可怕的杰作。(masterpiecesheremeanstheoppositetheextremelyuglybuilding),c.Afterawhile,itisthesettingofmanagainstmanandcreeduntilwearemarchingbackwardstothegloriousageofthesixteenthcenturywhenbigotslightedfaggotstoburnthemenwhodaredtobringanyintelligenceandenlightenmentandculturetothehumanmind.(JohnScopes:theTrialThatRockedtheWorld)(ZhanghanxiAdvancedEnglish),用不了多久，就会出现人与人，宗教与宗教之间的相互争斗，直到我们退回到16世纪那个辉煌的年代，那时偏执的教徒们点燃柴堆活活烧死那些敢于给人类带来智慧、启迪和文明的人。(gloriousheremeanstheoppositedark),BackgroundInformation,Eightyyearsago,inJuly1925,themixtureofreligion,scienceandthepublicschoolscaughtfireinDayton,Tenn.TheScopestrial-orMonkeyTrial,asitwascalled-dominatedheadlinesacrossthecountry.Thetriallastedjustaweek,butthequestionsitraisedareasdivisivenowastheywerebackthen.,Now,hehadnotevenapennywithhimanddidnothavetothinkaboutwhattoeatforlunch,wonderful!(RobertTressell:TheRaggedTrouseredPhilanthropists)现在他一名不文，也不必操心午饭吃什么了，真棒！(wonderfulmeanstheoppositebad;hereitisusedinarakishmanner)e.Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourpermonth.这个勤奋的学生每个月读书时间不超过一小时。,f.根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人，浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有。（宗福先于无声处）Accordingtotheofficialwrite-upsinthepapers,hesthebestmanintheworld.Hedoesnthaveasingledefectinhiswholebody.Why,hedoesntevenhaveabelly-button!,Notethat:SomeoftheVerbalIronyislight-heartedandhumorous:forexample,wecallaverythinboy“Fatty”,afatone“Skinny”.Butmoreoften,itisusedtoveilfeelingsinasubtleway,usingwordsofpraisewherecondemnationismeant,orviceversa.,LightIrony:a.Wearelucky.ItstheothersideonthethirteenthofDecember.Thatmakesusfeelreallygood.(DavidParks:G.I.diary)(Theauthormeansexactlytheoppositeofwhathesays:13isanunluckynumbertomostWesterners.SinceonthatdayDecember13,theywilllandontheothersideofthePacifictofightintheVietnamWar,theydontfeelgoodatall),b.LikealltheotherofficersatGroupHeadquartersexceptMajorDanby,ColonelCathcartwasinfusedwiththedemocraticspirit:hebelievedthatallmenwerecreatedequal,andhethereforespurnedallmenoutsideGroupHeadquarterswithequalfervor.(JosephHeller:Catch22)(ThispassageimpliesthatColonelCathcartwasnotdemocraticatall:hisdemocraticspiritextendedonlytohisowngroup;allothershetreatedwithscornandhigh-handedness),HeavyIrony:AfamousexampleofheavyironyisMarkAntonysspeechattheburialceremonyofCaesarinShakespearesJuliusCaesar:,“Friends,Romans,Countrymen,lendmeyourears;IcometoburyCaesar,nottopraisehim.Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem,Thegoodisoftinterredwiththeirbones;SoletitbewithCaesar.ThenobleBrutusHathtoldyouCaesarwasambitious.Ifitwereso,itwasagrievousfault;AndgrievouslyhathCaesaranswerdit.Here,underleaveofBrutusandtherestForBrutusisanhonorableman;,Soaretheyall,allhonorablemenComeItospeakinCaesarsfuneral.Hewasmyfriend,faithfulandjusttome;ButBrutussayshewasambitious,AndBrutusisanhonorableman.,(Antonymeansexactlytheoppositeofwhathesays.Byconstantrepetitionofthestatement“Brutusisanhonorableman”,aftershowingCaesarwasnotambitious,heisreallycondemningBrutusasdishonorableforhispartinkillingCaesar.),2.StylisticIrony指用与内容相反的风格来表现主题的一种手法。比如叙述一件小事时故意虚张声势，讲述滑稽故事时板着面孔，处理严肃的主题时冷讽热嘲。Acaseinpointis“AModestProposalforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry,andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublic”writtenbyJonathanSwift.他一本正经地以“建议者”的身份，提出了一个十分残忍的“建议”把孩子养肥，屠宰后运送到英国市场上出售。,3.DramaticIrony:主要指小说或戏剧中的人物的语言或动作表明他们不知道某些情况，而读者或观众却一清二楚。这种手法在于人物所表达的意义和读者或观众所知道的的不同意义之间的对比。比如在RomeoandJuliet中。读者/观众清楚地知道Juliet并没有死，而剧中Romeo却并不知道，他以为自己的心上人已经死去，悲痛万分，甚至于徇情自杀。,2019/12/13,22,可编辑,4.SituationalIrony常常用来描写事物的现象与本质的矛盾，行为与反应的矛盾，预料与结果的矛盾，常理与现状的矛盾。作者通过这些矛盾的揭露和描绘来表现世情的颠倒和荒谬。情景倒反有助于反应复杂的现实，准确地展示作者对现实的分析，从而更有说服力地表现主题。