12并列、从属结构.ppt.ppt

并列结构（coordinateconstruction）,概念acoordinateconstructionisasequenceofsemantically-relatedgrammaticalunitsthataresimilarinform,equalinrankofstructure,identicalinfunctionandareconnectedbycoordinators.不同层次的并列结构trickortreatblueandwhitegoodbutexpensiveapoetandawriteronewayortheotherwithcouragebutwithoutwisdomjimmaybewrong,butthisdoesntmakeyouright.maryisanurse,herbrotherisadoctorandherparentsarebothfamouswriters.并列结构中标点符号的使用（p338-339),并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,表示同等关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词and连接前后简单句，and常译为“和”、“并且”，也可不译出来。例如：helikesplayingfootballandheplayswell.他喜欢踢足球，并且踢得很好。lastyearlmetkateandwebecamefriends.去年我和凯特相遇，我们成了朋友。,并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,表示转折关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词but(但是)，yet(可是)，while(而，另一方面)，however(可是)等连接前后简单句，but常译为“但是”，“可是”，切不可与从属连词though或although一起使用。例如：ithasnomouth,butitcantalk.它没有嘴巴，但是它会说话。schoolisover,yetalltheteachersarestillworking.学校放学了，可是老师们仍然在工作。hewantstobeawriter,whileiwanttobeascientist.他想当作家，而我则想当科学家。itsraininghard,however,wemustgoout.雨下得很大，然而我们必须出去。,并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,表示选择关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词or(或者，否则)等连接前后简单句。or有两重含义：(1)译为“或者”，表示选择。例如：nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。(2)译为“否则”、“要不然”，表示条件。例如：youmusttellthetruth，oryouwillbepunished你必须说真话，否则你将会受到惩罚。,并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,表示因果关系的并列句这类并列句常用并列连词for，so等连接前后简单句。(1)for在意义上与从属连词because，since和as相同，但它们引导的是原因状语从句，而for则连接两个简单句，前者表示结果，后者表示原因。其结构为：简单句(结果)+for+简单句(原因)。例如：hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman。他有许多好朋友，因为他是个诚实的男子汉。(2)so意为“因此”、“所以”，但不能与because同时出现在同一个句子中。因为because是从属连词，而是并列连词，用来连接并列句。其结构为：简单句(原因)+so简单句(结果)。例如：mr.liwenttohishometown,somr.wangwastakinghisclassinstead李老师回家乡去了，所以王老师替他课。,并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,其他形式的并列句(1)“祈使句+and+简单句”。其中祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词and引导的简单句则表示一个较好的结果，谓语常用一般将来时。例如：useyourhead,andyouwillfindaway动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。(2)“祈使句+or+简单句”。祈使句表示一个条件，并列连词or后的简单句则表示一个不愉快或不理想的结果。例如：studyhard,oryouwillfallbehindtheothers努力学习，否则你就会落于别人。,并列句（compoundsentence）的分类,(3)“either.or”结构表示“不是就是”，“或者或者”，例如：eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoit.习惯上将两个句子合并成eithermyuncleormyauntcandoit.(4)“notonlybutalso”意思为“不仅而且”，例如：notonlythestudentshavemissedtheschoolcar,butalsotheteacherhasmissedtheschoolcar.(5)“neithernor”结构，意为“既不也不”，“两者都不”，用法与eitheror,notonlybutalso相同。,使用并列句要注意的几种情况,并列句有时可不用连词，而用分号或冒号隔开(前后句之间的关系须相当紧密)。例如：wefishedallday;wedidntcatchafish.我们钓了一天的鱼，一条鱼也没钓到。并列连词后的简单句如果与其前的简单句有相同的部分，则相同的部分常可省略。例如：myfatherworksinafactoryandmymotherinaschool.我父亲在工厂工作，母亲在学校工作。由so,nor,neither连接的并列句，后一简单句为避免重复,其成份常倒装并省略一些。例如：heisnotastudent,norami.beibeicanswim,socani.,从属结构,概念subordinationmeansputtingagrammaticalunitinalowerrankorposition.agrammaticalunitthatfunctionasaconstituentofanotherunitofequalorlowerrankofstructureiscalledasubordinateconstruction,whichcanbeafiniteclause,anon-finiteclause,averblessclause,oraphrase.如果一个语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分，这种现象叫做“从属”。例如：themanwithaguninhishandthemanwhowasholdingaguninhishand从属结构可以是词组（主要是介词词组），也可以是限定分句、非限定分句或无动词分句。,限定从属分句限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句。