小微企业财务工作存在的问题及对策外文文献翻译.doc

小微企业财务工作存在的问题及对策 小微企业是小型企业、微型企业、家庭作坊式企业、个体工商户的统称，其分布广、数量众多，在国民经济中具有不可替代的重要地位和作用。由于小微企业经营规模小，资金有限，业务比较单一；组织结构简单，组织制度缺失，人员有限，缺乏科学的内部管理，特别容易忽视财务工作的重要作用，影响其规范运行和健康发展。一、小微企业财务工作存在的主要问题（一）企业主缺乏财务管理意识，财务人员素质偏低1、小微企业主经营理念落后。小微企业管理最典型的模式是所有权与经营权的高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，在这些企业中,企业领导者集权现象严重，所有者凭借经验和感觉进行管理，往往把追求利益最大化作为财务管理的最终目标。小微企业主通常只关注产品的销量，只要销量持续增长，收入不断攀升，企业就容易忽视财务管理，单纯把财务人员当成记账人员，而没有把财务管理上升为管理手段来认识，这样一来，财务管理方面的问题就不会暴露出来，矛盾也不会很突出。然而，企业经营一旦出现问题，致使资金周转不灵甚至严重亏损，就无法立即运用财务管理工具化解危机，可能使企业蒙受重大损失，甚至面临破产的危险。2、小微企业主管理观念陈旧。由于大多数小微型企业是由个体工商户经发展壮大转型而来，尤其是微型企业老板身兼数职，既是总经理又是总会计，既管财务，又管总务，既使雇佣了专职职业财会人员，也只是应付报帐的需求，平时真正的财会人员就是老板自己，由于其不懂得会计业务的规范操作流程，导致资金串项、挪用、私存乱借、企业款与家庭款不分和账外账；法制意识淡薄、处理会计业务时违规操作；3、小微企业财务人员业务水平低。绝大部分小微企业财务人员未接受过系统化、专业化的知识教育，真正的财务专业人员大多不愿到小微企业工作，很难为管理层提供有效的财务信息。企业财务人员对会计法和财务管理知识了解不多，依法理财的观念淡漠，整体素质不高，与社会新形势下各种先进的管理方法脱节，处理会计业务马虎粗放，分录不准确，记载不清楚，“糊涂账”、“流水账”、“包包账”较多；核算乱，工作停留在帐表处理等日常业务上，不高标准要求核算工作，参谋、监督作用发挥不到位；原始凭证内容不规范，甚至存在打“白条子”现象，账务工作缺乏严格的纪律性，如结账不及时，报账不按时，甚至不记账等。（二）企业缺乏健全的财务制度，财务管理环节严重脱节1、小微企业财务管理机构缺乏。很多小微企业的内部并没有专业财务管理机构，只是设置了单纯的会计机构，血缘、乡源所形成的“忠诚度”成为用人的重要标志。另外，为节省运行成本，小微企业的部门设置一般比较简单，一人往往身兼多职，人岗不配，职责不明，难以起到相互监督制约作用，容易造成企业资产流失。从小微企业的运行现状来看，对财务管理的随时意较大，财会人员无章可循，缺乏约束。有的企业虽然制定了相应的财务管理制度，但由于小微企业多数是家族企业，人情和亲情大于制度，往往使制度缺乏约束力，甚至形同虚设。2、小微企业财务管理制度缺失。由于小微企业管理人才普遍相对短缺,管理机构简单,专业性不强,内部控制制度不完善,甚至没有内部控制制度。财务管理混乱,财务监控不严,会计信息失真等,从而使财务管理失去它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。在生产经营过程中，许多小微企业管理者一味追求产品销售量和市场占有率，却忽视了财务管理在资源配置和企业发展的作用，致使企业资金周转困难，甚至无法维持正常的经营活动。同时，资金的投向针对性差，盲目性大，不能科学合理地安排企业的收益，造成财务管理混乱，企业发展方向不明晰，影响并制约了企业的持续发展。3、小微企业财务管理环节脱节。一般情况下,企业的财务管理环节主要有财务预测、财务决策、财务预算、财务控制和财务分析等五大环节。但是我国很多的小微企业在这些必备的环节中,也仅仅只进行了简单的财务核算工作,而对于运用科学的财务预测手段、进行科学的财务决策、预算和控制、并进行详尽有效的财务分析则知之甚少,这种不应该的简单化操作导致财务管理内容单一、管理脱节,不能有效地发挥财务管理的多方面作用,降低了企业管理水平。（三）企业资信度低下，融资渠道少且成本高由于小微企业规模小，经营能力和获利能力不大，各种风险抵御能力较差，这对于那些宁愿锦上添花而不愿雪中送炭的金融机构来说，显然会把小微企业打入另类。目前，我国小微企业发展所需的资金，65%以上是靠自有资金或原始积累，20%左右是通过金融机构借款，而通过企业上市或发行债券等方式融资比例不到1%。去年12月份，泗洪县抽样调查了当地30家小微型企业发现，尽管“国九条”出台后信贷政策鼓励向小微型企业倾斜，但仍然有不少门槛制约着小微型企业融资。1、小微型企业信贷环境并未明显改善。长期以来，由于我国出于控制金融风险的考虑，存款准备金率一直居高不下，企业向银行借贷也存在很大困难，从而大大抑制了企业的创新活力，束缚了企业的快速发展。由于信贷总量受限，银行为多争取存款扩大信贷投放量，在向企业贷款时总要开出部分承兑汇票，如去年10月份，江苏百泰电子从工行办理200万元抵押贷款、泗洪光发彩印从常熟农村商业银行借贷350万元，银行开出的全部是承兑汇票。该县工商行负责人表示，已接到总行关于10月25日以后免收小微型企业贷款利息外费用的通知，由于同等规模的贷款投入给小微型企业成本高、收益低，该行放贷仍首选大中型企业。该县人行反映，银监会虽表态对小微型企业不良贷款容忍度可提高至5%，但基层银行仍实行信贷终身制，信贷员因担心风险大，不愿主动向小微型企业投放贷款。去年10月、11月该县新增工业贷款2.29亿元、0.792亿元，其中投放给小微型企业只占39.74%、32.83%，环比下降6.91个百分点。2、小微企业信贷条件仍较严手续较繁。基层银行贷款防风险放在首位，审核的基本原则是担保措施、贷款用途以及还款能力，多数小微型企业因缺少有效抵押物难以通过审批，无法获得贷款。在所调查的30家小微型企业中，近两年内未获得贷款有8家，去年10月份以来申请到贷款的仅有6家（均是抵押贷款或通过担保公司融资），占20%；有29家反映银行贷款无法满足企业资金需求，占96.67%；在问及去年10月份“国九条”出台后企业融资难是否有所缓解方面，选择“是”的2家，占6.67%；选择“否”的28家，占93.33%；在问及银行对小微企业信贷准入条件时，选择“苛刻”6家，“偏高”14家，“一般”10家；问及审批手续时，选择“繁琐”16家，“较繁”10家，“一般”4家。企业普遍反映在办理银行信贷的过程中最大的问题是“程序很繁琐，沟通时间很长，费事费力”。3、小微型企业融资仍存在渠道少成本高。30家小微型企业中除向银行申请贷款外，仅有7家采取信用证、3家采取商业承兑汇票、8家采用预收货款等方式筹资，有15家小微型企业因资金短缺得不到银行贷款只得向民间借贷，利率普遍在30%，高的达50%。通过担保公司融资的企业除了达到反担保条件外，还要缴纳0.2%的担保费和10%的保证金。