状语的作用.doc

状语的作用英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。 1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English very well. He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.3.介词短语My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.The boy was praised for his bravery. 4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.状语 1) 修饰谓语的句子成分是状语。它分为： 时间状语、地点状语、原因状语 、条件状语 、目的状语、方式状语 、让步状语、情况状语 2) 可做状语的词类和形式 副词和形容词 介词短语 分词和分词短语 第二格和第四格词 不定式短语 状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。 状语的用法一、 什么叫状语？修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。例如：My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难生活。She studies hard她努力学习。I am very tired我非常疲倦。二、什么可以作状语？1副词：Say again再说一遍。Suddenly it began to rain天突然下雨了。2介词短语：Please come here in the evening请晚上来这儿。He wrote with a red pencil他用红铅笔写的。3动词不定式（或不定式短语）：He went to see a film他看电影去了。My father was surprised to hear the news我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。4分词（或分词短语）：He sat there reading a novel他坐在那儿看小说。The students went away laughing学生们笑着走开了。5名词：Wait a moment等一会儿。It can go all day and all night它能整日整夜地走。6状语从句：Ill write to you as soon as I get there我一到那儿就给你写信。He didnt come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work他没来，因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。三、状语的分类：状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。1地点状语：The students are doing their homework in the classroom学生们正在教室里做作业。2时间状语：I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。3目的状语：They set out early so that they might arrive on time他们早点动身，以便准时到达。4原因状语：She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。5结果状语：Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。6程度状语：I nearly forgot what he had promised我几乎忘记了他答应的事。7方式状语：He came singing and dancing他唱着跳着走过来。8条件状语：If you work hard at English，you will do well in English如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。9让步状语：He went to school yesterday though he was ill昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。10比较状语：Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One第二课不像第一课那样难。四、状语的位置：一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。1状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首。Tomorrow I am going swimming明天我要去游泳。Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed在电影院这里不准吸烟的。2状语位于句中：状语在句中的位置是：(1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面。I often go to see a film我经常看电影。(2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后。He has already had his lunch他已吃过午饭了。(3)如果动词是be，状语就放在be动词之后。He is always at home他总是在家。3状语位于句末，这是状语的通常位置。We get up at six in the morning我们早晨六点起床。五、句中多个状语同时出现，位置如何放？1多个地点状语同时出现在句末，较小的地点状语放在较大的地点状语前面，单词放在短语前面，次要地点放在重要地点前面。We should sit in the front row in the classroom我们应该坐地教室的前排。We live in Room 204 in the science building我们住在科学楼204室。2地点和时间状语同时出现在一个句子中：(1)地点状语放在时间状语前面。He was born in Beijing in 1979他1979年出生于北京。(2)较短的状语放在较长的状语前面。Our plane will arrive at eight oclock this evening at the International Airport in the eastern suburbs of Beijing我们的飞机将于今晚八点到达北京东郊国际机场。3如果句子中状语有单词、短语和从句，它们的位置排列应是：单词在前面，短语在中间，从句在后边。I hope to stay here for a long time if I am allowed to do so如果我得到允许的话，我希望在这里呆一段时间。4如果句子中同时出现几种状语形式，它们的位置排列是：方式状语+地点状语+时间状语。Mary studied well here yesterday玛丽昨天在这里学得很好。5如果句末状语太多，可调一个（不得超过一个）到句首。如果有时间状语，通常将时间状语放于句首。Yesterday morning Wang Lin was drawing a horse carefully with a brush on a piece of paper in our classroom昨天上午王琳在我们教室里用笔细心地在一张纸上画马 语法要点(Main points)1) Adverbials are usually adverbs, adverb phrases, or prepositional phrases. 状语通常由副词，副词短语或介词短语构成。2) Adverbials of manner, place, and time are used to say how, where, or when something happens. 方式状语，地点状语和时间状语用以表示某事发生的方式，地点和时 间。3) Adverbials usually come after the verb, or after the object if there is one. 状语通常置于谓语动词或宾语之后。