安娜卡列尼娜 学年论文定稿.doc

外国语与传播学院英语专业09级学年论文（12-06-10）题目: Study on the Source of Anna Kareninas Tragedy学 生： 谢 咪 学 号： 200911010218 院 （系）： 外国语与传播学院 专 业： 英 语 指导教师： 王 武 娟 2012年6月10日 Study on the Source of Anna Kareninas Tragedy英语092：谢咪 指导教师：王武娟（陕西科技大学外国语与传播学院 陕西 西安 710021）ABSTRACT: Anna Karenina is viewed as a heroin in the both emotion life and real life under the pen of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoys master piece Anna Karenina by lots of critics and readers till tody, however, her suicide in the end stress tragedy- colored life of Anna Karenina. This thesis is to discuss, from the aspects of the nature of Anna and the outer elements environments, the source of the tragedy to mirror the the real life today . KEY WORDS: Anna Karenina，nature，environment，tragedy 对安娜卡列尼娜悲剧人生的探究摘要: 安娜卡列尼娜是列夫托尔斯泰笔下的一位为追求个人自由与幸福的英雄。自其同名小说出版以来，一直受到世人的关注和评论。然而，在故事结尾，安娜选择卧轨自杀的一幕渲染并强调了整个故事的悲剧色彩。本文将结合安娜个人因素及外界因素等方面来讨论其悲剧人生的根源，旨在给现世以启示。关键词：安娜卡列尼娜，个人因素，环境影响，悲剧 IntroductionHappy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. , grammatically the first sentence of Anna Karenina implies the following content includes several unhappy stories happening in several families. And the song of tragedy finds its full expression by last saying of Anna, God, forgive me completely. Holding the sorrow for Annas tragic life like all the others, the thesis is to study the source of Annas destiny buy discussing Anna s nature , her information expect her inner word, the characters who directly and indirectly have relationship with Anna, the background where she lives in and the collision between all the above factors which finally kill the lady named Anna Karenina.1. The Introduction of Anna Karenina1.1 The Inner Word of Anna KareninaOne of two main protagonists in the novel (the other being Konstantin Levin), Anna is the beautiful, passionate, and educated wife of Alexei Karenin. Her character is rich in complexity: she is guilty of desecrating her marriage and home, for instance, but she remains noble and admirable nonetheless. Anna is intelligent and literate, a reader of English novels and a writer of childrens books. She is elegant, always understated in her dress. Among Annas most prominent qualities are her passionate spirit and determination to live life on her own terms. She is a feminist heroine of sorts. Though disgraced, she dares to face St. Petersburg high society and refuses the exile to which she has been condemned, attending the opera when she knows very well she will meet with nothing but scorn and derision.The governing principle of Annas life is that love is stronger than anything, even duty. She remains powerfully committed to this principle. She rejects Karenins request that she stay with him simply to maintain outward appearances of an intact marriage and family. In the later stages of her relationship with Vronsky, Anna worries most that he no longer loves her but remains with her out of duty only. She insists on following her heart alone. As a result, Anna contrasts with with the ideal of living for God and goodness that Levin embraces in the last chapter, and she appears self-centered by comparison. Even so, Annas insistence on living according to the dictates of her heart makes her a pioneer, a woman searching for autonomy and passion in a male-dominated society.1.2 The Outer Word of Anna KareninaBorn in a noble family, but miserably loosing her parents during youth, Anna is arranged to marry Alexei Karenin, a cold and passionless government official. And Anna play her role well for 8 years as a wife and a mother. Living a comfortable and descent life peacefully and patiently until her coming across a special man who stimulated her passion for love. After doing social- unacceptable things like having adultery with Vronsky, even opening it up publicly and leaving her husband and child, under great agony she choose to fall down onto the railway facing the running train. 2. The Related Characters 2.1 Konstantin LevinIndependent-minded and socially awkward, Levin is a truly individual character who fits into none of the obvious classifications of Russian society. Levin is his own person. He follows his own vision of things, even when it is confused and foggy, rather than adopting any groups prefabricated views. Moreover, Levin prefers isolation over fitting in with a social set with which he is not wholly comfortable.Levin is special simply in feeling them so deeply and openly. His comfort with his peasants and his loathing of social pretension characterize him as an ordinary man, one of the Russian people despite his aristocratic lineage. When Levin mows for an entire day alongside his peasants, we get no sense that he is deliberately slumming with the commonershe sincerely enjoys the labor. Levins final discovery of faith learned from a peasant, is equally ordinary. 2.2 Alexei KareninA government official with little personality of his own, maintaining the fade of a cultivated and rational man. He is civil to everyone and makes no waves remaining a bland bureaucrat whose personality has disappeared under years of devotion to his duties, with little room for personal whim or passion.His appreciation of Anna is only for her role as wife and mother, similarly, hes fatherly interaction with Seryozha is cold and official. When Anna leaves, she does not simply dump Karenin the man but also the conventionalism that Karenin believes in and represents. Karenins slide into occultism and stagnation at the end of the novel suggests indirectly how much he needed Anna, and how much she was the life behind his fade.2.3 Alexei VronskyThe novel depicts Vronsky as a handsome, wealthy, and charming man who is as willing as Anna is to abandon social standing and professional status in pursuit of love. But