此外，银行贷款开出的承兑汇票也增加企业融资成本，企业需要再出资贴现才能拿到贷款现金。泗洪县徐港电子总经理朱延祥反映，表面上银行的贷款利率只有7%9%，但企业承担的贷款利息、存兑汇票贴息加担保费等实际利率在12%以上。该企业去年办贷2000万，仅贴现承兑汇票就支出100万元。在所调查的30家小微型企业中，认为银行利率较低的有1家、适中的9家、偏高但能承受的13家、过高难以承受的7家；选择能完全承受融资成本的有14家，选择不能承受的16家。二、解决小微企业财务工作存在问题的对策（一）经营者必须增强财务管理意识在现代市场经济条件下，小微企业要谋求持续稳定健康发展，企业经营者必须认清财务管理工作的作用和地位，必须树立理财观念：1、增强财务管理观念。小微企业主首先要解放思想，更新传统观念，切实转变对财务管理的偏面认识，积极改革传统的管理手段，大力推行先进的管理理念和方法，切实增强立财务管理意识，制定科学合理的财务管理目标。只有这样，企业才能够理清发展思路和前进方向，并为实现这一目标制定具体可行的工作计划和措施，使企业沿着正确的轨道前进。2、提高财务人员综合素质。小微企业的财务管理人员大多没有财务风险方面的专门知识，对他们进行培训是十分必要的。同时，小微企业财会人员素质低，应加强财会人员的专业知识培训，扩充知识结构，不断提高会计人员业务素质，当好单位负责人的会计参谋；深入基层，掌握本单位生产经营活动的实际情况，利用自己掌握的财会知识，提出合理的建议和意见；强化财会人员的法制观念，提高其法律自我保护意识；强化会计职业道德教育。3、选择恰当的财务管理方式。小微企业应立足自身实际，选择、运用恰当的财务管理方式。例如，在网络技术十分发达的今天，可用现代信息技术或专业软件实现对财务的科学管理。如果企业规模较小，没有实现会计电算化的实力，也可以借助外力，通过外聘人员或借助财务外包提高财务管理质量。尤其是财务外包可有效解决企业财务人员短缺素质不高问题，既可降低经营成本，又可提高企业管理水平、提升企业核心竞争力，但财务外包是把双刃剑，既有利，也有不足，存在诸多风险，应极力发挥其作用，降低风险，最大限度地发挥财务外包的收益：（1）合理确定财务外包服务范围。企业财务部门的一大特色就是涉及众多商业机密，企业经营计划、定价策略、客户资源，无一不是商业机密。部分财务外包服务企业或人员缺乏应有的职业道德，可能会利用所掌握的财务信息谋取私利，给企业造成损失。小微企业在财务外包前应确定哪些业务需要外包，哪些业务只能由自己来做，尤其是部分涉及商业机密的业务。从目前来看，代理记账仍然是小微企业财务外包的主流，更高层次的财务外包涉及较少。企业在确定财务外包范围时，应全面考虑企业自身财务机构的实力、财务业务与企业战略的关系、企业所处的生命周期等因素，选择部分业务外包或全部财务外包。（2）签订详细财务外包合同。财务外包是涉及小微企业长远、全面发展的战略问题，而外包服务合同是界定双方责、权、利的有效手段，也是鼓励和约束双方共同实现预期目标的基本凭证。由于我国目前的信誉体系还不够健全，需要依靠制度来培育信用、规范双方的行为。一般来讲，财务外包服务者的违约，对于小微企业的损失更大，不仅会遭受费用成本的损失，还可能导致企业相关财务信息和商业机密的泄露。因此，在实施财务外包前，一定要有详细、具体的外包协议，明确服务范围、价格、期限及双方责任与义务、财务收益分配和风险承担方式等，提高合作双方的违约成本。 （二）加强财务制度建设由于受规模、财力、人力等限制，小微企业内部控制机构的设置和职责划分容易产生交叉重叠现象，应根据企业自身的特点和经营管理的需要，从经济性、实用性出发，注重实际运作控制。1、明确岗位职责权限。（1）建立不相容职务分离制度，不相容职务包括：授权批准、业务经办、会计记录、财产保管、稽核检查等职务。小微企业应合理设置财务会计及相关工作岗位，明确职责权限，形成相互制衡机制，降低财务风险。（2）企业岗位之间进行合理分工和交流，有利于工作人员之间互相监督、互相制约，减少漏洞，降低损失，这对小微企业来说显得尤为重要和紧迫。对会计和出纳这一不相容的岗位，应严格按照财务管理规定，分别安排两个人担任。同一个人担任同一岗位的时间不能超出规定期限，到期后应当进行轮岗交流。同时，要加强会计基础管理，做到账目清楚，相互关联，合法合规，能体现企业真实的财务状况，为企业领导者科学决策提供可靠的依据和参考。2、建立授权批准控制制度。小微企业应明确规定涉及财务会计及相关工作的授权批准的范围、权限、程序、责任等内容，企业内部的各级管理人员必须在授权范围内行使职权和承担责任，经办人员也必须在授权范围内办理业务。要简化中小企业财务会计报告，建立以税务报表模式为主题的财务会计报表体系。制定小微企业会计处理和财务报告规则。涉及如何与税务要求协商一致的问题。在小微企业中，税务会计的重要性远远超过了传统的财务会计。由于小微企业的税务会计没有必要单独设置一套独立于财务会计之外的账、证、表体系，主要在编制纳税审报表时，根据税法规定调整有关财务会计处理收益的内容即可，所以，为了能够准确反映和监督应税收益与差异，以及方便查询，可以设置辅助账薄进行详细记录。这样税务会计和财务会计通过辅助账薄的差异调整就可以得到衔接。3、建立内部审核制度。财务收支严格按照企业章程和企业相关制度规定进行审批，必要时有条件的小微企业可设专职稽核岗位，对会计核算工作按工作范围和流程进行稽核，对财务收支实行全方位控制和审查。建立和完善内部财务控制制度，使财务管理工作制度化、程序化、规范化，做到有章可循，违章必究，违规必罚，以罚促纠，提高会计信息质量，降低财务风险，提高企业经济效益。小微型企业在选聘代理记账公司时，一定选聘委托诚信和有现代企业管理规范运作的机构，决不能为节省约成本而委托那些“捣浆糊”公司的廉价机构。（三）积极拓展筹资渠道1、努力改善小微企业融资环境。由于小微企业往往规模小、产品单一，能反映其综合经营能力的各类信息往往不对外发布，也不能吸引相关机构对其进行等级评定。对普通投资者来说，信息不对称的问题就很突出，与大企业相比明显处于劣势地位。所以，小微企业要化解贷款难题，在不断增强企业实力的基础上，还要面向银行进行宣传公关，适时公开有关信息，取得银行的信任和支持。（1）积极向银行沟通汇报，让其了解企业的生产经营状况，纠正以往对小微企业的偏面认识，增强对企业发展的信心，为争取贷款打好基础。（2）与担保机构建立良好合作关系。小微企业向银行贷款时，银行一般要求企业进行联保或提供抵押，以确保资金安全。但小微企业自身往往很难提供有效的抵押或联保。如果能够与金融担保机构开展合作，由担保机构提供担保，那么从银行获得贷款的把握就很大了，银行的资金风险也大大降低，自然愿意借给小微企业。（3）不断改善企业资信状况。在贷款时，企业应按照银行的规定操作，提供有效担保，到期后及时还款付息，同时要诚信经营，不断发展壮大，扩大固定资产，让银行看到企业发展的成果和日益壮大的实力，以利长期开展合作。2、加大财政信贷扶持力度。小微企业应认真研究并用足用活国家的扶持政策，争取各级财政的支持。