（英语语言文学专业论文）从罗伯特洛厄尔及其诗歌看后现代人文主义.pdf

iii 从罗伯特洛厄尔及其诗歌看后现代人文主义 研究生姓名 从罗伯特洛厄尔及其诗歌看后现代人文主义 研究生姓名：曹 良 成 导师姓名导师姓名： 罗 耀 光 学科专业学科专业：英语语言文学 研究方向研究方向：文学与文化 年级年级：2004级 摘摘 要要 根据“解构终极意义”的后现代主义逻辑，大部分后现代小说和部分后现代诗歌沉迷 于脱离客观世界的文本游戏。这种特殊的极端的后现代主义写作作为西方的新文学潮流， 不但受到西方文人的膜拜，而且也让一些中国文人为之倾倒。这种真空似的写作引起这 样的讨论：文学，尤其是诗歌，在关注人类世界和人性方面是否有义务和责任？笔者倾 向支持有人文价值的文学，因为包括诗歌在内的文学，即使玩弄文字游戏，也不可能摆 脱生活,文学应该关心人类的命运和前途。 笔者认为“全心全意为人民服务”这句标语，也应该成为世界文学奋斗的目标。基于 这种考虑，也是为了强调文学人文性的重要性、弘扬有人文价值的文学，笔者的这篇论 文题目故定为: “从罗伯特洛厄尔及其诗歌看后现代人文主义” 。本文吸收了自白诗的研 究成果，主要吸收有关洛厄尔及其诗歌、西方人文主义传统和后现代主义及其人文主义 的研究成果，把对洛厄尔和他的诗歌的人文性分析同由此而引出的关于后现代人文主义 的思考结合起来，从社会文化分析和哲学思辨的角度研究文学，对后现代进行人文和非 人文两方面的评价。可以看出，后现代主义和人文性在本文中是交互作用的。 整篇论文共分五章，首先是对人文主义和后现代主义的主题进行论述，然后是对洛厄 尔生活经历及其诗歌的人文性解读，主题论述中渗透诗歌人文性的思考，诗歌解读的归 宿落在人文性的分析。第一章“前言”概述前人在自白诗研究领域里取得的主要成果， 介绍本文的主要架构，并提出本文的研究方法和研究意义。第二章回顾西方人文主义传 统的历程，描述后现代社会，概括和比较后现代主义大家的略有差别的后现代思想，为 下文对洛厄尔人生及其诗歌的人文分析做好铺垫。在本章第一部分中，笔者分析人文主 义与宗教、人文主义与科学的关系。笔者认为只要宗教和科学有利于人类物质和精神的 发展，人文主义就不能排斥宗教和科学的合理成分。事实上，宗教能调节人的心态，科 学能推动经济的发展，而经济是人类发展的最根本的动力。文学史也证明，历史上的宗 教经典和强调技巧的客观写作在一定的历史条件下也具有人文性。洛厄尔早期诗歌充满 了宗教人文主义的哲思，他的后期诗歌是人性宣言和诗歌技巧的结合。在第二部分的分 析中，作者认为，后现代小说和诗歌，尤其是语言诗，是通过文本形式模拟后现代碎片 社会的非个人化艺术，相反，其他后现代诗歌却是基于后现代人文主义反抗或改造后现 代碎片的艺术，这些诗歌主要是通过诗歌题材暴露后现代碎片的实质内容，而不是在文 字上表演碎片。自白诗作为典型的暴露改造的艺术是诗人个人痛苦经历的表达。正是因 为后现代社会由于福柯的“主体的死亡”而导致的个人生存的困惑，自白诗的代表人物 iv 洛厄尔在其著名的诗集生活研究中，不是像后现代小说在文本本身中表达后现代碎 片状态，而是痛苦地表达后现代的自我，为个性化诗学打开了一扇门，这正是后现代人 文主义所支持的。自白诗的兴起体现了后现代主义对各个诗歌流派的包容。自白诗的主 观性和个人化体现了后现代人文性的一面。 第三章和第四章是本文的基点，着重分析了洛厄尔的生活和生活研究中的诗歌， 首先是人文性分析，关键在于洛厄尔的生活和诗歌是如何反映后现代关心个人困境的人 文内涵，其次是对其生活和诗歌中涉及到的后现代问题进行人文性评价，提出自己的看 法。 第三章由三部分组成： “政治人文性” 、 “人文性的情感”和“疯狂状态折射出的人文 之光” 。关于政治人文性，洛厄尔是和平主义者，反对一切形式的战争。后现代主义不管 战争的性质痛恨一切战争，但是作者认为为了保持世界文化多样性和最大多数人民利益 而战的正义战争可以得到认可。在“人文性的情感”中，谈到了洛厄尔同父母和妻子的 关系。父母对洛厄尔的态度由控制向理解的转变也是后现代人文性方面的必然结果。洛 厄尔同父母的关系充满了紧张、模糊和矛盾。这一矛盾是他对父母既恨又爱的双重感情。 洛厄尔解构传统的后现代精神同他对父母及其它后现代人的人文关怀夹杂在一起。在婚 姻上，斯塔福德的把钱看得重于婚姻和事业的金钱观给我们提供了一幅后现代人际关系 被物化的图景。妻子哈德威克对患有精神病的洛厄尔的深厚感情反应了后现代人文主义 “一视同仁”的观点对弱势群体的关怀。不过，由于后现代社会婚姻过分的自由而造成 了不良的后果，比如，妓院的合法化、同性恋的出现，等等。第三部分谈及洛厄尔的精 神状态。洛厄尔，精神病人的发言人，一生都在同战后社会比较突出的疾病作斗争。作 为缓解疾患的方式之一的自白诗可以说是他同疾病作斗争取得的最大成就。同时，洛厄 尔并没有像其他自白诗人一样走上自杀道路，这本身是对后现代放任自杀的一种批评， 反映了他珍惜生命的真正的人文性。 第四章自白诗的分析是从两个方面来展开的：首先对洛厄尔诗歌风格转变背后的人文 性考虑进行观察，然后，进行具体的诗歌文本分析。同新批评诗学，浪漫主义诗歌和后 现代小说相比，自白诗的自传性和开放性是暴露个人问题的最容易最有效的途径。自白 诗的个人化的声音是后现代人文主义所坚定支持的。然而，诗歌如果过分地强调自传性 和开放性反而会失去诗之为诗的特色，不利于文学的发展，这点从洛厄尔第二次转变诗 歌风格中可以看出来。 生活研究中的诗歌文本分析给我们展示了后现代状态： “一九 五三年一月，总统就职的日子” ， “同文斯勒叔叔在一起的最后一个下午”等诗歌中的死 气沉沉的社会；在给父母的挽歌， “洛厄尔上尉：1888-1949” “从拉帕罗乘船回家”和诗 歌“黄鼠狼的时光” ， “跨越阿尔卑斯山”中反映的传统的衰落；在“关在慕尼黑监狱里 的疯狂的黑人士兵” ， “在蓝色中醒来” ， “三个月后回家” ， “记忆中的西街和莱普克” ，和 “黄鼠狼的时光”中突出的个人生存状态和在“夫妻”和“婚怨”中反映的由于洛厄尔 的精神病引起的婚姻不幸问题，等等。在这些自白诗中，洛厄尔特别关注家庭成员和他 v 本人的痛苦，并挖掘痛苦的历史文化根源。他通过人文性地暴露压抑的社会和人们的困 惑、焦虑和痛苦而体现了后现代的人文性。然而，他并没有对生活悲观，而是像“黄鼠 狼的时光”里的黄鼠狼一样，准备顽强地活下去，这体现了马克思主义乐观的人文主义 思想。 “结论”这一章在前几章分析的基础上概括了后现代逻辑的优点和不足，指出后现 代人文主义的必要性。后现代人文主义，以其个性化、主观性和相对性的特点，为自白 诗宣扬个性化开辟了道路。然而，过分地强调后现代逻辑的以上特点不利于改善后现代 人的困惑和分裂状态。文学，尤其是诗歌，应该更好地利用后现代主义符合人文的内涵， 摒弃不合理的成分，从而为建构后现代人文主义出一份力。 总而言之，本文从基于结合康德关于“实践理性”中的绝对理性和现实的主观唯心主 义的观点和黑格尔关于历史的、个性的自在自为的绝对精神理念的客观唯心主义的观点 或者更多是基于马克思关于后现代人和后现代人文主义的全面健康发展必须受制于后现 代经济、社会和文化条件的观点的后现代人文主义的角度对洛厄尔及其诗歌进行分析， 拓宽了诗歌研究的视野，有利于社会文化哲学层面上的文学研究的进一步发展。 关键词：关键词： 罗伯特洛厄尔 自白诗 人性 后现代主义 后现代人文主义 vi on postmodern humanism through robert lowell and his poems postgraduate：cao liangcheng supervisor： luo yaoguang specialty：english language and literature research focus：literature and culture grade：2004 abstract most of postmodern fiction and some of postmodern poetry, in accordance with the postmodern perspective of a denial of objective meaning, indulge themselves in play of words. as a new literary genre in the west, apart from being admired by western men of letters, such an extreme postmodern writing is imitated and preoccupied by some chinese literati. this kind of vacuum-like writing sparks the debate about whether literature, in particular the writing of poetry, should be directed towards the interests of humanity in the human world. in this argument, the author of the dissertation is prone to argue for the expression of human values of literature and to argue that literature, especially, poetry, even if making the play of words, cannot break away from human life and should involve humanistic thought about human destiny. serving the humanistic interests of the people wholeheartedly should be, in the authors view, also the goal of world literature. based on this point of view and with the motive of asserting the importance of humanity in literature the title of this dissertation is determined as “on postmodern humanism through robert lowell and his poems”. the dissertation adopts the social, cultural and sort of philosophic perspectives of postmodernism and humanism in research of literature. the thesis, taking the research fruits of confessional poetry, mainly robert lowell and western humanist tradition, combines the humanistic analysis of robert lowell himself and his poems with the brief arguments about postmodernismthe humane and inhuman aspects of it. postmodernism and humanity are seen to be interactive in the whole thesis. the whole thesis, inclusive of five chapters, is a rich blend of arguments about the subjects of humanism and postmodern humanism and a detailed humanistic analysis of robert lowells life and his poems. chapter one “introduction”, is a brief introduction to the research achievements already made by the scholars and to the structure of the thesis, meanwhile, putting vii forward the method and meanings of the research. chapter two surveys the western humanist tradition and compares the different thoughts of postmodernists with a depiction of postmodern society. in the first part of the chapter, an analysis is made of the relationships between humanism and religion and between humanism and science. the author considers that humanism can not exclude religion and science as long as they are suitable for the development of economic and spiritual welfares. in reality, religion can adjust the state of minds of people and science is able to push the development of economy which is the most fundamental force of human growth. this is also proved by the history of literature, some with its religious themes and some laying stress on writing techniques which shows the process of human development. robert lowells early poetry is filled with religious humanity and his late poetry is the mixture of humanity and poetry techniques. from the second part it is concluded that postmodern fiction and some poetry, in particular the language poetry, are the art of sheer mimicking the postmodern fragmented state in the texts per se. other postmodernist poetry exercises the art of resistance or transformation of postmodern society based on the postmodern concept of the rejection of the idea of the objectively real. as a typical art of transformation, confessional poetry, alleviating the mental disorder of postmodern man, is a poignant expression of the personal experiences of the poet. just by reason of the confusion of personal identity of postmodern society caused by michel foucaults “the death of subject”, robert lowell, as a representative poet of confessional poetry, in his famous book life studies, poignantly, exposes postmodern self like postmodern humanism of being personal, opening the door for personal poetry, as resistant to postmodern fiction expressing the fragmentation of postmodern society in text itself. the rise of confessional poetry is indicative of postmodernism tolerance of different poetry styles. because of “being subjective and personal”, the central concept of postmodernism, this poetry, it is argued, shows a view of postmodern humanity. the main body of the thesis is chapter three and four, the insight into lowells life and his poems mainly extracted from his life studies. the first is the humanistic analysis of his life and poems. the key is to explore how lowells life and his poems act as a reflection of postmodern humanism: caring about personal predicaments. the second is the evaluation of postmodernism: its humane and inhuman aspects. chapter three is made up of three parts: “political humanness”, “human emotions”, and “humanism emerging from his lunacy”. as for lowells political humanity, it is his pacific views arguing against all wars in all its forms. postmodern humanism is critical of all wars, but the author thinks that a just war, able to viii maintain the diversification of world cultures and for the greatest benefit of the greatest number of people, can be justified. the second part “human emotions” is derived from lowells relations with his parents and in his marriages. in his relations to his parents, in his relations to his parents, the attitudes of lowells parents to their son changes from authoritarian control to a tolerant acceptance - which can be seen as natural result of a postmodern humanistic social ethos. lowells relation with his parents was crisscrossed with tension, ambiguity, and paradox. the paradox is expressed in his hate-and-love ambivalence about his parents. his hate is the hint of the deconstruction of authorities and his love reflects his humanistic care for his parents. as for the fluctuation of lowells marriage, jean staffords more emphasis on money than their marriage and literary careers provides us with the postmodern picture of the materialized personal relationships. elizabeth hardwicks devotion to the maniac lowell expresses the non-judgmental perspective of postmodern humanism. however, it can be seen that the excessive freedom in marriage in postmodern society also causes detrimental effects: the legitimization of whores, the rise of gays and lesbians, and so on. it is well known that lowells lunacy and his poetry career is connected to his intermittent mental sickness. lowell, with the voice of the lunatic, fights the illness all his life. the composition of confessional poetry, with its amelioration of his mental state, is the greatest achievement of his fight with the sickness. otherwise, his refraining from suicide, as opposed to the action of other suicidal poets, also shows his real humanity and his of cherishing life, critical of postmodern tolerance of suicide. the analysis of lowells poems in chapter four is arranged, firstly, from humanistic considerations behind his changing poetic styles, and then from textual analysis of confessional poetry from the humanistic angle. compared with new critical poetry, romantic poetry and postmodern fiction, the confessional poetry, with its autobiographic contents and open forms, is the easiest and most effective way to expose personal troubles. expressing a personal voice is strongly supported by postmodern humanism. but, the excessive emphasis on autobiography and openness, harmful to the healthy development of literature and humanity, tends to make a poem lose its features as a poem, which is judged from his second transition of his poetic styles. the textual analysis of lowells poems in life studies presents us with the postmodern state: a lifeless society, in “inauguration day: january 1953” and “my last afternoon with uncle devereux winslow” and so on; the decline of tradition expressed in the elegies to his parents “commander lowell 1888-1949”, “sailing home from rapallo”, and the poem “beyond the alps”, “skunk hour” and so on; his personal living states expressed in “a mad negro soldier confined at munich”, “waking in the blue”, “home after three months away”, “memories of ix west street and lepke”, “skunk hour”, etc; and the misfortune of his marriage in “man and wife” and “to speak of the woe that is in marriage”, and so forth. in these poems, lowell pays close attention to the poignancy of his families, excavating the historical root of their misfortunes. he shows his postmodern humanity in the exposure of the confusion, anxiety and agony of postmodern people and the repressed society. nonetheless, lowell was not pessimistic about his life, but prepared to keep living or struggling like the skunks in “skunk hour”, which embodies the optimistic humanistic thought of marxism. lastly, chapter five “conclusion” explores the merits and weaknesses of postmodernism and advocates the necessity of identifying a postmodern humanism. it is concluded that, postmodernism, with its features of being personal, subjective and relative, opens the ground for the assertions of confessional poetry. however, from the whole analysis of the thesis, it can be seen that postmodernism has its own problems and disadvantages. the extreme emphasis of postmodern logic is detrimental to the improvement of the confused and fragmented state of postmodern. literature, particularly poetry, has the possibility to address these disadvantages by its ability to assert human values and thus contribute to the construction of a postmodern humanism. in sum, the thesis, based on the perspective of postmodern humanism as combining kants subjective and idealistic view of universal reason and reality in his mind with hegels objective and idealistic view of a historical, personal reality, but materialistically, as the dialectic marxism: the overall and healthy development of postmodern human and postmodern humanism conditioned by the postmodern economic, social and cultural elements, in doing the research into robert lowell and his poems, enlarges the realm of poetry researches and may help with the development of social, cultural and philosophical exploration of literature. key words: robert lowell confessional poetry humanity postmodernism postmodern humanism 论文独创性声明论文独创性声明 本人郑重声明：所提交的学位论文是本人在导师的指导下进行的研究 工作及取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含其他 个人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重 要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人承担本声明 的法律责任。 研究生签名:_日期：_ 论文使用授权声明论文使用授权声明 本人完全了解广西师范大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。广西师 范大学、中国科学技术信息研究所、清华大学论文合作部，有权保留 本人所送交学位论文的复印件和电子文档，可以采用影印、缩印或其 他复制手段保存论文。本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一 致。除在保密期内的保密论文外，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以公布 （包括刊登）论文的全部或部分内容。论文的公布（包括刊登）授权 广西师范大学学位办办理。 研究生签名：_日期：_ 导 师签名：_日期：_ 1 on postmodern humanism through robert lowell and his poems chapter one introduction this thesis aims at the excavation of the thought and actions of robert lowell and the humanity of his confessional poetry. it is based mainly on his life studies and is viewed from the perspective of what is seen as lowells attempt to find and express universal human values in a value-less postmodern society. based on a social and cultural analysis of the poet and his poems, the perspective of relativist postmodernism (which denies universal objective values) is set against the need to identify human values and this dialectic is seen to be interactive in the whole thesis. a synthesis of these two concepts, postmodernism and humanism, is identified in the concept of postmodern humanism. generally, writing and research about the confessional poet robert lowell and his poetry has been far less in china than in the western world, especially in america. let us review our home academia. in terms of the dissertation, the only one relating to robert lowell and his poetry is the thesis with the title “on robert lowells confessional poetic style through life studies” written by qiu dichun (邱涤纯)，the postgraduate in hunan normal university, 2002. with respect to the papers published in chinese periodicals, the number of the papers related to confessional poetry is 33, most of which are written by peng yu (彭予), a phd, teaching in beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics. the research projects in the provincial level include：“the anglo-american postmodern poetry research 99c43, 1999-2001” by professor jiang hongxin (蒋洪新) in hunan normal university，and “the historical space research of american postmodern poetry” by the young scholar wang zhuo (王卓) in jinan university in shandong province. the monographs include the insight into american confessional poetry by peng yu (彭予) and contemporary american poetry in the vision of postmodernism by wang zhuo (王卓). professor zhang ziqing (张子清) in nanjing university also discusses confessional poetry and robert lowell in his book the 20th century history of american poetry and other papers. from the above list, it can be seen: zhang ziqing (张子清) mainly introduces robert lowell and his confessional poetry, jiang hongxin (蒋洪新) and his student qiu dichun (邱涤纯) explore the poetry from the new critical poetics, and peng yu (彭予) and wang zhuo (王卓)principally make the cultural and historical analysis of confessional poetry. as for postmodernism, there are 103 papers explicating postmodernisms influences in various fields the cultural and the philosophic. as regards the humanism of poets or poems, there is only one 2 paper “american humanistic poet allen ginsberg” by he xianglin (贺祥麟). however, a paper about postmodern humanism can not be found. in the west, most of the research essays on robert lowell and his poems are included in robert lowell: essays on the poetry, edited by steven gould axelrod and helen deese. some of these essays give an overall analysis of robert lowell and his poetry. some of them are about lowells poetry books and even a particular poem like “skunk hour”. as for the monographs, there are a lot of books: robert lowell and life studies: revising the self by terri witek, robert lowells shifting colors: the poetics of the public and the personal by william doreski, lost puritan: a life of robert lowell, by paul mariani, to name just a few. the research perspectives of all these books are diverse, but only a few combine the philosophic consideration with the reading of poetry. worthy of being mentioned here is the book cry of the human: essays on contemporary american poetry by ralph j. mills, jr. in reality, much of contemporary american poetry is the cry of the human. as for postmodern humanism, the book deliberate criticism: toward a postmodern humanism by stephen r. yarbrough has something to do with the topic,