英文论文写作与投稿经验课件.ppt

英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,1,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗,國立臺南大學數位學習科技系黃國禎,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,2,一般期刊之評審要點,學術價值(創新性)應用價值學理根據與觀點之正確性文章組織結構研究方法之嚴謹性題目合宜文章長度恰當格式正確用詞的正確性及文章的流暢度,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,3,研究的觀念、態度與方法,觀念研究是有趣的態度充滿好奇心、全力以卦方法功勞苦勞創新實証,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,4,研究主題的選擇,儘量針對同一主題以不同的方法深入探討,Gwo-JenHwang,Tsung-LiangLin,BertrandM.T.Lin(2004),“AnEffectiveApproachforTest-SheetCompositionfromLarge-ScaleItemBanks”,acceptedbyComputersfurthermore,ChouproposedtheCATESsystem3,whichisaninteractivetestingsystemdevelopedinacollectiveandcollaborativeprojectwiththeoreticalandpracticalresearchoncomplextechnology-dependentlearningenvironments.Unfortunately,althoughmanycomputer-assistedtestingsystemshavebeenproposed,fewofthemhaveaddressedtheproblemoffindingasystematicapproachforcomposingtestsheetssatisfyingmultipleassessmentrequirements.Mostoftheexistingsystemsconstructatestsheetbymanuallyorrandomlyselectingtestitemsfromtheiritembanks.Suchmanualorrandomtestitemselectionstrategiesareinefficientandarehardlyabletomeetmultipleassessmentrequirementssimultaneously.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,11,Somepreviousinvestigationsshowedthatawell-constructedtestsheetnotonlyhelpsevaluatethelearningstatusofthestudents,butalsofacilitatesthediagnosisoftheproblemsembeddedinthelearningprocess13,14,17.Thatis,itisverycriticaltoselectpropertestitemstoconstituteatestsheetthatmeetsmultipleassessmentcriteria,includingtheexpectedtimeneededforansweringthetestsheet,thenumberoftestitems,thespecifieddistributionofcourseconceptstobelearned,andthemostimportant,themaximizationoftheaveragedegreeofdiscrimination20.Sinceitisdifficulttosatisfymultiplerequirements(orconstraints)inselectingtestitems,mostcomputerizedtestingsystemsgeneratetestsheetsinarandomfashion(whichwillbecalled“randomselection”throughoutthispaper)16.In15,amultiplecriteriatestsheetgeneratingproblemisformulatedasadynamicprogrammingmodel11tominimizethedistancebetweentheparameters(e.g.,discrimination,difficulty,etc.)ofthegeneratedtestsheetsandtheobjectivevaluessubjecttothedistributionofconceptweights.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,12,Althoughthedynamicprogrammingapproachhastakenmultiplerequirementsintoconsideration,inpracticalapplications,morecriterianeedtobeaddressed.Forexample,ateachermightliketoassignarangeoftesttimesinsteadofgivingafixedtesttimeandusuallyateacherwillassignanexpectedlowerboundforeachconceptweightinsteadofgivingadistributionofconceptweights.Moreover,thegoalofagrouptestistodiscriminatethestatusofthestudents.Thisimpliesthatthediscriminationdegreeoftheentiretestsheetneedstobemaximizedasmuchaspossible.Anothercriticalissuearisingfromtheuseofdynamicprogrammingapproachisprobablytheexceedinglylongexecutiontimerequiredforproducingoptimalsolutions.Asthetime-complexityofthedynamicprogrammingalgorithmisexponentialintermsofinputdata,theexecutiontimewillbecomeunacceptablylongifthenumberofcandidatetestitemsislarge.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,13,Tocopewiththeseproblems,researchersattemptedtoformulateanewtestsheet-generatingproblembyoptimizingthediscriminationdegreeofthegeneratedtestsheetswithaspecifiedrangeofassessmenttimeandsomeothermultipleconstraints16.However,thenewformulationisevenmorecomplex,previousinvestigationsshowedthatitisdifficulttoefficientlyfindnear-optimalsolutionswhenthenumberofcandidatetestitemsislargerthenfivethousand16.Inthefollowingsections,amodelforformulatingtheproblemsoffindingasetoftestitemsthatfitmultipleassessmentcriteriaispresented.AstheproblemsareNP-hard,atabu-basedalgorithmisproposedtofindqualityapproximatesolutionsinanacceptabletime.Computationalexperimentswillbealsopresentedtostudytheperformancesoftheproposedalgorithms.