（城市规划与设计专业论文）城市规划师笔下的利益均衡法则.pdf

balance of benefits method on the perspective of urban planner a thesis submitted to chongqing university in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of engineering by cao fengxiao supervised by ass. prof. wei haoyan major：city planning and design college of architecture and city planning of chongqing university , chongqing, china may 2011 中文摘要 i 摘 要 中国逐步进入利益博弈时代，在这样一场涉及众多利益主体的争论之中，需 要一种新思维方式的出现；国内经济的快速发展使得城市建设的速度加快，推动 了城市规划的发展；业内对规划学科领域的研究也日趋广泛，多学科视角下的城 市规划研究越来越受到规划师的青睐。 根据目前中国的现况，城市规划师可以分为政府规划师和社会规划师这两种 类型。前者就职于政府的规划行政主管部门，首要角色是国家公务员，扮演着政 府行政代理人的角色；后者则就职于规划设计院和规划咨询公司等，主要是以市 场需求为导向，提供各类规划设计和咨询服务业务。根据笔者自身的所处位置， 本文主要以一个社会规划师的角度出发来分析问题和探讨方法，可以说是社会规 划师视角下的规划设计方法探讨。 本文从现状出发，对社会中已然存在的种种现象和事件进行分析判断，进而 提出现实规划失衡的问题，如规划中的权力主义倾向、工程技术化倾向，以及各 个利益主体之间的矛盾和冲突等，最后发现，规划师有协调多方利益和把控利益 倾斜度的能力。在一个规划设计项目中，存在着诸多利益相关者，其中有与规划 项目直接存在利益关系的直接利益相关者；也有与规划项目没有直接利益关系但 与此规划项目有关联的间接利益相关者。规划师可以以一个间接利益相关者的身 份参与到其他直接利益相关者的博弈斗争中，以协调他们之间的利益分配，因而 规划师所进行的规划设计过程可以看做是一个利益协调的过程。 目前，对博弈论的研究正在由非合作博弈走向合作博弈，前者强调的是个人 的策略选择，而后者则强调团体的理性。可以说合作博弈是博弈论发展的一个新 阶段，它使得共赢、和谐、互利协作、社会公平、可持续发展等名词解释都有了 很好的理论依据。基于此，本文以合作博弈下的利益均衡为理论依据开始进行规 划设计方法探讨，通过对博弈理论、利益主体等各项的分析之后，得出两种利益 均衡模式，即社区规划师联合对抗模式和社会规划师沟通协调模式。在对这两种 模式进行分析比较的基础之上，选择适用于中国现状的社会规划师沟通协调模式 作为进一步研究的对象。同时，在此模式基础之下提出两个具有典型代表性的方 面进行详细探讨，即从空间出发的利益均衡方法探讨和从指标出发的利益均衡方 法探讨，进而完成本文的利益均衡法则构建。 利益均衡法则并没有摒弃常规的规划设计手法，它只是在规划过程中添加了 新的视角和思维方式，核心思想围绕着利益均衡，因此在规划设计中准确分析各 个利益主体及把控好协调的度最为重要。一般可以分为四个步骤：首先，要了解 重庆大学硕士学位论文 ii 项目的大背景，也就是所谓的宏观分析，其中包括前期调研、上位规划了解等； 其次，要认真研读任务书，解读甲方给定的条件，思路清晰的客观分辨出哪些条 件是可行而且必要的，哪些是可能出错且不可行的；再次，要确定项目相关的利 益主体，同时对他们的利益诉求进行深入全面的分析，以便在下一步中不致做出 有偏颇的利益推断；最后，进行利益协调、空间布控或进行指标测算，无论是最 终落实的具体空间抑或是指标数据的结果都应保证是在综合考虑了多方利益主体 诉求基础之上而来的。 当然，这二者之间也有一定的区别，从空间出发的利益均衡中的市民指的是 一般意义上的市民，地方政府、开发商和市民这三个利益主体之中，有两者在规 划博弈中都是处于隐身状态的。因此在此类规划中，利益矛盾的冲突并不明显， 合作博弈的发展能够顺利进行，关键在于根据不同情况具体分析相对应的利益主 体，同时要主动去考虑那些处于隐身状态的直接利益参与者。而从指标出发的利 益均衡中的市民则指那些具有直接利益关系的市民，他们参与规划的意愿非常强 烈，与开发商对峙的局面经常发生，市民和开发商同处于现身状态。地方政府因 着他的收取土地出让金使得或明或暗的状态都不会影响自己博弈参与者的身份。 因此，在这类规划中，利益均衡方法更多强调的是一种妥协和退让的合作博弈。 因此可以说，本文的研究对象其实是一种特殊的规划设计方法利益均衡 视角下的规划设计方法。在做实际项目时，把博弈论利益均衡的思考方法添加进 我们常规的规划设计流程，从新的角度去考虑方案设计过程中，空间如何布局， 指标如何测算。通过对案例的分析，分别从空间布局和指标测算两个方面来分析 利益均衡在规划设计中的运用。 全文共分为六个章节： 第一章主要论述本课题的研究背景、目的、意义、内容、相关概念界定、研 究方法以及论文框架等。 第二章为现状问题的提出和分析，提出利益失衡倾向，并对此现象进行深入 的研究，试图找出这些倾向存在的原因，进而初步探讨规划师面对这些倾向应该 有何作为，提出规划师在设计中应该正确看待这些倾向。 第三章为利益均衡法则的构建，提出博弈论这一理论基础，进而层层推导出 社区规划师联合对抗模式以及社会规划师沟通协调模式，最后选定社会规划师沟 通协调模式作为适用的模式，分别从空间和指标这两个具有典型代表性的方面入 手进行具体分析。 第四章为实证研究，以实际案例为线探讨了从空间出发的利益均衡方法在规 划中的具体运用。 第五章也为实证研究，同样以实际案例为线探讨了从指标出发的利益均衡方 中文摘要 iii 法在规划中的具体运用。 第六章为结语，总结了本文的核心内容和要点，同时指出论文研究所存在的 不足之处。 关键词关键词：社会规划师，利益均衡，规划设计方法，指标，空间 重庆大学硕士学位论文 iv 英文摘要 v abstract china gradually enters the era of interest game, in such a controversy, which involved a large number of stakeholders requires a new way of thinking; chinas rapid economic development makes the speed of urban construction, and the development of urban planning; planning the research disciplines are becoming increasingly widespread in the trade, multidisciplinary views on urban planning are agesed by more and more planners. based on the current status of china, planner can be divided into government planners and social planners. the former worked for the governments planning department, primary role is national civil servant, as a government executive, the latter worked in planning and design institute and planning consulting firm, etc. mainly based on market demand, provide all kinds of planning and design and consulting services. according to the authors own location, this paper takes a social point of view of planners to analyze the issues and explore ways, it is said that the perspective of social planning and design of. in my study and practice, have a practical interest in seeking new methods to solve practical problems, initially contact with