例如：whatcausedthefireisstillamystery.themanwhodidtherobberyhasbeencaught.sincethespeakercantcome,wellhavetocancelthemeeting.,从属分句,名词性分句,名词性分句能在句中起名词词组的作用，可以在句中作主语、宾语、主语补语、同位语和介词补足成分。that从句作主语that从句是由陈述句转化而来的。正式文体中可以将它置于句首作主语，通常采用it作先行主语，将that从句放在后面。例如：thatyoudonotlikeherhasnothingtodowithit.itspossiblethattherellbeavacancy.itisreportedthatthetroopshavealreadycrossedtheborder.that从句作补足语that从句也可以在系动词后作补足语，说明事实或想法。例如：myadviceisthatyoushouldsellthecar.theanswerissimplythattheyarentinterestedindoingit.,that从句作宾语that从句最普通的用法是作某些动词的宾语。例如：hecomplainedthathismealwascold.evidenceindicatedthattheexperimentswereunsuccessful.少数几个介词后可以接that从句充当宾语，如exceptthat,butthat,savethat,inthat：ipreferhisplantoyours,inthathisismorepractical.weknownothingabouthersavethathersurnameisjones.,名词性分句,that从句作同位语同位语从句用于解释说明先行词的内容，通常由that引导，除此外还可用whether,what等疑问词。例如：wecametothedecisionthatwemustactatonce.hemadeaproposalthatthemeetingbepostponed.thefactthat是较常见的同位语结构，例如：thefactthathehasnotbeenseenrecentlydisturbseverybodyintheoffice.hewasheldresponsibleforthefactthathisdoghadbittenhisneighbor.itisimpossibletodisguisethefactthatbusinessisbad.,名词性分句,名词性分句,that的省略问题that从句充当主语、补语、同位语时，一般不省略。that从句充当宾语时，如果前面的动词为常用动词，that往往可以省略，如果前面的动词为较正式、不常用的动词，that不宜省略。例如：shesaid(that)shewasfeelingbetter.thejudgeheldthatthechildsinterestsinthiscasemustcomefirst.当一个句子有多个that从句充当宾语时，第一个that可以省略，但后面的that不能省略。例如：hetoldme(that)hewouldgofishingtomorrowafternoonandthathewouldinvitemarytogowithhim.,whether/if从句whether/if从句是由一般疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。例如：sheaskedwhether/ificouldspeakfrench.shedidntsayshedgoorstayathome.tellmeyoulikeitornot.iamwonderingornotwewillgetthereintime.tellmetodoit.ididntknowtobelievehimornot.whether和if都可与or或ornot连用，但whether可以直接后随ornot，if不行。whether后可直接跟不定式，if不行。充当主语、主语补语、介词宾语，引导同位语时，应该用whether，不宜用if。,名词性分句,wh-从句wh-从句是由特殊疑问句转化而来的间接问句，采用陈述句的语序。试翻译下列句子：他问我为什么迟到。至于你应该穿什么衣服，没有特别规定。他什么时候来取决于天气。这一切是怎么发生的对我来说是个谜。问题是我们可以从哪儿获得必需的资金。,heinquiredwhyiwaslate.（宾语）,therearenospecialrulesastowhatclothesyoushouldwear.（介词宾语）,whenhewillcomedependsontheweather.（主语）,itsamysterytomehowitallhappened.（主语）,theproblemiswherewecangetthenecessaryfunds.（主语补语）,形容词性分句（关系分句）副词性分句（状语分句）英语中的从属连词分类简单从属连词，如before,since,although,because,etc.复杂从属连词asif,aslongas,incase,etc.关联从属连词asso,sothat,hardlywhen,etc.边缘从属连词themoment,theinstant,etc.,theinstantshesawhim,sheknewhewasherlostbrother.wherethereisawill,thereisaway.youmustdotheexercisesasishowyou.becauseitwaswet,hedidntgooutforawalkthatday.whathaveidonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?theteacherspeaksclearlysothathisstudentscanunderstandwell.incaseitrains,wewontbeabletogothereonfoot.,时间状语分句,地点状语分句,方式状语分句,原因状语分句,结果状语分句,目的状语分句,条件状语分句,when,while,as三者都可以引导时间状语分句。当用来表示一件事正在进行的时候（时间状语分句）又发生了另外一件事（主句）时，三者可以互换使用。例如：isawhimwhen/while/ashewaswalkinginthepark.注意要点：while一般可用when来替代，但when并不都能用while替代。试比较：johnarrivediwascooking.johnarrived,iwascooking.heheardaknockatthedoor,heturnedonthelight.当时间状语分句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时，常由when引导，因为while所表达的时间通常指整个时间段或过程。,when/while,when,when,谈论两个或几个同时进行的动作时，最常用的是while。这种场合，when和as都不常用。例如：whatwereyouthinkingaboutwhileiwasreadingthebook?whatwereyoudoingwhilehewasgettingthedrinks?如果表示两个短暂性动作同时发生，最常用的是(just)as，也可以用(just)when。例如：shedroppedherglasses(just)asshestoodup.ithoughtofit(just)whenyouopenedyourmouth.试观察：shegetsmoreattractiveshegrows.thethoughtgrewthedaypassed.