国家和各级政府对小微企业的发展一直十分重视，采取多项措施予以扶持，例如对企业发明专利、建设技术中心、安置劳动力、出口、纳税等都有一定补助和奖励，今后应采取综合配套措施将优惠政策落实到位：（1）依法运用财政扶持手段，确保财政对小微企业投入逐年增加，对小微企业专项资金做出明确规定。完善财政资金使用方式，变分散使用为集中使用，提高财政资金使用效应。发挥财政资金引导作用，充分运用税收优惠、缓征或先征后返等方式对小微企业进行间接扶持。（2）加大小微企业贷款风险补偿支持力度，进一步扩大小微企业贷款风险补偿资金规模，鼓励各金融机构服务小微企业资金投入。（3）完善小微企业信用担保机构风险补偿政策，组建再担保机构，提高小微企业贷款担保风险补偿资金规模，重点服务小微企业贷款担保业绩突出的规范型担保机构进行风险补偿。Problems and Countermeasures of Small and micro businesses financial workLili GongSmall and micro businesses are small enterprises, micro enterprises, family owned enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households collectively, its wide distribution, large number, has an important status and irreplaceable role in the national economy. Because Small and micro businesses operating in small scale, limited funds, the business is relatively simple; simple organizational structure, lack of organization system, limited staff, lack of scientific internal management, the important role of the easily neglected financial work, affect the normal operation and healthy development.The main problems in financial work, Small and micro businesses(a) business owners lack of awareness of financial management, the low quality of financial personnelThe main business philosophy, Small and micro businesses behind 1. Small and micro businesses management the most typical pattern is highly unification of ownership and management, investors in enterprises that operators, in these enterprises, the enterprise leader centralization phenomenon is serious, the owner by virtue of experience and feeling management, tend to maximize the pursuit of interests is the ultimate goal of financial management. Small and micro businesses usually only focus on product sales, as sales growth, income rising, companies to ignore the financial management, the financial staff as accounting personnel, but not the financial management rose to management means to know, as a result, physical aspects of financial management will not be exposed, the contradiction is not very prominent. However, once the business problems, resulting in ineffective capital turnover or even a serious loss, can not immediately use of financial management tools to resolve the crisis, the enterprises may suffer great losses, even bankruptcy.The main idea of management, 2 Small and micro businesses obsolete. Since most of the small and micro enterprises is composed of individual industrial and commercial households through development and transformation, especially the micro enterprise boss is a multitasker, general manager and chief accountant, both financial, and in charge of the general affairs, even hired a full-time occupation of accounting personnel, only to cope with demand for accounting, accounting personnel is usually true your boss, do not know because of the accounting standard operating procedures, resulting in funds on, misappropriation, private storage, business models and family by chaos and shall not account; legal consciousness, dealing with the accounting business irregularities;3, Small