a number of sociological, economic geography and game theory and other aspects of knowledge. in the interest of game theory and cognitive, i tried to find a new way of thinking, from the game theory perspective of the balance of interests, to concept in the planning and actual project. this article from the current situation, already there in society, we want analysis the various phenomena and events , and then point out the problem of imbalance, for example planning authoritarian tendencies, the tendency of engineering and contradictions between the various stakeholders and conflict. at last ,we found that planners have coordinated multi-stakeholder interests and to control the ability to tilt. in a planning and design projects, there are many stakeholders, and planning projects which are directly relevant stakeholders, there are also indirect stakeholders who associated with the plan programs. planners can be an indirect stakeholders, who can coordinate the distribution of benefits between them, so, planning and design process can be seen as a process of coordination of interests. at present, research on game theory is non-cooperative game to cooperative game, the former emphasizes the individuals strategy choice, while the latter emphasizes the 重庆大学硕士学位论文 vi rational group, cooperative game can be said that is the development of a new stage of game theory, it makes the win-win situation, harmonious, mutually beneficial cooperation, social justice, sustainable development, have a good term to explain the theoretical basis. based on this, in this paper, cooperative game theory based on the balance of interests to begin planning for the design of, after the analysis of game theory and stakeholders, balance of interests of two models derived, community planner is the joint fight mode and mode of communication and coordination of social planners. in comparing these two models on the basis of the analysis, select the status quo of chinese society for communication and coordination mode of planners as the object of further study. meanwhile, under the basis of this model proposes two aspects of a typical representative of detail, starting from the balance of interests method of space exploration and the balance of interests starting from the index method ,this balance of interests and then complete the construction rules. balance of interests did not abandon the conventional rules of planning and design practices, it is only in the planning process to add a new perspective and way of thinking, around the core idea of the balance of interests, therefore, an accurate analysis of the planning and design to control the various stakeholders and a good degree of coordination is most important. can generally be divided into four steps: first of all, to understand the background of the project, called the macroscopic analysis, including preliminary research, planning of understanding in the upper; secondly, we must carefully study the mission statement, reading the conditions for a given party, clear objective to distinguish what is feasible and necessary conditions which are likely to go wrong and unworkable; third, we must determine the project-related subjects of interest, while their interest demands for a thorough analysis in order to make the next step will not be biased in the interests of inference; finally, the coordination of interests, dispatched or index space calculation, whether it is the final implementation of the specific space or is the result of indicator data should be guaranteed to be taken into account in the consolidated basis of multi-stakeholder demands come to . of course, between the two there is a certain difference between the balance of interests starting from the space community in the general sense