（最後一段強調研究動機）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,14,問題描述及研究方法,問題描述正式定義面臨的問題以圖或公式來說明問題的內容最好舉例說明問題的特性研究方法說明方法的來源及過去的應用說明方法的精神及細節說明方法如何套用到目前的問題,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,15,Inanitembank,asubsetofncandidatetestitemsQ1,Q2,Qnwillbeselectedforcomposingatestsheet.Withthespecifiedcourseconceptstobelearned,sayCj,eachtestitemisrelevanttooneormoreofthem.Forexample,totestthebasiccomputerknowledgeofstudents,Cjmightbe“I/Odevices”,“CentralProcessingUnit”or“Memory”.Inthissection,amixedintegerprogrammingmodel19ispresentedtoformulatethetestsheet-generatingproblemundermultipleassessmentconsiderations.Themodelaimsatoptimizingthediscriminationdegreeofthegeneratedtestsheetswithaspecifiedrangeofassessmenttimeandsomeothermultipleconstraints.SuchamodelhasbeencalledtheSpecifiedRangeofAssessmentTime(SRAT)Problem16.（定義問題與舉例）IntheSRATproblem,themajorconsiderationistoconfinethelengthrequiredbythestudentstoanswertheselecteditems.Thevariablesusedintheformulatedmodelsaredefinedasfollows:（公式）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,16,Tabusearchisametaheuristicmethodwhichguidesalocalsearchproceduretoeffectivelyexplorethesolutionspaceofoptimizationproblems.ItwasfirstintroducedbyGlover7,8andhasexhibitedsuccessfulapplicationsforsolvingthetravelingsalesmanproblem2,generalizedassignmentproblem18,jobshopschedulingproblem23,andnetworkloadingproblem1,justtonameafew.（方法的來源）“Tabu”comesfromTongan,alanguageofPolynesia,whereitindicatesthingsthatcannotbetouchedbecausetheyaresacred,andthewordnowmeansprohibition9.Analogously,tabusearchforbidsthereversesearchtorevisitsolutionsalreadyencountered.Tabusearchhasthefollowingdistinctivefeatureswhichmakeituniquefromothermetaheuristics.（方法的特性）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,17,Inthefollowings,atabusearch-basedalgorithm,BMST(Bit-MapSelectionwithTabuapproach),isproposedtofindqualityapproximatesolutionsfortheSRATproblem.（方法如何套用到目前的問題）Input:ntestitemsQ1,Q2,QnandmconceptsC1,C2,Cm;Step1.GenerateinitialconfigurationSincealldecisionvariablesoftheSRATproblemtakebinaryvalues(either0or1),aconfigurationintheBMSTalgorithmcanberepresentedinacondensedformasx=x1x2xn,whichisavectorofnbinarybitswherexiisequivalentto1iftestitemQiisselectedand0otherwise.Theinitialconfigurationisdesignatedas000,i.e.,allthetestitemsarenotselected.Thereasonisduetotheobjectiveoftheoptimizationproblem,whichrequestsmaximizationoftheaveragediscriminationdegreeforselectedtestitems.Therefore,ifthealgorithmstartswithazerovectorandincrementallyselecttestitemswithhigherdiscriminationdegreesbyreplacing0with1,thesearchfortheoptimalsolutioncouldbeexpedited.Step2.Identifytheneighborhood,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,18,實驗及分析,比較答案的品質及演算法的效率-以大量資料模擬測試瞭解系統的滿意度及使用意願-問卷調查驗證系統或方法的效果-以實驗組及對照組進行3-6個月的測試及分析(前測及後測)比較新系統(方法)與舊系統(方法)的效果-多人交叉使用兩系統(方法)並比較結果比較對象：舊系統(方法)、使用與未使用、Random、Heuristic、Optimal方法產生的結果,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,19,論文簡介,內容：整篇文章的濃縮版字數：500-1000字包含研究背景及動機研究目的（問題的描述）研究方法（概念性的描述）研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,20,論文摘要,內容：簡介的濃縮版字數：200-300字包含研究動機研究目的（問題的描述）研究方法（概念性的描述）研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,21,Computerskillcertificationtestisoneofthemostimportantteststoevaluatethecomputerabilityofstudents.Asthetestisheldfrequently,itiscriticaltoefficientlyandeffectivelycomposetestsheetsfromalargeitembankcontainingovertenthousandsoftestitems.Tofairlycertificatethecomputerskillsofstudents,thecomposedtestsheetsmustmeetmultipleassessmentcriteria,suchastheratioofrelevantconceptstobeevaluated,theaveragediscriminationdegree,difficultydegreeandestimatedtestingtime.Itwilltakesignificantlylongtimetocomposeanoptimaltestsheetfromalargeitembankbygeneratingandtestingeachpossiblecandidatecombinationoftestitems.Tocopewiththisproblem,atabusearch-basedapproachisproposedtoimprovetheefficiencyforcomposingnear-optimaltestsheetsfromverylargeitembankstomeetmultipleassessmentcriteria.Basedontheproposedapproach,acomputer-assistedtestingsystemhasbeendeveloped;moreover,aseriesofexperimentshavebeenconductedtocomparetheefficiencyandefficacyofthenovelapproachwithotherapproaches.Fromtheexperimentalresults,itcanbeseenthatthenovelapproachisdesirableincomposingnear-optimaltestsheetsfromlargeitembanks.