and micro businesses financial personnel business level is low. Most Small and micro businesses financial personnel have not received systematic education, professional, real financial professionals are reluctant to Small and micro businesses, it is difficult for management to provide effective financial information. Enterprise financial personnel of accounting law and financial management knowledge not much, according to the financial concept of indifference, the overall quality is not high, out of touch with all kinds of advanced management methods of society under the new situation, the accounting treatment of business casual entry is extensive, accurate records, not clear, Mr Zhang, paste current account bag, account more accounting work; chaos, stay in the daily business accounting treatment, not high standards for accounting work, staff supervision, role play is not in place; the original documents are not standardized, even the existence of a baitiaozi phenomenon, accounting work lack of strict discipline, such as closing time, no reimbursement on time, not even accounting etc.(b) the enterprise lack of a sound financial system, financial management is seriously out of line1, the lack of Small and micro businesses financial management mechanism. Many Small and micro businesses inside and no professional organization of financial management, accounting only set a simple form, blood, Xiang source of loyalty become an important symbol of the. In addition, in order to save the operation cost, Small and micro businesses sector is generally relatively simple, one often play multiple roles, people post unworthy, the responsibility is unclear, difficult to play the role of mutual supervision, easy to cause the loss of assets of enterprises. From the running status of the micro enterprises, the financial management of accounting personnel at any time means larger, unsystematic, lack of restraint. Although some enterprises have developed a corresponding financial management system, but because the majority of Small and micro businesses are family enterprises, and human affection is greater than the system, often makes the system lack of binding, even useless.2, Small and micro businesses financial management system deficiencies. Because Small and micro businesses management personnel generally relative shortage, management mechanism is simple, professional is not strong, the internal control system is not perfect, not even the internal control system. Financial management, financial supervision is not strict, the distortion of accounting information, so that the financial management lost its due status and role in the enterprise management. In the process of production and operation, many Small and micro businesses managers pursue product sales and market share, but ignore the financial management in the allocation of resources and the development of the enterprise, the enterprise cash flow difficulties, even unable to maintain normal