,Itwasanimmaculately(perfectly)plannedcrimebythreeNorwegiansafe-breakerswhoknewtheirbusiness.Theyfoundthecompanysafeandplacedasmallexplosivecharge.Calmly,theylitthefuseandshelteredinthenextroom.Therecamethebangandawholewallwasheddownroundthetrioonaroarofflyingbricksandmortar.Thesafedidnotcontainmoney.Itcontainedexplosives.,ThesecondcaseoftheclassificationofIronyisbasedupontheForm,mildornot:A.InnuendoAmildformofIrony,hintinginaratherroundaboutwayatsomethingdisparagingoruncomplimentarytothepersonorsubjectmentioned.,“Theweathermansaiditwouldbewarm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.”(DavidParks:G.I.Diary)(Theauthorishintingattheinaccuracyoftheweathermansweatherreport.Theweatheriscold,ratherthanwarm.),B.SarcasmWhileInnuendoisamildformofIrony,Sarcasmisjusttheopposite.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.,1.FromJonathanSwifts“AMODESTPROPOSALforPreventingtheChildrenofPoorPeopleinIrelandfromBeingBurdentoTheirParentsorCountry,andforMakingThemBeneficialtothePublic”:,BackgroundInformation,ItisneverthelessimportanttounderstandtheeconomicsofSwiftstimeinordertofullyunderstandthepiece.Withthestartofanewindustrialageinthe18thcenturyitwasbelievedthat“peoplearetherichesofthenation,”andtherewasageneralfaithinaneconomywhichpaiditsworkerslowwageshighwagesmeantworkerswouldworkless.,Furthermore,“inthemercantilistviewnochildwastooyoungtogointoindustry.”WecanbetterunderstandSwiftssatiricalcannibalisticproposalwhenwetakeintoaccountthisideainhistimeofthehumanbeingasanumberorcommodity.Inthistext,SwiftattackedtheEnglishmistreatmentoftheIrishpoor.,AModestProposal,Ishallnowthereforehumblyproposemyownthoughts,whichIhopewillnotbeliabletotheleastobjection.IhavebeenassuredbyaveryknowingAmericanofmyacquaintanceinLondon,thatayounghealthychildwellnursedisatayearoldamostdelicious,nourishing,andwholesomefood,whetherstewed,roasted,baked,orboiled;andImakenodoubtthatitwillequallyserveinafricasseeoraragout.,Idothereforehumblyofferittopublicconsiderationthatofthehundredandtwentythousandchildrenalreadycomputed,twentythousandmaybereservedforbreed,whereofonlyone-fourthparttobemales;whichismorethanweallowtosheep,blackcattleorswine;andmyreasonis,thatthesechildrenareseldomthefruitsofmarriage,acircumstancenotmuchregardedbyoursavages,thereforeonemalewillbesufficienttoservefourfemales.,Thattheremaininghundredthousandmay,atayearold,beofferedinthesaletothepersonsofqualityandfortunethroughthekingdom;alwaysadvisingthemothertoletthemsuckplentifullyinthelastmonth,soastorenderthemplumpandfatforagoodtable.Achildwillmaketwodishesatanentertainmentforfriends;andwhenthefamilydinesalone,theforeorhindquarterwillmakeareasonabledish,andseasonedwithalittlepepperorsaltwillbeverygoodboiledonthefourthday,especiallyinwinter.,在此请允许我冒昧的提出我的拙见，希望不会遭到异议。我在伦敦结识的一个博学的美国朋友曾经向我保证，一个被细心的看护至一岁大的年幼的健康的小孩是最美味、滋补和健康的食品，无论是用炖、烘烤或是煮的；而且我毫不怀疑，将这样的小孩做成炖肉丁或菜炖肉都会一样美味。,因此，请允许我冒昧的向公众提出我的拙见，将记录在册的120，000孩童中留下20，000个用来繁殖后代，其中1/4须是男孩。这个数目比我们养的羊、黑牛和猪多多了。我的理由是，这些孩子大部分都不是婚姻的结晶，而既然我们这些野蛮人并不注重婚姻这种形式，那么一个男人足以应付4个女人。对于剩下的100，000个孩子，可以在他们一岁时卖给上流社会人士（食用）；叫他们的妈妈在出售前一个月喂足奶，让他们又肥又胖可以卖个好价钱。（一般而言）一个孩子可以做成两个菜招待朋友，而当家庭自己聚餐时，身体的前后1/4段就足够提供一盘好菜色，如果加少许胡椒粉和盐，在第四天下锅就能煮出美食，特别是在冬天。,Analysis,SwiftappearstosuggestinhisessaythattheimpoverishedIrishmighteasetheireconomictroublesbysellingchildrenasfoodforrichgentlemenandladies.SwiftsrhetoricalstylepersuadesthereadertodetestthespeakerandpitytheIrish.Swiftsspecificstrategyistwofold,usinga“trap”tocreatesympathyfortheIrishandadislikeofthenarrator.,SwifthashisproposerfurtherdegradetheIrishbyusinglanguageordinarilyreservedforanimals.Thespeakeruses“thevocabularyofanimalhusbandry”todescribetheIrish.Oncethechildrenhavebeencommoditized,Swiftsrhetoriccaneasilyturn“peopleintoanimals,thenmeat,andfrommeat,logically,intotonnageworthapriceperpound”.,2.FromSamuelJohnsonslettertoTheRightHonorabletheEarlofChesterfield：“Isnotapatron,mylord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelp?Thenoticewhichyo