4) The usual order of adverbials is manner, then place, then time. 状语通常的顺序是：方式，地点，时间。语法透析1) An adverbial is often one word, an adverb. 状语经常只是一个副词。 例如：1) Sit there quietly, and listen to this music. 安静地坐着，听听这音乐。2) However, an adverbial can also be a group of words: 状语也可能是一组词。 * an adverb phrase 副词词组 例如：1) He did not play well enough to win. 他弹得不够好，没能胜出。* a prepositional phrase 介词词组 例如：1) The children were playing in the park. 孩子们在公园玩耍。* a noun group, usually a time expression 名词词组，通常表示时间 例如：1) Come and see me next week. 下周来看我。3) You use an adverbial of manner to describe the way in which something happens or is done. 方式状语用以表示某事发生的方式。 例如：1) They looked anxiously at each other. 他们不安地打量着对方。 2) She listened with great patience as he told his story. 他讲故事的时候她听得非常耐心。4) You use an adverbial of place to say where something happens. 地点状语表示某事发生的地点。 例如：1) A plane flew overhead. 一架飞机从头顶飞过。5) You use an adverbial of time to say when something happens. 时间状语表示某事发生的时间。 例如： 1) She will be here soon. 她很快就来这儿了。 2) He was born on 3rd April 1925. 他生于1925年4月3日。6) You normally put adverbials of manner, place, and time after the main verb. 方式状语，地点状语和时间状语通常都置于主动词之后。 例如： 1) She sang beautifully. 她唱歌很动听。 2) The book was lying on the table. 书就放在桌上。 3) The car broke down yesterday. 昨天车坏了。7) If the verb has an object, you put the adverbial after the object. 如果动词后面有宾语，状语则放宾语之后。 例如： 1) Thomas made his decision immediately. 汤姆斯立刻就做了决定。 2) He took the glasses to the kitchen. 他把眼镜拿到厨房去了。8) If you are using more than one of these adverbials in a clause, the usual order is manner, the place, then time. 状语通常的顺序是：方式，地点，时间。 例如: 1) They were sitting quite happily in the car.(manner, place) 他们挺开心地坐在车里。（方式，地点） 2) She spoke very well at the village hall last night.(manner, place, time) 昨晚她在乡村大厅里讲得很好。（方式，地点，时间）9) You usually put adverbials of frequency, probability, and duration in front of the main verb. 表示频率，可能性和持续性的状语一般放在主动词之前。 例如: 1) She occasionally comes to my house. 她偶尔过来看看我的房子。 2) You have very probably heard the news by now. 现在你很可能已经听说过这条新闻了。 3) They had already given me the money. 他们已经把钱给我了。第八讲 状语 (Adverbial) 【语法讲解】 一、 状语的定义和作用 状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子等的句子成分。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等。 二、 状语的形式和位置 在所有的语法范畴中，状语的形式最多样，它可以是单词、词组或从句；可以是副词（短语）、形容词（短语）、名词（短语）、介词短语、分词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、状语从句等。 与其他语法范畴相比，状语的位置也最灵活，它可以出现在句首、句中或句末。例如： Immediately he replied. （句首） He immediately replied. （句中） He replied immediately. （句尾） 1. 副词（短语）作状语 She is always losing her keys. 她总是丢钥匙。 John drove too slowly. 约翰开车太慢。 2. 形容词（短语）作状语 Strange enough, they refused to come to the party. 很奇怪，他们拒绝参加晚会。 3. 名词（短语）作状语 He is knee deep in snow. 他踩在齐膝深的雪中。 They traveled a long way before they came here. 他们到这之前走了很长的路。 4. 介词短语作状语 The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底 I have lived here for three years. 我住这已经3年了。 5. 分词（短语）作状语 1） 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。作状语的分词通常放在句首或句尾，有时也可以插在句子的主谓语之间。分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语（即隐含的，在句中并不表示出来）与句子的主语一致。 She sat there doing nothing. 她坐在那里无所事事。（doing的逻辑主语是she，它们之间是主动的关系） Given better attention, the trees can grow well. 如果得到更好的管理，这些树可以长得很好。（given的逻辑主语是the trees，它们之间是被动的关系） 2） 为了表示明确的时间或条件，有时可在分词前加when, while, if等连词。例如： When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. 当离开机场的时候，她向我们频频招手。 While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Jane.在等火车的时候，我与珍妮进行了长谈。 If translated word by word, the sentence will be meaningless. 如果逐字翻译，这个句子就没有意义。 3） 分词有时也可以有自己独立的逻辑主语（即与句子的主语不一致），这种结构称为独立结构，在很多情况下表示时间、原因、条件或伴随的动作或情况。例如： The holidays being over, they began to get down to do their work again. 假期结束了，他们又开始认真地工作。 So many people being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. 