the novel also shows Vronskys many realistic faults and imperfections. This limitation in Vronsky provides Annas greatest disappointment in the novel: she yearns for a total escape into a love affair of unbounded passion, only to discover that Vronskys passion has its limits. Tolstoy gives Vronsky the same first name as Karenin, suggesting that Annas longing for another Alexei leads her to a disappointing repetition of her first relationship.2.4 Stiva OblonskyHis his affair with the familys governess brings Anna to Moscow, and thus to Vronskyhe Stiva embodies the notion that life is meant to be lived and enjoyed, not repressed by duties. His dazed reaction to being chastised for adultery is not so much regret at his wrongdoing but rather regret at being caught. Indeed, even after Dolly forgives Stiva, he does not stop carrying on with other women. He does not feel any duty toward his wife and family that constrains his freedom. He represents an ordinary man in 19th century Russia, and is kind and jovial and genuinely loves his wife and family, yet he feels entitled to have sex with whomever he pleases.2.5 Countess Lydia Ivanovna The Countess is a good friend of Karenins and after Anna leaves him she falls in love with him and tries to take care of him. She convinces Karenin not to let Anna see Serezha (son of Anna and Karenin) and convinces him to become even more serious about his Christianity. In the end she and Karenin take guidance from a French clairvoyant for their decisions. 2.6 Princess Elizabeth Fedorovna Tverskaya (Betsy) Betsy is the link between Anna and Vronsky, and it is through her and her Society that they are able to meet and begin their affair. She also has affairs, but she shuns Anna after Anna is open about her affair and does not get a divorce. 3. Background of Anna Karenina 19 century had witnessed great changes in Russia. For the invasion of the capitalism, gradually the feudal serfdom social suffered disintegration and capitalism came to emerge. But capitalist powers is still very slim because of the consolidation of Russian feudal power. Therefore, during 19 century Russia was in a transitional period from the feudal society to capitalism society. It is a period in witch the thoughts of Russian experienced great changes and Anna is the one ,as a presentive of new women living in such social environment.4. Conflicts of Anna Kareninas LifeFirstly, Annas passion and self- realization reflects her advance in spirit, but her motion is too strong to hurt the family including her son Serezha and the normal family life of his husband so she respectively got self- regret for not taking her responsibility to take care of her child and lost support for her infidelity to the marriage. For Serezhas pure attachment to her and Karenins forgiveness for her wrongdoings, though Anna sticked to her belief bravely, she couldnt avoid the condemn from the conscience.Secondly, if she is an average person, such affairs may not caused that much attention, but her honorable status and life in the past made her situation more awkward. Like Emma in Madame Bovery written by Gustave Flaubert, she has unacceptable things with several men but during the course there not exists much influence from others eye, but the rejection from the mainstream and the enclosure of her past life to some extent makes her lonely and abnormal dependence on love.Thirdly, Annas longing for true love should be praised from the aspect of a sincere person, but people around her give some influence negatively, as a result Annas disappointment devour her hope for life. Her husbands unwilling to divorce and later agreement on condition that permanently segregation with her son bring her to a deadly dilemma. Then Vronskys lessening passion to Anna causes her distrust and the sense monopolize to Vronsky, wich in fact is the reflection of her doubt to her faith and the meaning of life. Next is the original matchmaker, Annas brother Oblonskys has nearly parallel experience of unfaithful to marriage but receives contrary reaction which shake her self-esteem as a woman. Also, Lydia Ivanovna who represents the moral social group encourages Annas husband to enforce the moral principle of that society which full of false and stiffness, therefore Annas situation becomes worse and worse. Betsy, a high- class whore who represent the Grand Society and the group more concerned with pleasure than morality despises Anna and shuns Anna after Anna is open about her affair and does not get a divorce, which makes Anna feel her lowliness and increase Annas self- deny. Lastly, it is Konstantin Levin. Though Anna Karenina gives the novel its name, Levin acts as the novels co-protagonist, as central to the story as Anna herself. Similar to Anna, he feels the drawbacks of the aristocrat life and has a wish to live a free life naturally and sincerely. He is the only one has the nature, chance and power to help Anna, but with insufficant effort to voice his supply to Anna he adds the sorry of Annas tragedy.The last but not least, the background in the day when Annas story happens. With the industrial revolution and the development of capitalism, peoples life become richer and colorful which stimulates the desire to reach more happiness and self- satisfaction. But, the feudalism system of Russia is to strong to collapse soon, so the strict social grade system and the over deified religious belief still dominates the moral principle then. From the sentence God, forgive me it can directly conclude that the great influence of religion on Annas regret and sadness. The author giving that is to denounce the prevailing and powerful society force rather than ask for the forgiving.Conclusion From the aspects of dialectical materialism and historical