新人教版高一英语必修2 Unit2 The Olympic Games 语法--定语从句（课件.ppt

定语从句,TheAttributiveclause,1.定义：,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,2.先行词：,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,3.关系词：,引导定语从句的引导词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词,关系代词：,关系副词：,Who,whom,whose,which,that，as,When,where,why,指代,所做成分,是否可省略,that,人；物,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,which,物,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,who,人,主语；宾语,作宾语可省,whom,人,宾语,可省,whose,人；物,定语,不可省,关系代词的用法,关系代词,关系副词的用法,指代,所做成分,是否可省略,when,时间,状语,否,where,地点,状语,否,why,原因,状语,否,关系副词,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明，没有这种从句不影响主句意思完整.一般用逗号把主句和从句分开,引导词：关系代词和关系副词，作宾语时一些关系代词可以省略,引导词：who,whom,whose,which,ofwhich,when,where等，不用that和why,不能省略,1、关系代词的用法比较问题1：1、Jimpassedthedrivingtest,_surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.（05浙江卷）AwhichBthatCthisDit2、Luckily,wedbroughtaroadmapwithout_wewouldhavelostourway.（04北京春季）A.itB.thatC.thisD.which,A,当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用that也可用which，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which，不能用that。,D,只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况1.关系代词前有介词时2.引导非限制性定语从句时3.先行词本身是that时4.代替整个句子时5.先行词后面有插入语时ItisthatwhichIcandoforyou.HecanwritealetterinEnglish,whichIcant.,但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如：Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.当先行词被all,any,no,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如：Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.,当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Isthatthebestthatyoucando?Thatsthemostexpensivehotelthatweveeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.,当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如：ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildrensPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoisthepersonthatcanpassthesodifficultexam?,8.当先行词在主句中作表语或关系词在定语从句中做表语是，用that不用which。Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatisusedtobe.9.如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用过which，则另一个用that.Thecountrybuiltupafactorywhichproducesthingsthathaveneverseenbefore.10.that可用作关系副词，相当于when,修饰表示时间的名词，如day,time,moment等.Ithappenedonthatdaythat(when)hewasborn.,问题2：1)Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.（05天津卷）A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what2)GeorgeOrwell,_wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.(04北京）A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealname,B,D,1.Whose引导定从，后应紧跟名词,常位于先行词和另一名词之间。2.Whose引导定从，先行词既可以是人，也可以是物.3.Whose引导定从，可以与介词放在先行词和从句之间，此时等于“ofwhichwhom+the+n或the+n+ofwhichwhom”,问题3：1、_isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.（04江苏）A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As2、Johnsaidhedbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_wastrue.（01北京春季）AheBthisCwhichDwho,D,C,as与which引导的定语从句的区别,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。1.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g.Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.当与such或thesame连用时，一般用as。e.g.Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.,3.当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用which。e.g.Shehasmarriedagain,aswasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.,4.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如asbeknown，asbesaid，asbereported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.Shehasbeenlateagain,aswasexpected.Tomhasmadegreatprogress,whichmadeushappy.,问题4：Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.（04湖北）AthewayBinthewaythatCinthewayDthewaywhich,A,当先行词为waytheway时，引导定从的引导词可用thatinwhich或省略.,2、关系代词和关系副词的比较问题1：1、Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_wevisitedthreemonthsago?（05北京春季）A.whereB.whenC.thatD.what2、Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers_shehadwipedherhands.（04全国II）A.whereB.whichC.whenD.that,C,A,当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where。题1中的farm作visited的宾语，故选C；题2中的trousers作wiped的地点状语，故选A。,使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1.关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when=on(in,at,during)+which;where=in(at,on)+which;why=forwhich.如：IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.,2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：Illneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.Illneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3、when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。,3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句问题1：1、Theplace_thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe_thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(05江苏卷)A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich2、Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,_hewentontoCambridge.（05山东卷）A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthis,C,C,题1中theplace在定语从句中作tobebuilt的地点状语，此处的atwhich相当于where;后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。,介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中的热点，复习中需注意以下几个问题：关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.2.要确认关系代词前用什么介词，需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。,关系代词前介词的确定,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，如：e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichImnotsure.3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，如：e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.,关系代词前介词的确定,4.非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+whichwhom”的结构，如：e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.,关系代词前的介词的确定,5.Whose从句可转换为“ofwhichwhom+the+n或the+n+ofwhichwhom”，如：e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.,Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.,巩固练习：Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_theycantalkfrequently.（04上海）A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom2.TheEnglishplay_mystudentsactedattheNewYearspartywasagreatsuccess.（04全国I）AforwhichBatwhichCinwhichDonwhich3.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,_fivearemine.（04全国IV）AonwhichBinwhichCofwhichDfromwhich4.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_thesailingtimewas226days.（04广西）A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhich,A,D,C,C,4.非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别问题1：Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.（04湖北）AthelargerBthelargerofthemCthelargeronethatDthelargerofwhich,要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词and,but和or，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号或破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，而有逗号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了。,D,巩固练习：Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.（04辽宁）AofwhichBwhichofCofthemDofthat2.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.（05全国卷1）AofthemBfromwhichCwhoofDofwhom,A,D,题2也可以改为：someofwhomarebusinessmen.如果在之前加上连词and，就只能用someofthem，而且不能倒装。,5、注意thesameas/suchas的使用问题当先行词被thesame所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。（同类同物）ThisisthesameinstrumentasIusedyesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。（同类异物）但在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：Ihavethesameopinionas/thatyouhave.,这里要注意的是：(1)使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：Womenreceivedthesamepayasmen.Womenreceivedthesamepaythatmenreceived.(2)在“thesamethat”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：ThisisthesameinstrumentthatIusedyesterday.=ThisisthesameinstrumentIusedyesterday.=ThisistheinstrumentIusedyesterday.但在“thesameas”结构中，same和as都不能省略。,(3)当“thesamethat”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。如：HelivesinthesamebuildingthatIlive.=Helivesinthesamebuildingas/thatIlivein.Shallwemeetatthesameplacethatwelastmet?=Shallwemeetatthesameplacethat/aswelastmetat?,(4)当先行词前有such,so,as时，关系词应当用as。如：Awisemanseldomtalksaboutsuchthingsashedoesntunderstand.HespokeinsucheasyEnglishaseverybodycouldunderstand.Atthistimeoftheday,allbusesandtrolleyshavetocarryasmanypassengersastheycan.Itissoeasyabookaseveryschoolboycanread.Letsdiscusssuchthingsaswecantalkoffreely.,另需注意：ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishasbeginnerscanunderstand.（定语从句）ThisbookiswritteninsucheasyEnglishthatbeginnerscanunderstandit.（结果状语从句）,Correctthesentences:,1.Imusingthepenwhichheboughtityesterday.2.Isthatfactorywhichyourfatheronceworkedin?3.ThemanwhomIspokeisfromCanada.4.July1,1999isthedaywhenwellneverforget.,_,(去掉),which,_,to,theone,Correctthesentences:,5.IstillremembertheholidaysIstayedwiththem.6.Imgoingtoworkinthehospitalwhereneedsme.7.ThosethathaventbeentotheWestLakewillgatherattheschoolgate.8.Idontlikethewaywhichyoutalkedtoyourfriend.,in,when,_,who,_,(that/which),Correctthesentences:,9.ThisisthelasttimewhenIvegivenyoulessons.10.Soonthey