英国文学诗歌赏析(已整理).doc

_诗歌鉴赏Sonnet 18 (Book1 P118)Notestemperate (2): i.e., evenly-tempered; not overcome by passion. the eye of heaven (5): i.e., the sun. every fair from fair sometime declines (7): i.e., the beauty (fair) of everything beautiful (fair) will fade (declines). natures changing course (8): i.e., the natural changes age brings. that fair thou owst (10): i.e., that beauty you possess. in eternal lines.growst (12): The poet is using a grafting metaphor in this line. Grafting is a technique used to join parts from two plants with cords so that they grow as one. Thus the beloved becomes immortal, grafted to time with the poets cords (his eternal lines). For commentary on whether this sonnet is really one long exercise in self-glorification, please see below. Figure of SpeechRhetorical questioning:The 1st line, to used to create a tone of respect, and to engage the audienceMetaphor:Shakespeare opens the poem with a metaphor, comparing the woman he loves to all of the best characteristics of a summers day. When we think about summer, many attributes come to mind, such as warmth, sunshine, fun, and relaxation. It is the opposite of winter and its freezing temperatures, consistent bad weather and bleak skies. Summer represents optimism.Shakespeare goes on to point out that summer has its down side, as well. For instance, sometimes the sun is far too hot. Summer heat can be unbearable. Also, summer days can be fickle, in that they are cloudy when we think they should be warm. Finally, summer days are just too transient. His love may have been confused at this point. Is it beneficial to be compared to a summers day? Shakespeare sets her mind at rest, however, in explaining that she is far more beautiful and even tempered than the most desirable summer weather. Personification: It is worth mentioning Shakespeares use of personification here. He gives the sun an eye, a human attribute, and in the next line, a complexion.Parallelism（排比）: The final couplet, used to emphasize the message: the beauty of the subject will be immortalized by the power of his artTheme：A profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves. A nice summers day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. Thus Shakespeare has a faith in the permanence of poetry. Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting. The message is that in this world no beauty (in Nature) can stay except poetry or art; and your beauty can only last if I write it down in my poetry. On the surface, the poem is a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman. The beloveds eternal summer shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet. He doesnt want her beauty to be compared to a transitory period like summer. Transiency(短暂，稍纵即逝) of time is also the themes of Sonnet 18.The poet does not want the beauty to fade with time. To him, her beauty must be like the eternal summer. Beauty should be appreciated. The best way to preserve her beauty is to keep it in this poem. Actually, the writer wanted to express his view that art can keep the beauty forever. Art not only can make people enjoy the beauty by reading it, but also be a beauty itself. Natural beauty would be knocked out with the passing of the time. Only can the art bring the eternity. For the speaker, love transcends nature. The poets love is so powerful that even death is unable to curtail(减少) it. The speakers love lives on for future generations to admire through the power of the written word-through the sonnet itself. The final couplet explains that the beloveds “eternal summer” will continue as long as there are people alive to read this sonnet. Sonnet 29 (Book1 P119)2. I all alone beweep my outcast state,beweep = weep for, bewail; Like bewail and beseem, the word has an archaic and biblical flavour. my outcast state = my condition of being a social outcast. The condition is probably exaggerated for the sake of effect, and to emphasize that the speaker sees everything in a gloomy light. Fortune has turned against him and he feels that he does not belong any more to society.Figures of SpeechShakespeare uses literary devices to connect the readers to the poem and possibly his life. Metaphors were used in lines 10-12. In these lines, he compares his love to the lark who sings songs to the heavens. Shakespeare uses this metaphor because he wants to show the reader how happy the thought of his true love makes him feel. Even in the toughest times, the speaker is brightened by the thought of his love and Shakespeare wants to display this to his readers. Shakespeare uses symbolism many times through out the poem, especially in 1-3, 7, 11, and 13. In the first three lines, Shakespeare symbolizes that he is jealous of everything in society. He uses symbolism here because he wants the reader to know that the speaker feels like an outcast compared to the rest of society. In line 7, Shakespeare uses symbolism to describe the skills of other men and their freedom. He uses symbolism in this line because he is describing his wanting of better skills and more freedom. In the eleventh line, the symbolism is that the speaker is describing his lover as a lark. He uses this symbolism because he is portraying that his lover is as lovely as a songbird singing to the heavens. In line 13, the wealth that is brought to the speaker every time he thinks of his lover shows how happy she makes him feel. Shakespeare uses this as symbolism because he is displaying that love his strong enough to pull someone out of their darkest hours. Lastly, personification can be found in line 3. Shakespeare is giving Heaven human like characteristics, such as the ability to hear. He includes this in his sonnet because this adds to the lonesomeness the speaker is feeling, since even God will not answer his wishes.Repetition: “like him” and “mans” in lines 6 and 7, This emphasizes that he wants to me like the other men other than remaining like himselfAlliteration: “think, thee, then” in line 11Rhyme: follows pattern: abab cdcd ebeb ff, ex. “state, fate, gate” and “brings, kings” The use of rhyme is very common in sonnets. Tone: The tone of this sonnet is melancholy and upset. This melancholy, upset tone shows how bad the speaker feels. Towards then end of the poem the speakers mood changes and so does the tone. The town shifts from melancholy and upset to happy and gracious.Theme：The theme of Sonnet 29 is to show the importance of love. Money, society, and possessions are displayed as inferior components of humanity. The speaker changes to embrace the value of love which makes him superior to a king and those of higher social classes. The theme of this sonnet is the feeling of love can overpower the feelings of self-hate. The poem conveys this theme well because it starts with the speaker talking about how much he dislikes his life. The speaker sites many examples of why this is how he feels. Then the speaker talks about how he by change thinks about his love and it lifts his spirits. This is one of Shakespeares more ambiguous sonnets :one does not know who the speaker is referring to or if the word lovein this sonnet refers to a romantic love or a platonic love. The whole poem expresses the changes of the authors inner feelings,which are from disappoint to hopeful,from negative to positive ,from desperate to affectionate ,from self-abased to confident. discloses the desire of appetite ,lust and power and proposes that appetite is the basic desire, lust has its own duality ,the desire for power is a danger and finally the paper gives a way to deal with the desires. It is a poem which helps us sense the greatness of love,which is the center of his life,the sunshine on a cloudy day.Milton On His Blindness (Book 1 P148) Lines 1-8:Milton gets rather impatient at the thought of his blindness. He is blind in the middle age. Blindness prevents him from using his poetic talent by writing something great to glorify God. He has a keen desire to serve God by using his poetic talent, because he knows that God wants man to use his God-given power or he may be punished. In an impatient mood Milton doubts if God would be just in demanding work from a blind man like him.Lines 8-14:Miltons attitude of doubt passes off in a moment. His inner conscience rises up with its faith in Gods justice. He realizes that God does not need mans work by way of service to him; nor does he care whether man uses His gifts. He is the King of kings; His dominion is over the universe. He has thousands of angels doing His biddings at all times flying over land and sea. He has thousands of others who stand by His throne and sing His praise. The latter too are as good as beloved as the active angels. So, patient submission to His will is the best service to Him.All the lines in the poem are in iambic pentameter. In this metric pattern, a line has five pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables, for a total of ten syllables. The first two lines of the poem illustrate this pattern.This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet. Figures of Speech:Alliteration: my days in this dark world and wide (line 2) Metaphor: though my soul more bent / To serve therewith my Maker (lines 3-4). The author compares his soul to his mind.Personification/Metaphor: But Patience, to prevent / That murmur, soon replies . . . (lines 8-9). Paradox（悖论）: They also serve who only stand and wait. Theme:Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best so can endure the suffering best. This sonnet is written as a result of Miltons grief, as he lost his eye sight at his middle age.God judges humans on whether they labor for him to the best of their ability. For example, if one carpenter can make only two chairs a day and another carpenter can make five, they both serve God equally well if the first carpenter makes his two chairs and the second makes his five. If one carpenter becomes severely disabled and cannot make even a single chair, he remains worthy in the sight of God. For, as Milton says in the last line of the poem, they also serve who only stand and wait. Milton decides to rationalize his fear by seeking solutions in his faith.Byron Sonnet On Chillon(Book2 P28)This sonnet is essentially of the Italian type, with slight modifications in the riming pattern in the octave (abba, acca, dedede).The “Sonnet on Chillon” which precedes the tale, is composed in memory of Bonnivard. Theme: This sonnet is written in praise of liberty, in praise of those who remain true to the ideals of freedom even when persecuted by their oppressors. It is a protest against the political reaction of that time.Figures of Speech and AnalysisThis poem dramatizes the conflict between liberty and tyranny, specifically in instances where tyrannical forces attempt to squelch liberty by imprisoning those who champion her virtues. The speaker presents a paradox in the beginning of the poem, “Eternal Spirit of the chainless mind!/Brightest in dungeons, Liberty, thou art,-For there thy habitation is the heart,-” (1,2,3). The speaker personifies liberty and explains the paradox as the poem continues. Liberty is described as a living woman whose “sons” (5) are “consigned, to.dayless gloom” (5/6). In this gloom however, “love of thee alone can bind” (4). The speaker creates a long metaphor in which to win, tyranny must make men turn their hearts against their mother.Sonnet on Chillon is an Italian Sonnet. This form is important because conflict is settled at the end of the octet. After setting up the conflict and paradox, and presenting the metaphor of liberty as a beloved mother who must be betrayed by her children in order for tyranny to triumph, the speaker ends the octet saying “Their country conquers with their martyrdom, And freedoms fame finds wings on every wind.”