这么多人缺席，我们决定把会议延期。 【特别提醒】 现在分词表示主动的意思，表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动的意思，表示动作的完成。 6. 动词不定式（短语）作状语 She was slow to make up her mind. 她迟迟不能下决心。 To be honest, I didnt enjoy the party. 说实话，我不喜欢这个聚会。 We live to serve the people heart and soul. 我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务。 7. 状语从句 在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句。状语从句按其意义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。 1） 时间状语从句 I will discuss this with you when we meet. 我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。 Come and see me whenever you want to. 任何时候想来就来看看我。 【特别提醒】 1） 时间状语从句常由下列连词引导：when（当时候），whenever（任何时候），as（随着），while（在期间），before（在以前），after（在之后），since（自从），as soon as（一就），until（直到），once（一旦）。 ? 时间状语从句还可由一些名词（the moment, the instant, every time等）和副词（instantly, directly等）连接。例如： Ill telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。 Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.每次我感冒都流鼻涕。 ? 时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。例如： You will get to know when you grow up. 你长大后就会了解。 2） 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常由where（哪里），wherever（无论什么地方）引导。 Sit wherever you like. 想坐哪里就坐哪里。 You have the right to live where you want.你有权住在你想住的地方。 3） 原因状语从句 原因状语从句通常由下列词引导：because（因为），as（由于），since（既然，由于），now that（既然），not thatbut that（不是因为而是因为）。例如： She was late because her watch stopped. 她迟到是因为她的表停了。 As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。 Since he is busy, I wont trouble him. 既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。 He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health. 他有些担心，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。 4） 目的状语从句 目的状语从句通常由下列词引导： so that（为了，以便），in order that（为了，以便），lest（以免，以防）。 Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly. 我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得清楚一些。 We sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach them in time. 这封信我们航空邮寄，以便他们能及时收到。 We must hurry off lest we should miss the bus.我们得赶快走了，以免赶不上汽车。 【特别提醒】 由lest引导的目的状语从句要使用虚拟语气，由should动词原形构成。 5） 结果状语从句 结果状语从句通常由下列词引导： sothat（如此以至），suchthat（如此以至）。 The problem is so difficult that it will take us time to work it out. 这道题如此难以至于我们要用很多时间才能解决。 She is such a kind girl that everyone likes her. 她非常善良，以至于每个人都喜欢她。 6） 条件状语从句 条件状语从句通常由下列词引导：if（如果），unless（除非），suppose (supposing)（假设），provided (that)（假若），providing (that)（假若），on condition (that)（如果），as (so) long as（只要）。 If you want to succeed, youd better work hard. 如果你想成功，最好努力工作。 Ill come unless it rains. 除非下雨，否则我一定来。 You can borrow the book as long as you promise to keep it clean. 只要你保证不弄脏，你就可以借书。 【特别提醒】 条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。例如： If he has the book, he will lend it to you. 如果他有这本书，他将会借给你的。 7） 比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由下列词引导：asas（像一样），than（比），thethe（愈愈），asso（正如那样）。 He works as fast as a skilled worker does. 他干得像熟练工人一样快。 The sooner you reach the target, the higher score you have. 你愈快触到目标，得的分愈高。 The work was finished earlier than we expected. 工作完成得比我们预计的要早。 8） 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由下列词引导：as（像，如同），as if (though)（似乎）。 State the facts as they are. 如实地陈述事实。 It looks as if its going to rain. 看起来好像要下雨了。 She closed her eyes as though she was sleeping. 她闭上眼睛似乎在睡觉。 9） 让步状语从句 让步状语从句通常由下列词引导：although (though)（虽然），as（尽管），even if (even though)（即使），no matter (how, what, where, when)（不管（怎样、什么、哪里、何时），whetheror（不管）。 Although he is poor, he is honest. 他虽然穷，但是诚实。 Even if our car can go 100 miles an hour, we cant get there by ten. 即使我们的汽车每小时能跑100英里，10点以前我们还是到不了那里。 Whatever you say she never listens. 不管你说什么，她都不听。 【强化练习】（一） 判断下列各句的状语及性质： 1) Read as much as you can in the new language. 2) Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways. 3) Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. 