（传播学专业论文）非语言传播：沉默的跨文化接触.pdf

华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 i abstract ponder a number of puzzling paradoxes of interpersonal sensitivity. in various situations, it appears that a tremendous amount of important interpersonal knowledge is rapidly communicated, most of the time nonverbally such as facial expressions, body movements, tone, dress, time, space and so on. yet we usually do not understand how this occurs. on the other hand, there is a great deal of misinformation and misunderstanding in face to face human relation. we often can not decipher precisely what is going wrong. such matters undoubtedly involve the sounds, gestures, touches, and faces of spreading of emotion. since all nonverbal signals are not universal we have to understand it culturally and contextually for mutual understanding. lack of knowledge of nonverbal communication creates barriers in cross-cultural communication. this thesis introduces the necessity of nonverbal communication, function of nonverbal communication, categorization of nonverbal communication and how different culture affects nonverbal communication. it provides cross- cultural cooperators with a good start in the understanding of others cultures and enables cross-cultural communication more successful. key words：nonverbal communication, culture, high context, low context, context 独创性声明独创性声明 本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的 研究成果。尽我所知，除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个 人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体， 均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有 权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和 借阅。本人授权华中科技大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据 库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 本论文属于 （请在以上方框内打“”） 学位论文作者签名： 指导教师签名： 日期： 年 月 日 日期： 年 月 日 保密，在 年解密后适用本授权书。 不保密。 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 iii acknowledgment first of all i praise god, who makes and will make my dream true in his time. my next sincerely thanks to my supervisor professor zhong yeng, without her valuable suggestion, experienced advice and support this paper would not have been completed. my special thanks also go to professor chen xian hong, who gave me a bright future with her smiley face and communicable personality on my first day of contact. my friend zeleke kassa and abraham chosha has been also a meaningful and unforgettable contribution on my desperate first year stay in wuhan. zelex and abracho, galatayisi! my chinese friends fang yan, fei fei, hu qiao, zhan, helen and jennifer thank you for being with me when ever i needed your support during my study. and my ethio friends tsega hawaze, yared, mihret, asfawe, betty, tigest, challet, hassen, and enawegaw, you all are a true friends definition. finally, i would like to express my extreme gratitude and appreciation to aden my wife, who confronted a challenging life for three years alone as a mother, as an employed, and as a housewife indeed. oh! she really showed me what marriage is, what it could be, and what it should be. adey, your strength makes me strong. 我非常爱你我非常爱你！our daughter maraki nena, on our three years telephone conversation your audible voice speak more than words about your situation. thanks to baby-setter mare, my father tadesse, 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 iv my mother menbere, romeo, ago lule, my brothers, sisters, relatives and all friends for being with my family and taught my daughter the meaning of love and to be loved. 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 1 chapter one 1. introduction 1.1 general overview technological advances have significantly reduced global special and temporal distances, fostering an increasingly mobile world populace. peoples of diverse backgrounds and cultures are more and more frequently interacting socially, professionally, and diplomatically. growing international economic inter-dependencies have substantially increased the importance of recognizing and understanding events and circumstances which influence intercultural encounters. communication is, of course, the most critical aspect of this burgeoning international intercourse. the ability to understand and to be understood is rudimentary to successful intercultural activities. an individual who can comfortably and proficiently interact verbally with someone from another country, yet not be able to either fully understand or be understood. a well-founded appreciation of another cultures nonverbal behaviors is requisite to true intercultural communication competency. in human communication utterances are expressed with some structural events. these structural events bring important information and quite helpful for a better understanding of human communication. meanwhile, the human communication is full of multimodal behaviors, e.g., gesture facial expression, gaze and etc. as non-verbal signals, gesture facial expression and gaze show closed temporal and semantic links to spoken content. nonverbal communication generates many signals and sends them to the other party. every internal thought that we have is transferred externally through our non-verbal communication and behavior. there are hundreds of messages that our body gives away and the meaning of them taken by the audience in most cases takes priority over what we say. 