如果要说明两个正在发展或变化的情况，通常用as。,as,as,when的特殊用法表示一件突然的、意料之外的事情。它的构成是主句为进行时，后接when从句。例如：iwastakingawalkwhenicameacrosshim.iwasjustgettingintothebathwhenthetelephonerang.另一种结构是与beaboutto或beonthepointof连用。例如：iwasabouttogotosleepwhentherewasaknockonthedoor.iwasonthepointofleavingwhenyourang.表示“然后”、“而后”的意思。例如：iexpecttobetheretwodaysorso,whenishallreturn.shewasabankclerktillthewar,whenshetrainedasanurse.有人认为这是一种具有并列句性质的非限定性关系分句。,hardly/scarcelywhen/before,nosoonerthan我刚坐下，他就进来了。我们刚一出发，就下起了暴雨。还可以将hardly,scarcely,nosooner置于句首，但应注意倒装。例如：,ihadhardly/scarcelysatdown,when/beforehesteppedin.,wehadnosoonersetoutthanastormbroke.,这两种用法中，主句动词一般用过去完成体，从句动词用一般过去时。,hardly/scarcelyhadisatdown,when/beforehesteppedin.,nosoonerhadwesetoutthanastormbroke.,assoonas,themoment/instant(that)他们一推开门就听到说话声。（assoonas）我一眼就认出她来。（theinstant）我一接到你的口信就动身了。（themoment）我一做完工作就回家了。（directly/immediately/instantly）,theyheardvoicesassoonastheyopenedthedoor.,irecognizedhertheinstantisawher.,istartedtheverymomentigotyourmessage.,iwenthomedirectly/immediately/instantlyihadfinishedwork.,assoastheplanetsrevolveroundthesun,soelectronsrevolveroundthenucleusofanatom.倒装：asfiretriesgold,sodoesadversitytryvirtue.沙漠似海，骆驼似舟。省略：asinallothersubstances,soinliquidsthemoleculesareconstantlymoving.=asinallothersubstancesthemoleculesareconstantlymoving,soarethemoleculesinliquids.其它用法：aslungsaretotheanimals,soleavesaretotheplants.(what)asyougofarthernorth,(so)thewinterbecomeslonger.(themore,themore),asthedesertislikeasea,soisthecamellikeaship.,because,for使用because常见的错误：thereason(that/why)westoppedwasbecauseitstartedtosnow.whyhewasabsentwasbecausehewasill.because用于否定式之后，常产生歧义。例如：shedidnotmarryhimbecausehewasalawyer.hedoesntlikethembecausetheyarealwayshelpful,butbecausetheynevercomplain.,becausehewasalawyer,shedidnotmarryhim.,shemarriedhimnotbecausehewasalawyer.,helikesthemnotbecausetheyarealwayshelpful,butbecausetheynevercomplain.,because与for的用法区别thedaybreaksthesunisrising.thedaybreaksthebirdsaresinging.itwasraininghetookataxi.a:whydoesthedoctorlooksotiredandsleepy?b:hesatupallnightwiththepatient.shedidntwanttogotoafrica,chieflytheweatheristoohot.itishehasbehavedsobadlythathemustbepunished.,because,for,because,because,because,because,as,since,nowthatas表示的原因往往很明显或估计对方已经知道，所以它只是说话者的附加说明。例如：asrainhasfallen,theairiscooler.asshedidntcome,weleftwithouther.since用法与as类似，也用于附带说明；不同的是，since有时含有根据存在的情况进行推断的意思，既表示原因，又有条件的含义，通常译为“既然”。例如：sincethatisso,thereisnomoretobesaid.sinceitcantbehelped,letsleaveitatthat.,事情既然如此，还有什么可说的。,既然没有办法，只好让它这样算了。,nowthat引起的从句表示由于新情况的出现而促成某事发生。它与since的区别在于，它只能表示现在才发生的情况。例如：nowthatyoumentionit,idoremembertheincident.nowthatithasstoppedraining,letsstartatonce.sothat,suchthat,sothatsothat表示结果shewassoangrythatshecouldntspeak.hewalkedsofastthaticouldntkeepupwithhim.jackhassomanyfriendsthathecantrememberallofthem.suchthat表示结果itwassuchafoggydaythatwecouldhardlyseetheroad.,sothat表示结果或目的johnspokethroughamicrophonesothathecouldbeheardineveryroom.sothathecouldbeheardineveryroom,johnspokethroughamicrophone.johnspokethroughamicrophone,sothathewasheardineveryroom.在正式文体中间或也能单独用that-结构表示“结果”。例如：hemusthaveannoyedyouverymuchthatyouspoketohimlikethat.imustbegettingabsent-mindedthatiforgettobringmyticket.,（目的）,（目的）,（结果）,sothat表示结果只能置于句末。,though,althoughalthough比though正式，语气较重，但二者在意思上没有什么区别。例如：hedidntlightthefirethough/althoughitwascold.虽然它们可以互换，但还是有若干区别的：i