business activities. At the same time, the use of funds for the poor, blindness, not scientific and reasonable arrangement of corporate earnings, resulting in financial management confusion, enterprise development direction is not clear, affects and restricts the sustainable development of enterprises.From 3, Small and micro businesses financial management. In general, the main part of enterprise financial management, financial forecast financial decision-making, financial budget, financial control and financial analysis of five major sectors. But in China, many Small and micro businesses in these essential links, just a simple financial accounting work, and for the use of scientific methods, scientific financial forecast financial decision, budget and control, detailed and effective financial analysis is poorly understood, this should not be an easy operation the result from the content of financial management, single management, can not effectively play a role in many aspects of financial management, reduce the management level of enterprises.(c) the enterprise credit is low, less financing channels and the cost is highBecause Small and micro businesses in small scale, operating capacity and profitability is not big, poor ability to resist risks of various financial institutions, for those who would rather not timely assistance for the icing on the Small and micro businesses, will obviously put into the offbeat. At present, Chinas Small and micro businesses development funds, more than 65% is to rely on its own funds or primitive accumulation, about 20% is through loans from financial institutions and enterprises, through the listing or issuing bonds and other means of financing the proportion of less than 1%. Last December, Sihong County sample survey of 30 local small and micro enterprises found that, although the country of nine after the introduction of credit policies to encourage small and micro enterprises to tilt, but there are still many barriers to restrict the small micro enterprise financing.1, small micro enterprise credit environment has not significantly improved. For a long time, because our country out of control financial risk considerations, the deposit reserve rate has been high, bank lending to the enterprise is also very difficult, thus greatly inhibit the innovation of enterprise vitality, bound to the rapid development of enterprises. Due to limited amount of credit, bank deposits and more for the expansion of credit in the amount of loans to enterprises, always open partial acceptance, as of October last year, Jiangsu bity electronic from the bank for mortgage loans 2000000 yuan, Si Hongguang printing from Changshu rural commercial bank loan of 3500000 yuan, all bank acceptance. The county industrial and commercial bank official said, has received the head office on October 25th after free of small micro enterprise loan interest expenses notice, due to the size of the loan to small micro enterprise investment cost