（最後一段強調研究目的及貢獻）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,22,結論(與討論),內容：摘要的結論加上未來的發展或改進方向字數：300-1000字包含研究成果（實驗結果及貢獻）未來可能的發展或改進的方向,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,23,Inthispaper,atabusearch-basedapproach,BMST(Bit-MapSelectionwithTabu),isproposedtocopewiththetestsheet-generatingproblems.BMSTalgorithmhasbeenembeddedinacomputerskillcertificationsystemwithlarge-scaletestbanksthatareaccessibletostudentsaswellasinstructorsthroughtheworld-wide-web.（強調研究目的）Toevaluatetheperformanceoftheproposedalgorithm,twoexperimentshavebeenconductedtocomparetheexecutiontimeandthesolutionqualityoffoursolution-seekingstrategiesoneighteenitembanks.Experimentalresultsmanifestthattestsheetswithnear-optimaldiscriminationdegreescanbeobtainedinamuchshortertimebyemployingthenovelapproach.（強調研究貢獻）Forfurtherextensiveapplications,somecollaborativeplanswithsomelocalelectroniccompaniesareproceeding,inwhichthenovelapproachisappliedtotestandtrainjuniorengineers,suchastheknowledgeandskillsofNanoSelf-Assembly,QuantumDotSelf-Assembly,CopolymerSelf-Assembly,ElectrostaticSelf-Assembly,etc.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,24,References的內容,依姓氏排列以1,2,3標示研討會論文：Conferences,Congress,Workshop1L.M.M.Giraffa,M.MoraandR.M.Viccari,“ModelinganinteractiveITSusingaMASapproach:fromdesigntopedagogicalevaluation”,ThirdInternationalConferenceonComputationalIntelligenceandMultimediaApplications,NewDelhi,India,Feb.28,1999,pp.153158.期刊：Transactions,Journals,Magazines2A.V.GonzalezandL.R.Ingraham(1994),“Automatedexerciseprogressioninsimulation-basedtraining”,IEEETransactionsonSystems,ManandCybernetics,Vol.24,No.6,pp.863874.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,25,Reference的引用方式,用“作者+年份”表示最大優點是：有新的文獻要插入時，不必重新編號(Hwang2003),(Hwangtherefore,hedecidedtoreinstallit.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,30,其他的寫作技巧,善用連接詞因;therefore,正果(因此、於是）因;consequently,正果(因此、於是）As因,正果(因此、於是）因;nevertheless,負果(然而、但是）因;however,負果(然而、但是）Although因,負果(然而、但是）,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,31,其他的寫作技巧,常用句型Itcanbeseenthat.(由此可知：）Itisobviousthat.(顯而易見的：）Byassumingthat.(假設）E.g.,Basedontheexperimentalresults,itcanbeseenthatourapproachcanachievebetterperformance.Byassumingthatx=1,wehaveY=X+1=2;therefore,2isthefinaloutput.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,32,選擇投稿的的期刊性質,國內期刊TSSCI：如資訊管理學報、管理學報、交大學報、國際期刊SCI(ScienceCitationIndex)及SSCI(SocialSciencesCitationIndex),期刊收錄清單在EiCompendex收錄的文獻,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,33,期刊的選擇-以資訊教育為例,InteractingwithComputers(SSCI,SCI,EI),Computersmoreover,Sections3and4havebeenre-writtentocondensetheentirepaper.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,42,修改文件說明-RevisionSummary,Reviewer2Comments:Noinnovativecontributionwasfoundbothinthetheoryofgeneticalgorithmsandintheapplicationofthem.ResponsetoReviewer2:(1)Wehavere-writtentheabstractandSections1and2toexplaintheimportanceabouttheconstructionofagoodtestsheet.Themajorcontributionofthispaperisnotinitstechnicalpart.Instead,wetriedtocopewithanimportantproblemarisingfromrealeducationalapplications.Suchaproblemisknowntobecriticalandhasnotbeenefficientlyandeffectivelysolvedbefore.(2)Sincetheinnovativecontributionofthispapermightnotbesignificant,wehavere-writtenthepaperasatechnicalcorrespondencebasedontheeditorssuggestion.