4) When they guess wrong, they guess again. 5) We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. 6) Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. 7) In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite, television signals are first changed into radio waves. 8) Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $442 richer. 9) Garage sales have become suburban social events, drawing people of all ages. 10) To define a word, the dictionary editor places the cards before him. 【强化练习】（二） 判断下列各句的句子成分 1) For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. 2) Learn as a child would learn. 3) When the sorting is completed, there will be for each word anywhere from two or three to several hundred quotations, each on its card. 4) As the editors read, they copy on cards every interesting or rare word. 5) Three reasons why we are unwilling to discuss insurance can be suggested. 6) Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. 7) Kids who have no idea what being polite means will pay the price sooner or later. 8) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time allocated each week to violent programs increased significantly. 9) Children naturally often want the toys shown on and advertised during these programs. 10) If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be a good idea to control his viewing. 【特别提醒】 阅读时，看懂文章的关键是清楚句子的结构。当句子的结构清楚了，就会比较容易地理解句子在各个层次上的意义。在各句子成分中，谓语的作用最重要。判断出哪个是谓语动词后，无论是主句还是从句的结构就都会比较清楚。 【练习解析】（一） 1) 本句状语为比较状语从句as much as you can in the new language，本句译文：“用新语言尽可能地多读。” 2) 本句状语为介词短语in many ways，本句译文：“语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在很多方面类似。” 3) 本句状语为介词短语instead of waiting for the teacher to explain，本句译文：“不等老师解释，他们自己试着寻找规则。” 4) 本句状语为时间状语从句when they guess wrong本句译文：“他们猜错的时候，就再猜一遍。” 5) 本句状语为结果状语从句such that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller，本句译文：“我们现在有着如此快捷的旅行方式以至于这么大的海洋看起来好像已经变小了。” 6) 本句状语为副词traditionally和介词短语in the same area，本句译文：“根据传统，大家庭中的所有成员都住在同一地区。” 7) 本句状语为动词不定式短语in order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite做目的状语，本句译文：“为了通过卫星转播像奥运会这样的事件，电视信号先被转换成无线电波。” 8) 本句状语为现在分词短语leaving the family $442 richer做结果状语，本句译文：“热心的买主一个周末买走了几乎所有的东西，只剩下50件，使这家人多了442美元的收入。” 9) 本句状语为现在分词短语drawing people of all ages做伴随状语，本句译文：“车库展卖已经成为郊区的一种社交活动，吸引着各种年龄层次的人。” 10) 本句状语为动词不定式短语to define a word做目的状语和介词短语before him，本句译文：“为了给一个单词下定义，字典的编辑把很多卡片放到面前。” （二）划分句子成分时我们将采用如下符号：主语 ，谓语 ，宾语 ，定语（），状语 ，表语和宾语补足语。 1) For them, learning a language is . 2) Learn as a child would learn 3) We must also wonder whether seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us tolerate crime more than we should.（在宾语从句中的句子成分：seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day makes us .） 4) As the editors read, they copy on cards（every interesting or rare）word. 5) (Three) reasons (why we are unwilling to discuss insurance) can be suggested. 6) Insurance also reminds us that we live in an unsafe world. 7) Kids (who have no idea what being polite means) will pay the price sooner or later. 8) Between 1982 and 1986, the amount of television time (allocated each week to violent programs) increased significantly. 9) Children naturally often want the toys (shown on and advertised during these programs). 10) If your child appears to be crazy about war play and weapons, it would be to control his viewing. （it为形式主语，to control his viewing为真正的主语） 【巩固练习】（十四）判断下列各句的句子成分 1) Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. 2) When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 3) You wouldnt believe the stuff people will buy. 4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful. 5) Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year. 6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide