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湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 i 摘 要 进入 21 世纪,旅游业已经成为世界各国蓬勃发展的一个重要产业, 不仅为成千上百万人提供就业机会,还会极大地促进世界经济与文化的交流,增进相互了解,提高生活质量。中国的旅游业也成为世界旅游行业的一个亮点。作为一个历史悠久的文明古国,中国有着悠久的历史和灿烂独特的文化,优美自然风景名胜举不胜数,这些都深深吸引着国内外的游客,而今中国已经成为全球最热门的旅游目的地之一。仅在 2008 年北京奥运会召开的 8 月期间,中国接待入境旅游人数就达到 191 万人次。据官方预测,未来的十年内中国将会成为世界第一大旅游目的国。中国将敞开怀抱,迎来更多的国际客人,中国的旅游市场将会愈加繁荣兴旺。 而作为旅游产品之一的旅游资料翻译相对薄弱,语言、文化和语用失误比比皆是,严重影响着中国文化的传播,破坏了旅游地形象。旅游资料翻译作为应用翻译研究领域的一个分支,它是一种以传递信息为主并注重信息传递效果的实用性翻译,其译文质量取决于它能否为游客所接受,所以译者在翻译过程中应采取各种策略来实现对目的语和目的语读者的适应。 本文作者试图借用语用学家维索尔伦(verschueren)的顺应论,提出顺应论指导下的旅游资料翻译模式,希望能够在理论和实践中丰富翻译策略。维索尔伦(verschueren)认为,结构和语境构成了顺应性的内容。在主体部分的分析中,作者将从文体、声音、词汇和句法四个方面对结构顺应进行探讨;语境顺应的分析将从国外游客的心理世界和社交世界两方面研究其对译者顺应策略的影响。最后,作者对旅游资料的翻译过程进行了总结:旅游资料翻译是译者采取各种翻译策略不断顺应目的语的结构和语境等各种相关因素的过程。 关键词: 旅游文本;顺应论;跨文化;翻译 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 ii abstract nowadays tourism industry has become an important industry which boosts its economy in almost every country. not only can it provides employment opportunities for thousands of people, but also promotes the exchanges economically and culturally between different countries and increase understanding and life quality. tourism industry in china has also become an important part worldwide. as a country with long history, china has its uniqueness in history, culture and beautiful natural scenes which attracts many people at home and abroad. china has become one of the most popular tourist destinations. during 2008 olympic games period in august, 1,910,000 people came to china. china will be the largest tourist destination in 10 years, based on official forecast. china will open up and welcome more international tourists and become more prosperous in the tourism market. however the development of translation on tourist publicity is relatively low. linguistic, cultural and pragmatic mistakes in the tourist publicity hamper the cross- cultural communication and damage the image of the destination. tourist materials translation, as one branch of pragmatic translation, is an emerging and promising field for translation study. laying emphasis on the transmission of information and its publicity effect, tourist materials translation is ultimately evaluated by its acceptability among tourists. therefore the translator should orient himself/herself to the target language or target readers by means of various strategies. the author proposes an adaptive translation model under the framework of verschueren s adaptation theory in the hope for providing suggestions for the tourist publicity translation both in theory and practice. verschueren s points out that structure and context constitute the contents of adaptability, in the main part of this thesis, the author explores the structural adaptation in tourist materials translation from the stylistic, sound, lexical and syntactic level. and mental world and social world of tourists in contextual correlates are also playing their roles for the translator s adaptation strategies. finally, the author summarizes the process of tourist materials translation: tourist materials translation is a dynamic choice- making process involving certain degree of salience for the purpose of achieving adaptability in terms of structural and contextual correlates. keywords: tourist text; adaptation theory; cross- culture; translation 学位论文原创性声明和使用授权说明 原创性声明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的研究成果。除文中已经标明引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,即:学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版, 允许论文被查阅和借阅。 本人授权湖北工业大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 学位论文作者签名: 指导教师签名: 日期: 年 月 日 日期: 年 月 日湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 1 1 introduction 1.1research background as we all know, tourism is the worldwide favorite recreational activities in modern society. with the reinforcement of the national communication, tourism becomes a more and more important means in the cross- cultural communication, and a conduit for the flow of information between the west and the east. tourism has long been assumed to promote economy, advance cultural, educational values, and enhance the quality of human life on a global scale. in 1950, international tourists were only 25 million, with 2.1 billion us dollars. in 1998 tourism became the largest industry in the world, embracing 625 million international tourists, with total revenue standing at 444.7 billion us dollars and employment at 150 million. up until september 2001,the world s biggest industry was tourism, at nearly $5 trillion per year. in the year 2000 alone, after a decade of amazing growth, tourism grew at 7.4% to reach almost 700 million international tourism arrivals. tourism is drawing the world closer together. as a booming tourist destination country, there are plenty of scenic spots, historical sites and potential tourist resources. china has abundant natural resources, a long history, beautiful mountains and rivers, and unique folk customs. therefore, china has a far- reaching reputation for her enigmatic oriental flavor given off by the incomparable variety of attractive tourist resources, especially those cultural heritages. the magnetism derived from the perfect blend of novelty and antiquity has greatly boosted the growth of tourism. every year, numerous foreign tourists come to visit china. the development of tourism in china has activated the interest in the ancient civilization of china among the western tourists. according to the data of world tourism organization, china would become the world s leading tourist destination, overtaking traditional destinations, such as spain, france and the united states by 2020. by 2020, the country aims to receive 145 million visitors, of which foreign tourists would be 33.5 million, generating receipts of $75 billion while domesticate tourism is expected to generate 2,700 billion $326.5 billion, tourism revenues would thus represent 8 percent of china s gdp. from these numbers, it is believed that china s tourism has a bright future. as is known to all, tourist materials are important for tourists and the english version of the chinese tourist materials is therefore more important for those foreign tourists. however, the english translation of tourist materials in china doesn t reach a 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 2 high level. non- standard, incorrect and chinese- style english can be easily found in the present tourist materials. the incomplete and incorrect information can exert unfavorable influence on the foreign tourists impression on some scenic spots, especially those with abundant cultural elements, which inevitably does great harm to the tourist brands and the health of china tourism industry. as an important attraction in various tourist sceneries of china, culture diversity is a great barrier to the understanding of the target culture in the destination country, so is it to the translation of tourist materials. the problem of how to translate chinese culture into english appropriately has become a headache of translators working for tourist industry. the burgeoning tourism in china puts tourist materials translation on the important agenda of translation studies since it is an important channel for foreigners to learn about china. moreover, tourist materials cover a wide range of fields, including linguistics, sociology, culturology and psychology and involve various factors pertaining to politics, economics, religions, customs, legends or allusions, etc. such a wide coverage often poses great challenge to translators. whether they can be translated properly concerns china s image as well as the promotion of china s tourism abroad. thus the study on tourist materials translation is regarded as a pressing issue. in retrospect, although some scholars have conducted their research on tourist materials translation with different theories as their footing or listed its translation methods or principles, they only touch one aspect or some aspects of translation studies and are not comprehensive. more details are available in chapter two. so in the present thesis, the author will make an overall and in- depth study on the chinese to english translation of tourist materials with an attempt to formulate its practical theories and summarize its translation process. verschueren s adaptation theory serves as the framework of this study due to its comprehensiveness and focus on the process of language use. under this theoretical framework, how to make linguistic choices under various constraints during the adaptation process in tourist materials translation becomes the research problem of present study. 1.2 objectives and significance the difference between china and western cognitive environment reflects on culture, which leads the differences of languages structures, style and expressions in tourist materials. in translation, we should stress the importance of language customs, cultural background and cognitive environment. subsequently, dynamic adaptation is an efficient theory and translation strategy. and the theory provides us a new and animated perspective. our research will enlighten the publicity and tourist communication with 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 3 the outside world, which can bring our tourist industry onto a healthy way. the present thesis makes an attempt to setup a framework of strategies and methods for adaptation theory elements in translating different types of tourist materials. since most previous studies did not look at translation of this type of materials in terms of adaptation theory, the present study might shed some light on the strategies in chinese tourist materials. this paper aims at discovering interrelationship between cultural diversity and the quality of tourist translation and takes an attempt to integrate the present translation strategies in the specific field of tourist translation. the present study purports to open further the door for new, alternative approaches for tourist materials translation and sheds lights on the tourist materials translation, therefore further enhances the acceptability of the target text. therefore, many aspects concerned with the objectives of this research will be analyzed. 1.3 research methodology in this research, the writer collected numerous examples containing problems concerned in this paper. by categorizing, comparing, and correcting these specimen the writer tries to draw a conclusion of a standardized and effective translation strategies by adaptation theory between chinese and english versions of the tourist materials. 1.4 layout this thesis is composed of six chapters. chapter 1, as an introduction to the thesis, includes four sections: 1) research background, which explains the value of the research; 2) objectives and significance of the study, which introduces the purpose and brief content of the research; 3) research methodology, which discusses the methods of approaching examples, the standards of error correction; and 4) the layout of the thesis, which provides an overview of the structure and organization of the thesis with a brief introduction to the content of each chapter. chapter 2 does a literature review that contains three sections, i.e. previous studies on tourist translation、previous studies on adaptation theory and problems in the current research. the first section aims at reviewing the previous studies on tourist translation both at home and abroad in order to draw an outline of the field. the second section of previous studies on adaptation theory. the third section will be pay close attention to problems in the current research. chapter 3 will concerned with tourist translation and cross- cultural communication. the first section presents the rudiments and essentials of tourist literature including its definition, classification and some basic functions. in the second section, tourist 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 4 translation is analyzed in the perspectives of translation theory, approaches and main problems in tourist translation. section 