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,43,修改文件說明-RevisionSummary,Reviewer3Comments:Makethedefinitions,formulas,andotherdescriptionsclearerandmoreprecise,sothattherevisedpaperwillbeimprovedinitsreadabilityandcorrectness.ResponsetoReviewer3:TemixedintegermodelsandthegeneticalgorithmsinSections3and4havebeenre-writtentomakethedefinitions,formulas,andotherdescriptionsclearerandmoreprecise(pleaserefertoPages6-17).Moreover,acolleaguewhoisanEnglishexperthascarefullycheckedthepapertocorrectpotentialgrammaticalerrors.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,44,論文接受函(acceptedwithminorrevisions),DearProf.Hwang,ThereviewofyourmanuscripttitledATestSheet-GeneratingAlgorithmforMultipleAssessmentRequirements,TE-2001-000029.R1,hasbeencompleted.TheEditorialReviewBoard,whilefeelingthatyourmanuscriptisworthyofpublication,feelsthatthemanuscriptrequiresafewminorrevisionbeforeitcanbepublishedintheTransactionsonEducation.Whenreviewingthemanuscript,eachreviewerwasaskedtocompletetwoquestionnaires:onethatdirectedcommentstotheEditorialBoardandonethatdirectedcommentstotheauthor(s)ofthemanuscript.Youwillfindattachedreviewercommentsdirectedtoyou.Inpreparingthenextrevisionofyourmanuscript,youwillbeexpectedtoaddresstheissuesbroughtupbythereviewers.Onceyouhaveaddressedtheseissues,yourmanuscriptwillbereadytoprocessedtopublication.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,45,Inpreparingyournextrevision,herearesomeimportantcriteriathatneedtobefollowed.1.Thenextrevisionofyourmanuscriptshouldbedouble-spacedandtypedin12-pointtype.DONOTsingle-space!DONOTuseatwo-column,journal-styleformat!2.MakesurethatallbibliographicalreferencesforbooksandpublishedpapersfollowtheIEEEformatdescribedat/guides/style/section7.html#992.3.Makesurethatallbibliographicalreferencestospecificinformationonawebsiteincludethelastdatethesitewasviewed.Websiteschangeandspecificcontentisoftenremoved.Areaderrequiringspecific,referencedcontentthathasbeenremovedwillneedadateonwhichtheinformationappearedwhenrequestingthatinformationfromtheWebMastersarchive.4.Numbereachpage.,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,46,Whenyouhavecompletedrevisingyourmanuscript,mailacopytotheTransactionsEditorialAdministrator,JerryAnnConner.BesuretoincludeyourmanuscriptnumberinyourcoverletterwhenyoutransmityourmanuscripttoMrs.Conner.WhenMrs.Connerreceivesyourrevisedmanuscript,areviewwillbemadetoensurethatappropriaterevisionshavebeenmade.ThenthemanuscriptwillbereviewedforEnglishgrammar,punctuation,spelling,andcorrectwordusage.Whenthesereviewshavebeencompleted,theTransactionsEditorialAdministratorwillmailyoutwoitems:(1)acopyofyourmanuscriptthathasbeeneditedforgrammar,punctuation,spelling,andcorrectwordusageand(2)achecklistofrequireditemsthatmustbesubmittedforyourmanuscripttobepublished.YourfinalmanuscriptshouldincludeallcorrectionsnotedbytheEditorialAdministrator.Whenallitemsarereadyforsubmission,theyshouldbemailedtotheaddressindicatedonthechecklist.ThankyouforyourinterestinpublishingintheTransactions.Welookforwardtoseeingyourmanuscriptinprint.Sincerely,DavidA.Conner,Ph.D.,P.E.Editor-in-ChiefIEEETransactionsonEducation,不用再審,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,47,校稿信件,DearDr.Hwang,Theproofforyourarticle,ATest-Sheet-GeneratingAlgorithmforMultipleAssessmentRequirements,isreadyforyourreview.PleaseconnecttothefollowingURLtoretrieveyourproof:URL:/tfa/authproof.do?journal=TE&artID=46te03-hwangIfyouhavetroubleaccessingyourproofsite,pleasemakesurethatyourbrowserssecuritysettingutilizes128-bitSSLasitisnecessaryforaccesstoyourproof.Ifyouhaveanyproblemsorquestionsregardingthisproof,pleasecontactyourIEEEstaffeditorbyreplyingtothismessage.ChristineVartanianAssociateEditor,TransactionsonEducation/JournalofLightwaveTechnology,IEEEPublishing,英文論文寫作與投稿經驗-黃國禎,48,校稿信件,DearDr.Hwang,Wehavereceivedyourabove-mentionedarticleforpublication.OnbehalfofElsevierScience,Iwouldliketotakethiso