refers to the public, local governments, developers and the public among the three stakeholders, there are two in the planning are in a stealth game in the state. therefore, in such a plan, the conflict is not obvious conflicts of interest, the development of cooperative game can proceed smoothly, the key is analyzed according to different conditions corresponding 英文摘要 vii to specific stakeholders, taking the initiative to consider the status of those in the direct interests of the participants in stealth . starting from the indicators in the balance of interests of the public refers to those with a direct interest in the people, their willingness to participate in the planning very strong confrontation with the developers frequently, the public and developers are coming out with the state. because of his local government land transfer fee makes overt or covert status will not affect the identity of participants in their own game. thus, in such planning, the interests of more balanced approach emphasizes compromise and concession is a cooperative game. therefore we can say the object of this study is planning a special method - the balance of interests method of planning and design perspective. doing the actual project, the interests of balance on game theory methods to add into our routine planning and design process, from a new perspective to consider the design process, how the space layout, indicators of how to measure. through the analysis of the case were calculated from the spatial distribution and indicators to analyze the balance of interests both in the planning and design of the application. the article is divided into six chapters: the first chapter discusses the research background, purpose, meaning, content, definition of related concepts, research methods and thesis framework. the second chapter discusses the problem and the analysis, the tendency of the interests of balance and depth of this phenomenon, trying to find out the reasons for the existence of these tendencies, and then discussed planners should be in place as the face of these tendencies, for planning teachers in the design should be a correct view of these tendencies. the third chapter is the construction of the balance of interests laws, proposed the theory of game theory, and then layers of joint derived versus mode community planners and social planners communication mode, the last selected mode of communication and coordination of social planners as applicable model and targets from space, respectively, a typical representative of these two aspects specific analysis. the fourth chapter is empirical research to explore the practical case for the line starting from the balance of interests method of space in the planning of the specific application. the fifth chapter is empirical research, the same as the line of actual case starting from the balance of interests method of indicators in the planning of the specific application. 重庆大学硕士学位论文 viii the sixth chapter is conclusion, summarizes the core content and key points of this article, also pointed out the shortcomings of the thesis at the institute. key word: social urban planner, balance of benefits, plan method, target, space 目 录 ix 目 录 中文摘要中文摘要 . i 英文摘要英文摘要 . v 1 绪绪 论论 . 1 1.1 研究背景研究背景 . 1 1.1.1 中国逐步进入利益博弈时代 . 1 1.1.2 国内经济腾飞和快速城市化给规划带来了发展契机 . 2 1.1.3 我国规划业内关于“城市规划向公共政策转化”成为一个热门话题 . 2 1.1.4 中国城市规划研究正经历着从物质空间研究视角向社会利益和公共政策研究视 角的路径转型 . 2 1.1.5 多学科视角下的城市规划研究越来越受规划师的青睐 . 3 1.1.6 规划师的职业道德被提到一个新的高度 . 4 1.2 研究目的及意义研究目的及意义 . 4 1.3 研究对象及内容研究对象及内容 . 6 1.4 相关概念界定相关概念界定 . 6 1.4.1 城市规划师 . 6 1.4.2 利益均衡法则 . 7 1.5 国内外文献综述国内外文献综述 . 8 1.5.1 国内文献综述 . 8 1.5.2 国外文献综述 . 10 1.5.3 结论 . 13 1.6 研究方法及框架研究方法及框架 . 14 1.6.1 研究方法 . 14 1.6.2 研究框架 . 15 2 城市规划中的多方利益失衡城市规划中的多方利益失衡 . 17 2.1 规划师的自我剖析历程规划师的自我剖析历程 . 17 2.1.1 规划的常规设计