(7/8). Tyranny, by locking up libertys sons in “damp vaults” (6) succeeds only in creating martyrs whose example inspires the people, leading to their downfall.The rhyme scheme in the octet follows the pattern of a typical Italian Sonnet, A, B, B, A, B, C, C, B. The first quatrain uses auditory rhymes “Mind!” (1) and “bind” (4), “art” (2) and “heart” (3). The second quatrain though, is all site rhymes, “consigned” (5) and “wind” (8), “gloom” (6) and “martyrdom” (7). This auditory dissonance forces the reader to slow down by breaking the rhythm of of the poem, making the reader think more about the speakers message and acknowledge the seriousness of the speakers intent.After placing the reader in a position of finality, with the conflict already resolved and the speakers views made clear, the use of the Italian Form allows the speaker to continue. The sextet begins, “Chillon!” (9). The exclamation grabs the readers attention, telling him that the speaker has more to say; “.thy prison is a holy place” (9). After using the octet to illustrate what could be a hypothetical situation of tyrannical oppression, the speaker declares boldly as the poem goes on that the situation is real, describing the prison as a “holy place” (9) whose “altar” (10) was consecrated by the “steps” (11) that “left a trace.as if thy cold pavement were a sod,” (11/12). The reader now knows that the prison is real, and that the martyr is real and has been imprisoned so long as to wear through stone by walking upon its surface. The speaker then names his martyr; “.Bonnivard!” (13).The sextet follows as simple rhyme scheme, D, E, D, E, D, E with all rhymes being auditory “place” (9) “trace” (11) “efface” (13) and “trod” (10) “sod” (12) “God” (14). The straightforward rhyme scheme, combined with the exclamation points at the beginning of lines 9, 13 and 14 give the sextet a quick rising rhythm that creates excitement, enticing the reader to the speakers cause. The speaker ends with “For they appeal! From tyranny to God.” (14), halting the rising rhythm at a high place and purposely ending both the poem and his appeal to the reader with an appeal to God. The speaker leaves the reader swayed to his cause, if not by the rising fervent pace of the sextet, then by appeal to a higher metaphysical authority.She Walks in Beauty (Book2 P27)The poem was inspired by actual events in Byrons life. Once while at a ball Byron happened upon a beautiful woman, his cousins wife, as she walked by. It is a narrative poem that describes the woman of much beauty and elegance. Stanza OneIn the first stanza of the poem, were introduced to the woman the speaker is writing about, and are given a description of the ways shes beautiful. The poem itself is an extended description of that beauty (a common Romantic practice), but it is in this first stanza that were given the terms of her beauty. Just what is it about this woman that has moved the speaker to write about her?First, lets look at the imagery the speaker associates her with. In the first two lines, we learn that she walks in beauty, like the night / Of cloudless climes and starry skies That shes associated with a night sky is significant. For Romantics, the measure of a things beauty is its nearness to nature. She certainly is near it - she even, as the speaker tells us, has its same way of walking.As the stanza continues, we see it goes further than that, though. Not only is the woman near nature, but all thats best of nights dark and bright / meet in her aspect and her eyes In other words, nature is part of her. She is the place where natures beautiful features meet and are fused. Furthermore, the stanza closes with the declaration that the mixture of beauty in her eyes in fact attains a level of beauty higher than that which nature bestows on gaudy day. For a Romantic, this is high praise indeed. The speaker has told us that this womans beauty exceeds that of nature.Stanza TwoIn the second stanza, the speaker extends the beauty argument hes set up in the first. Not only are the womans features a beautiful mixture of natural elements, they in fact have attained some perfect, delicate balance that the slightest adjustment would upset. He writes, One shade the more or one ray the less and her grace would be impaired.But, as the stanza implies, her grace isnt impaired. Rather her natural elements are arranged in just such a proportion that thoughts serenely sweet can be expressed on them. While this might seem like just more adoration, it in fact is setting up the arguments important final phase, which is that not only is this woman beautiful - her beauty is so perfect that it in fact moves inward. It works into her skin and makes her inner person pure and perfect as well.Stanza ThreeThe final stanza, and in particular the last three lines of the final stanza, is where the poet drives home this final claim, that his beloveds outward beauty has enacted within her a kind of inward correctness, or purity. He declares (my italics), the smiles that win, the tints that glow / but tell of days in goodness spenta mind at peacea heart whose love is innocent. In other words, her beauty both enacts her purity and is evidence that she was perfect all along, that somehow her beauty was bestowed on her as a kind of affirmation of good character.Figures of Speech/ Rhetorical DevicesAlliteration occurs frequently to enhance the appeal of the poem to the ear. The most obvious examples of this figure of speech include the following: Line 2:.cloudless climes; starry skies. Line 6:.day denies Line 8:.Had half Line 9:.Which waves Line 11.serenely