《工商管理专业英语》翻译汇总

1. 现代管理学The modern era of management began early in the 20th century when classical theorists,economists,and industrial engineers offered a classical approach to increase the productivity of individuals and organizations.2. 例如一种管理理论For example ,a management theory that emphasizes employee satisfaction may be more helpful in dealing with a high employee turnover than with delays in production.3. 甚至在今天Even today ,a great deal of what we know about management comes from the autobiographies and memoirs of men and women who are or have been practicing managers.4. 尽管这些办法Although these approaches evolved in historical sequence ,later ideas have always replaced early ones.5. 在过去的30年During the last 30 years or so ,there have been attempts to integrate the three approaches to managementclassical,behavioral,and management science.6. 在这种情况下In this situation ,a compromise is necessary for the overall syetem to achieve its objective.7. 例如严格的计划For example ,rigid plans,clearly defined jobs,antocratic leadership ,and tight controls have at times resulted in high productivity and satisfied workers.8. 换言之In other words,the contingency approach seeks match different situations with different management methods.9. 当然富有远见Of cause ,having a vision is no guarantee of success.10. 通常一份任务A mission statement often focus on the market and customers that the company serves.11. 这些管理人员These managers are the strategists who develop the plans that guide the organization toward its goals.12. 与其他人的沟通All the skills required to communicate with other people ,work effectively with them , motive them ,and lead them are interpersonal skills.13. 为了把梦想变成In order to transform vision to reality ,managers must define specific goals and objectives.14. 最好的企业目标The best organizational ,measurable ,relevant ,challenging ,attainable ,and time limited.15. 折扣的发生A allowance occurs when a customer is not satisfied with a purchase for some reason.16. 企业在计算These refunds and price reductions must be considered when the firm computers its net sales figure for the period.17. 一系列这样的A series of these statement is a valuable tool for directing and controlling the business. 18. 商人们谈及Businesspeople commonly use accounting terms when talking about costs ,prices ,and profit.19. 一份损益表The basic components of an operating statement are sales ,costs ,and profit or loss.20. 零售商们正在寻求Retailers are searching for new marketing strategies to attract and hold customers.21. 零售商们必须对Retailers must decide on three major product variables :product assortment ,services mix ,and store atmosphere.22. 多数零售商不能Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly.23. 零售商的价格A retailers price policy is a crucial positioning factor and must be decided in relation to its target market , its product and service assortment ,and its competition24. 零售商使用Retailers use the normal promotion toolsadvertising ,personal selling ,sales promotion ,and public relationsto reach consumers.25. 零售商必须确定The retailers must determine both the product assortments width and its depth.26. 制定正确价格The first step in setting the right price is to establish pricing goals.27. 对于产品和服务The basic ,long-term pricing framework for a good or service should be a logical extension of the pricing objectives.28. 因此，在销售Thus ,changing a pricing strategy can require dramatic alternations in the marketing mix.29. 低价格可以获取The low price designed to capture a large share of a substantial market , resulting in lower production costs.30. 当生产由于技术Managers may follow a skimming strategy when production cannot be expanded rapidly because of technological difficulties ,shortages ,or constraints imposed by the skill and time required to produce a product.31. 低价格可以吸引Low price can draw additional buyers to enter the market.32. 广告的基本功能The most basic function of advertising is to identify products and differentiate them from others. 33. 为了提高销售额To increase their sales or profit,companies develop marketing strategy by using various marketing elements.34. 广告的另一个功能Another function of advertising to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse.35. 广告涉及到通过Advertising involves presenting the message,usually through the mass media,to a large group of people know as target audience.36. 通过同时向许多人By informing many people at once about available products and services,advertising greatly reduces the costs and higher profits,can ease the task of personal selling.37. 广告的定义有许多The definitions of advertising are many and varied.38. 广告是产品和服务Advertising is a very important tool that enables competitors to enter the market place.39. 市场营销组合是由The marketing mix includes a set of elements known as four Ps and they are under the heading of product,price,place and promotion.1.The three ( T ) 2.In solving ( F ) 3.In order words ( T ) 4.The systems ( T ) 5.Managers around ( T ) 6.It seeks ( F ) 7.Between the ( F ) 8.Management is ( T ) 9.To meet ( F ) 10.In order to ( T )11.As the ( T ) 12.A starting ( F ) 13.Technical skills ( F ) 14.And using ( F ) 15.An operating ( F ) 16.Usually, however ( T ) 17.An allowance ( F ) 18.All this ( T ) 19.Today, national ( T ) 20.They see ( F ) 21.Most retailers ( T ) 22.For all ( T ) 23.Large retailers ( F )24.Small retailers ( T ) 25.A good ( T ) 26.A profit ( F ) 27.Theoretically ( T ) 28. A successful ( F ) 29.As a product ( T ) 30.A companys ( T ) 31.Advertising is ( T ) 32.Advertising can ( F ) 33.The first ( T ) 34.The freedom ( T ) 35.Advertising itself ( T )36.All advertising ( F ) 37.All forms of ( T ) 38.advertising has ( F )1. 古典方法Classical approach to Management 2. 管理学行为方法 Behavioral approach to Management 3. 管理学科学方法 Management science approach 4. （管理学）权变情境方法 Contingency or situational approach to Management 1. 远见，洞察力 Vision 2. 任务表述 Mission statement 3. 长期目标 Goal 1. 短期目标 Objective 2. 管理结构 Management pyramid 3.高层管理者 Top managers 1. 战略目标Strategic goals 2. 中层管理着 Middle managers 3.战术目标 Tactical objectives 1.一线管理者 First-line managers 2. 损益表 Operating Statement 1. 销售总额 Gross sales 2 价格折扣 Allowance 3 净利润 Net profit 1. 目标市场 Target market 2.市场定位 Market positioning 1. 中间商品牌 Private brand or middleman brand 2.价格策略 Price strategy 1. 撇指定价 Price skimming 2. 渗透定价 Penetration pricing1. 基础价格 Base price 2 促销活动 Promotion campaign 3.目标受众 Target audience1. 促销组合 Promotional mix 2.品牌忠诚 Brand loyalty1.The managers described their ( generalize ) 管理者描述他们自己的管理经验，还尝试去概括他们认为可以被运用到相似情形中的那些准则。1、 2.Even today , a great deal of ( memoirs ) 甚至在今天，我们所了解的管理学业都出自于那些管理人员的自传和论文集。2、 3.According to the text , ( classical ) ( behavioral ) ( management science) 根据本文，管理思想形成的三个重要方法是：古典方法，它着重工作和组织的管理；行为方法，它着重于对于人员的管理；管理学科学方法，它着重于生产和经营的管理工作。3、 4. During the last 30 years or ( integrate ) 在过去的30年中，人们试图把古典的、行为的和科学的管理方法融为一体。4、 5. The contingency approach ( contingent ) 权变方法强调：管理活动的正确性取决于它怎样适应它所被用于的特殊环境。5、 6. In solving problems , ( dynamic ) 为了解决问题，管理者运用那些系统方法时必须把组织看成一个不断变化的整体，而且还必须预料到他们所做决定而产生的有意和无意的影响。