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 2 the paper is organized with four chapters. the first chapter includes the introduction of the paper and nonverbal communication which is focused on period of 18th and 19th. the second chapter is the part of literature review mainly definition and category of nonverbal communication and the importance of non-verbal communication concepts, cues and key issues to better predict the structural events to further improve the understanding of human communication. because without them a real communication can not be conducted smoothly and successfully. more over if we dont understand the non-verbal communication from the point of different culture; it is possible that we can make a mistake of reading other person incorrectly. some forms of non-verbal signals are the same and universal and they have the same meaning or interpretation. but the other forms are different and have different meaning too or no meaning in the other culture. the third chapter is also elaborate about culture and how different countries culture affects nonverbal communication and because of that how misunderstanding will be created. different countries nonverbal actions also elaborate in the same chapter. finally the fourth chapter is conclusion and recommendations how to learn, exercise nonverbal communication skill for effective communication. based on different scholars study and research important practice and suggestions are forwarded and presented under this section. in addition, just as verbal language differs from culture to culture, the non-verbal language may also differ. one gesture may be common in a certain country and have a clear interpretation; it may be meaningless in another culture or even have an opposite meaning. so that the paper try to make a clear understanding on this topic. 1.2 nonverbal communication in 18th and 19th 1.2.1 charles darwin charles darwin (1909-1882) was born in a wealthy english family. he studied at cambridge university but he was not a serious student. after his graduation, darwin was invited to travel five year trip around the world. the british navy ship sailed across the atlantic, down the cost of south america and back up the other side, across the england. darwin frequently went ashore, often for months at a time, to collect specimens and to make observations. 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 3 his most important stop was in the galapagos island, in the pacific ocean off the coast of ecuador. here darwin observed that each of the galapagos islands had a different species of finch. each species had characteristics that were particularly appropriate for the ecological conditions of its island. for instance, the finches on one island had adapted by grasping and manipulating a cactus thorn to dig insects out of plants. the way in which the birds fit in to the unique conditions of each island was all the more amazing because all of the finches had evolved originally from a common ancestor. darwin began to wonder how such evolution had occurred. the main islands of the galapagos were separated by a distance of thirty to fifty miles, so that the finches could not fly between them. the varying conditions on each island, and their isolation, had contributed to the evolution of different species. when he returned from his journey darwin pondered over his field notes and his specimens. he began to write up his conclusions in his famous book, the origin of species. its publication created a firestorm of public reaction. darwins evolutionary theory stated that a new species originates because, given the variation within any population, certain individuals process characteristics that ideally fit them for survival in a particular environment (survival of the fittest). nature acts as a selective force, wedding out the individuals in a population who are less appropriate for a given environment. in his book the expression of emotions in man and animals, published thirteen years after his the origin of species, darwin (1872/1965) stated: “the movements of expression give vividness and energy to our spoken words.” in this book, darwin showed the basic similarity between the emotional expressions by human and by animals. he argued that animals expressed six universal emotions of anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, and happiness in a similar way to humans. darwin compared the facial expressions of infants, children, and adults (including the mentally ill) with animals like (apes and dogs). facial expressions of emotions appear early in life, and learning may not be required for their appearance. so the six universal facial expressions among humans must be inherited. the particular patterns of facial muscle movement associated with certain emotions stem from a genetic source rather than being learned. note that darwins work dealt only with facial expression, not with body movements or other types of nonverbal communication. facial expressions of emotions are by far the most important type of nonverbal communication. all individuals may 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 4 smile in order to show happiness, a smile may also convey quite different emotions in some cultures. for example, a smile may mean embarrassment or pain. darwin noted that facial expressions are in part unconscious and are not completely controllable, so this type of nonverbal communication is more likely controllable, so this type of nonverbal communication is more likely to be believed by other people than verbal statements. darwin (1872/1965) noted that it is difficult to lie nonverbally: “they (nonverbal facial expressions) reveal the thoughts and intentions of others more truly than do words, which may be falsified.” 1.2.2 edward hall edward hall, an anthropologist who had extensive intercultural experience, led the training courses at fsi. while there, he coined the expression “intercultural communication,” began the analysis of nonverbal communication, and wrote his famous book, the silent language (hall, 1959). he was born in st. louis but grew up in new mexico. as a young man, he built dams and roads for the u.s. india service, working with construction crews (hall, 1992). in later life he credited this close contact with culturally unlike people as one inspiration for his interest in intercultural communication. the other intellectual influence on the conception of intercultural communication that hall and his colleagues formulated at the fsi was freudian psychoanalytic theory. the unconscious level of communication had not been given much attention previously, but hall found that a good deal of intercultural communication, particularly nonverbal communication, was out of consciousness. edward hall in launching the field of intercultural communication in the foreign service institute after world war 2nd. in the minds of hall and his colleagues in early 1959s, nonverbal communication was intercultural communication. hall pioneered research on proxemics (the use of space) and chronemics (the use of time) in communication, while his coworker raymond birdwhistell identified kinesics (body language) as a type of nonverbal communication. george trager did original research on paralanguage, the nonverbal aspects of voice, such as loudness. like darwin, hall noted that nonverbal communication was usually out of consciousness and thus was more difficult to fake. 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 5 1.2.3 raymond birdwhistell raymond l. birdwhistell, who spent much of his career at the university of pennsylvania, was briefly a colleague of edward halls at the foreign service institute in the summer of 1952. an anthropologist and linguist by training, birdwhistell specialized in studying body movements, including facial expressions, which he called “kinesics” (birdwhistell, 1970). body language is particularly important to diplomats, who often may not have perfect fluency in a language and who need to understand nonverbal cues in the frequently ambiguous communication situation of international diplomacy. the first publication about kinesics was birdwhistells (1952) fsi training manual, introduction to kinesics. birdwhistell insisted that nonverbal communication could not be completely separated from verbal communication. both typically take place at the same time; each supplements or contradicts the meanings conveyed by the other. to separate these two types of communication, either in scholarly research or in every day conversation, would be ridiculous. birdwhistell pointed out that studying only nonverbal communication would be equivalent to studying noncardiac medicine (knapp object communication such as clothing, hairstyle and even architecture, prosodic features of speech such us intonation and stress and other paralinguistic features of speech like voice quality, emotion and speaking style. non-spoken context with in which all face to face communication takes place. every conscious or subconscious behavior in presence of another is suffused with meaning without which all verbal communication would be ambiguous. nonverbal communication consists of all the messages other than words that are used in communication. when individual speak, they normally do not confine themselves to the mere emission of words. a great deal of meaning is conveyed by nonverbal means which always accompany oral discourse-intend or not. in another words, a spoken message is always sent on two levels simultaneously, verbal and nonverbal. nonverbal behavior predates verbal communication because individuals, since birth, rely first on nonverbal means to express themselves. this innate character of nonverbal behaviour is important in communication. even before a sentence is uttered, the hearer observes the body gestures and facial expressions of the speaker, trying to make sense of these symbolic messages. they seem to be trustable because they are mostly unconscious and part of every day behaviour. people assume that nonverbal actions do not lie and therefore they tend to believe the nonverbal message when a verbal message contradicts it. people try to make sense of the nonverbal behaviour of others by attaching meaning to what they observe them doing. consequently, these symbolic messages help the hearer to interpret the speakers intention and this indicates the importance of nonverbal communication in the field of interpretation. in daily conversations it often happens that we do not understand what the other person wants to say. thus we ask question “what do you mean by this” so that 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 华 中 科 技 大 学 硕 士 学 位 论 文 8 the speaker clarifies his message. the interpreter is deprived of this possibility and therefore has to fall back on other means allowing him to understand the speaker. this is the moment when nonverbal communication comes in, giving him subtle hints on how the message is to be understood. from the speakers point of view, however, there are numerous functions of nonverbal behaviour even if he or she is not aware of them. human beings use nonverbal means to persuade or to control others, to clarify or embellish things, to stress, complement, regulate and repeat verbal expressions. they can also be used to substitute verbal expression, as this is the case with several body gestures. nonverbal communication is emotionally expressive and any discourse appealing to the receivers emotions has a persuasive impact. generally nonverbal communication includes pitch, speed, tone and volume of voice, gestures and facial expression, body posture, stance and proximity to the listener, eye movements and contact, dress and appearance. 2.2 category of nonverbal communication 2.2.1 personal space one of edward halls main interests in the study of nonverbal communication was space as it affected human communication. he was influenced by heini p.hedigars analysis of how certain animals spaced themselves. hediger, the director of the zoological garden in zurich, took a remarkable photograph of a dozen blockheaded gulls spaced along a rail that was suspended over the water. while living in chicago, hell, took photographs of people who spaced themselves equally along a streetcar waiting platform. one of halls research techniques in studying proxemics was to sh