high, low income, the bank lending is still the best choice for large and medium-sized enterprises. The county line to reflect, although the CBRC statement on non-performing loans of small and micro enterprises tolerance can be increased to 5%, but the credit for life is still the basic bank loan officer, for fear of risk, unwilling to take the initiative to small micro enterprise loans. In October last year, in November the county industrial loans 229000000 yuan, 79200000 yuan increase, which dropped to small and micro enterprises accounted for only 39.74%, 32.83%, a decline of 6.91 percentage points.Credit conditions 2, Small and micro businesses still more stringent procedures more complex. The wind insurance bank loans in the first place, the basic principle of audit is the guarantee measures, the use of the loans and repayment ability, the majority of small and micro enterprises due to the lack of effective collateral is approved, cannot get loans. In the survey of 30 small and micro enterprises in the past two years, did not get a loan of 8, since October of last year to apply for loans (only 6 are mortgage loans or by Guarantee corporation financing), accounting for 20%; 29 of bank loans can not meet the needs of enterprise funds, accounting for 96.67%; in October last year asked nine states after the introduction of enterprise financing difficult is eased, choose is 2, accounting for 6.67%; select no 28, accounting for 93.33%; when asked about the Bank of Small and micro businesses access to credit conditions, choose the harsh 6, 14 high, general 10; asked for the examination and approval procedures, select the trivial 16, more complex 10, general 4. Enterprises generally reflect in the process of dealing with the bank credit in it.How to solve the problem of small micro enterprise financial work(a) the operator must strengthen the consciousness of financial managementUnder the condition of modern market economy, small and micro enterprises to seek sustained and stable and healthy development, the role and status of the enterprise managers must recognize the financial management, we must establish the concept of financial management:1, strengthen financial management idea. Small and micro enterprises to emancipate the mind, renew the traditional ideas, to change the partial surface of the understanding of the financial management, to reform traditional management methods, vigorously promote the advanced management concepts and methods, strengthen the legislative consciousness of financial management, establish scientific and reasonable financial management target. Only in this way, the enterprise can clarify the development of ideas and direction, and formulate feasible work plan and measures to achieve this goal, to enable enterprises to move on the right track.2, improve the comprehensive quality of financial personnel. Special knowledge Small and micro businesses of the financial management personnel are not the financial risk, to their