3 deals with the relationship between tourist translation and cross- cultural communication, especially the role of tourist translation in promoting cross- cultural communication. chapter 4 consists of 4 sections concerned with adaptation theory proposed by verschueren. the first section, adaptation theory and its origins will be introduced. from the second to fourth section, the gist of adaptation theory including making choice, three concept of adaptation and f our angles of investigation is presented with the specific theoretical framework to this thesis. chapter 5 centers on subjects of adaptation theory and its use in tourist translation. as a strategy to improve the quality of tourist translation, two aspects of adaptation: structures and contexts will receive separate analysis for such a division contributes to illustrate some specific problems pertaining to each category. chapter 6 the last chapter of the thesis, reaches a conclusion which summarizes the major findings in the previous chapters and provides some implications to the research in this field. it points out the limitation of this research, calls on further effort on this subject, and in brief, makes a statement of the main contribution to the research in this paper. 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 5 2 literature review the literature review below focuses on two issues concerned with this thesis, i.e. the previous studies on tourist translation and the previous studies from communication and adaptation theory. the first issue is in fact a request into whether there have been sufficient research efforts in the field of tourist translation, which is supposed to provide theoretical basis and some supporting materials in the following analysis. in order to answer this question, a review of the methods, major findings, limitations and some other aspects of the previous research in relevant fields are conducted at home and abroad. the second point in this part is about the previous studies on cultural default and translation strategies. as a heated topic in cross- cultural communication, cultural default is not so strange as what it has been analyzed. however, the thesis concentrates more on the relevant research with tourist translation. 2.1 previous studies on tourist translation tourist texts,it aims at conveying information of scenic spots, passing down local culture and attracting visitors. tourism translation is playing such an important role in building intercultural communication and the mission of understanding. studies on tourist texts have attracted attention from both home and abroad scholars. 2.1.1 research on tourist translation abroad erik castello (2002), in his book tourist information texts: a corpus- based study of four related genres, adopts a systematic- functional approach to describe the language and its structure commonly used in tourist texts via corpus linguistics. rosa lores sanz s (2003) paper the translation of tourist literature: the case of connectors focuses on the analysis of connectors (conjunctions and discourse markers) in thematic position in english translation of spanish tourist literature by comparing “ comparable texts” (texts written in english and texts in english translated from spanish) with the corresponding spanish source texts, and comes to the conclusion that spanish genre of tourist literature shows a tendency towards the explicitation of logical relationship. sumberge carolyn (2004), in her paper brand leadership at stake: selling france to british tourists, states that tourist brochure plays an important role in the promotion of a country. by studying a comparable corpus of tourist brochures, this paper analyzes 湖 北 工 业 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 6 how the approaches to target text production could enhance or detract from the effectiveness of tourist brochures translated from french into english and whether their promotional function is being achieved. based on peter newmark s translation theory and translation strategies, madeleine lejervall (2006), in his paper a tourist translation, aims to deal with difficulties of different nature encountered in the process of translating a tourist booklet on dover castle into swedish by focusing on grammatical aspects such as the translation of the passive, attributive adjectives, and lexical aspects such as the translation of terminology and cultural words and expressions. other foreign scholars, like house and gutt, have also done quite a lot of research on tourism translation. house (1981) puts forward a model for translation quality assessment in the framework of “ covert translation” by evaluating an english translation of a german tourist brochure named nurnberg. through the study of the example taken from a brochure provided for tourists, gutt (2004) defines descriptive translation as non- translation. 2.1.2 research on tourist translation in china tourism translation, the comparatively new field, has been drawing more and more attention of the domestic translation circle as well. up to now, many chinese scholars and practitioners have done various valuable researches in this field in an effort to minimize errors in the translation of tourist literature and present chinese culture effectively to the outside world. in the related papers or books, different translation strategies and approaches have been proposed under the guidance of different translation theories. a detailed introduction is given below. 1) study from the perspective of cultranslation since tourism translation can be fairly regarded as cross- cultural communication, various studies have been done from the perspective of cultranslation. after analyzing the cultural elements in tourist literature and the differences between chinese and western cultures reflected in it in terms of historic anecdotes, religion, landscape gardening, national characteristics, cooking and mode of thinking, zhang ning (2000), in his paper reflections on cultural elements in the translati
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