6、 7. The age-old confrontation between ( conflicts ) 那由来已久的低生产成本的目标和一个较宽产品线的市场目标之间的矛盾是管理学问题内在联系性的一个很好的例子。两个目标之间相互冲突。7、 8. The objectives of individual parts must be ( compromised ) 组织内各个部门的目标必须和组织整体目标相一致。9. The systems approach forces managers ( interdependent ) 系统的方法迫使管理者认识到组织是由相互依存的部门构成的整体系统，一个部门的变化会影响到其他部门。10. The contingency approach has grown in ( popularity ) 权变理论在过去的二十年中变得非常流行。因为有研究发现，给定一个有确定特点的工作和一个有确定特点的做这项工作的人。那些具体的管理实践要比其他方法更好的发挥作用。11. Managers around the globe use more of ( reliance ) 全球的管理者不仅仅只用权变理论为他们服务。单单只依靠古典的或科学的管理方法对组织来说是不够的。12. Both the systems approach and the ( insights ) 系统管理方法和权变理论都可以提供有价值的洞察力，而且还能够补足古典的，行为的和科学的管理方法的不足。13. In todays innovative and competitive ( strive ) 在今天不断革新的、充满竞争的商业环境中。那些努力预见并阐述未来的公司，常常会比那些只对现状做出反应的公司更有优势。14. Communication , or exchanging information ( pervasive ) 交流或者是交换信息，是管理者运用的最重要的和最具渗透性的，人与人之间的管理技巧15. Management ( entails ) planning管理伴随着计划、组织、协调、领导和控制资源（土地，劳动力，资本，信息）以期有效达到那些目标。16. First-line managers need particularly strong ( automotive ) 一线管理者需要特别强的技术技能，因为他们直接用特殊专业的工具和技术进行工作，例如，自动化生产设备或电脑程序，因为他们管理其他的技术工人17. To accomplish this , middle managers ( tactical ) 为了达到这个，中层管理者制定战术目标，它侧重于部门间的问题，也阐释了要达到组织目标的必要结果。18. Henry Ford envisioned making ( affordable ) 亨利.福特想象制造对每个人来说都负担得起的交通工具19. Encouraging employee to work together ( fostering ) 鼓励员工向着共同目标协同工作，与员工和其他管理者之间的相互作用，同合作者及供应商洽谈，发展员工的信任和忠诚，促进创造革新，所有这些活动都需要人际技能。20. They also build a network ( peers ) 他们同样也建立一个同老板、同事和员工之间的关系网络。21. The challenges of management ( conform ) 管理的挑战包括：维持组织结构，制定长期和短期计划，鼓励员工，和控制质量-一项怎样使产品和服务更加贴近预期标准和顾客期望的措施。22. As a result , they generally ( analogues ) 结果，它们通常不能够按照任何已制定的步骤和规则而被制定，即使是类似情况，相似的经历，或相同感觉提供的一些指导。23. The company gives a price reduction ( invoice ) 公司给予一个价格的优惠在最初的发货清单上，但是消费者仍然享有商品和服务。24. Therefore , all reductions , ( refunds ) 因此，所有的优惠、退款、交易的取消。还有诸如退货和价格折让等所有款项都从最初的总销售额中减去，得到净销售额。25. Opening and closing ( inventory )打开和关闭库存数据是可用的,它期间花费的金额为购买转售的货品26. Now lets define the meaning ( skeleton ) 现在我们来定义损益表构架中各个条目的意义。27. Gross ( margin ) (gross profit) is the销售总利润是包含销售费用和经营费用的钱。28. They emphasize ( clarity ) and ( readability ) 他们强调清晰性和可读性而不是细节。29. Many companies use ( financial ) 很多公司使用比这个表更少细节条目的资金流量表。30. However , there is always some customer ( dissatisfaction ) 但是，总有一些顾客不满意或只是抱怨那些在货物整理和运送中的错误31. Really , were only ( revenue ) 真的，我们只对公司没法保持的税收感兴趣。32. An ( allowance ) occurs when折扣的发生时是因为消费者处于某些原因而对所购商品不满33. On some occasions , ( storewide ) 有些情况下，他们经营整家商店的销售。34. Or the retailer can offer ( overstock ) 或者零售商，可以提供令人惊喜的商品。就像它提供的限时抢购，过多存货和大拍卖一样多种多样的惊喜。35. Should the store focus on ( upscale ) 商店应该侧重于高层消费者、中等消费者还是底层消费者。36. Most retailers seek either ( markups ) 许多零售商想要高价格低消费或低价格高消费量。37. Every store has a “feel”; ( cluttered ) 每个商店都有一种感觉，有点杂乱，有的迷人，有的豪华，有点暗淡。38. On others , they plan ( markdown ) 另一方面，他们对滞销品采用削价策略。39. For all there reasons ( rethinking ) 由于这些原因，今天许多零售商都在重新考虑他们的市场策略。40. In any city , a shopper ( assortment ) 在任何一个城市，一个消费者可以找到许多商品，但是差别不大41. A bank should be quiet ( flashy ) 银行就应该是安静的，结实的，平静的，而夜店就应该是俗艳的，大声的，摇动的。42. The stores atmosphere ( arsenal ) 商店的氛围是关于它的产品供应的另一个因素43. A profit ( maximization ) objective may一个利润最大化的目标，可能需要一个比公司可以提供的或想提供的更大的初始投资44. Theoretically , total revenue is ( elasticity ) 理论上，总收入是一个关于价格和需求量的函数，需求量对取决于价格弹性45. Thus , changing a price strategy ( alternations ) 因此，在销售组合中改变定价策略往往需要有戏剧性的变化46. The pill allows patients to ( deterioration ) 这药物可以使病人避免年复一年身体恶化的痛苦并能有正常的生活47. Firms can also ef