The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire (30 BCE476 CE ....pptx

theriseandfalloftheromanempire,studenthandouts,i,whatwastheromanempire?,thereweretwoperiodsofromangovernment.romanrepublic509bce-30bceromanempire30bce-476cerometechnicallyhadan“empire”undertheromanrepublic.buttheterm“romanempire”referstothetimeperiod,beginningwithaugustus,whenromewasruledbyemperors.,octavianbecomesaugustus,octavianwassolerulerofromeafterhisforcesdefeatedantonyandcleopatraatthebattleofactiumthesenategavehimthename“augustus,”meaning“mosthigh”23bceoctavian,nowreferredtoasaugustus,wasmadeconsulforlifebythesenatealsomade“princeps,”meaning“firstcitizen”originoftheword“prince”alsomade“imperator,”meaning“successfulgeneral”originoftheword“emperor”alsomade“pontifexmaximus,”or“chiefreligiousleaderoriginoftheword“pontiff”(usedtodescribethepopetoday)alsomadeatribunehehadthepowertocallthesenate,vetothesenateslaws,andmakelawshimself,primusinterpares,“firstamongequals”augustusandlateremperorstriedtomaintainthefaadethattheywereelectedofficialsratherthandictatorsbeing“firstamongequals”gavetheillusionthatanemperorwasthemostprestigiousandimportantmemberoftheromansenate,butthateachsenatorwassimultaneouslyequallyimportantinreality,theromanemperorsruledwithlittleinputfromanyoneelse,romeunderaugustus:agoldenage,paxromanaromanpeace,romecontrolledtheentiremediterraneanregionandbeyondcompletecontrol=almostnowarfarethispeacelastednearly200yearsmoreandmoreprovincialsweregrantedofficialromancitizenship,romanemperorsafteraugustus,greatvarietyinthequalityofthoseemperorswhosucceededaugustustheofficeofemperorwasinitiallydesignedtobehereditarybutfromthestart,therewasconfusionastowhichfamilymemberwouldinheritthethronesomeemperorsprovedtobecutthroats,orinsane,orboththemilitarycametoplayanenormousroleinselectingwhowouldbecomeemperor,tiberius(14-37ce),stepsonofaugustusabolishedtheassemblycapablegeneralwhoextendedthefrontierinthenorthstrengthenedtheempireappearedtodislikeruling,andgraduallyretiredtotheislandofcapri,caligula(37ce-41ce),sonoffamedmilitaryleadergermanicus,thenephewandadoptedsonoftiberiusearnedhisname“caligula,”meaning“littleboots,”bytheromanarmyasachild(hewasdressedlikeasoldier)twoyearsofgood,effectiverule,interruptedbyasevereillness,andfollowedbytwoyearsofhorriblerulemembersoffamilyandperceivedenemiesexiledsome,killedsome,andforcedotherstocommitsuicideassassinatedin41cebymembersofthepraetorianguard,claudius(41-54ce),broughtsouthernbritannia(whatlaterbecamegreatbritain)underromancontrol,aswellasseveralkingdomsintheeastopenedthesenateuptoprovincialsbecameemperorbecausehewasthelastadultmaleofhisfamily(brotherofgermanicusanduncleofcaligula)conductedacensusoftheempirein48ce5,984,072romancitizens,nero(54-68ce),consideredatyrantcametopowerafterhismotherallegedlypoisonedhispredecessor,claudiusmurderedhismother,hisstepbrother,andtwoofhiswivesalsokilledhisteacher,thefamousphilosophersenecafireinrome(64ce)nerowasaccusedofsettingthefire,andoffiddlingwhilethecityburnedneroblamedthefireonthenewreligiousgroupknownas“christians”forcedtocommitsuicide,yearofthefouremperors(69ce),briefperiodofcivilwarafterthedeathofemperornerofouremperorsruledinquicksuccessiongalbaothovitelliusvespasianillustratedtheproblemsofimperialsuccession,vespasian(69-79ce),builtthecolosseuminromeplacewheregladiatorialcombatswereheldfirstjewishrevolt(66-70ce)destructionofthetempleinjerusalem,intheromanprovinceofjudeacarriedoutbyvespasiansson,titusthiswasthesecondtemple(516bce-70ce)firsttemple(builtbykingsolomonca.960bce)hadbeendestroyedin586bcewhenthebabyloniansconqueredthejewsandembarkedonwhatbecameknownasthebabyloniancaptivitysucceededbysontitus,thensondomitian,trajan(98-117ce),bornintoanon-patricianfamilyinwhatisnowspainmassivepublicworksprograminrometrajanscolumn,trajansforum,trajansmarketoversawtheexpansionoftheempiretoitsgreatestextentconsideredtohavebeenagreatemperor,hadrian(117-138ce),strengthenedtheempiresdefenseshadrianswallseparatedromanterritoryinbritanniafromthepicts(inwhatisroughlynowscotland)underhadrian,theromansputdownthesecondjewishrevolt(barkokhbarevolt),132-136cealsoknownasthesecondjewish-romanwarledbysimonbarkokhba,amanmanybelievedtobethemessiahjewsforcedtoleavejerusalemafterdefeatmanyhistoriansdatethisastheofficialstartofthejewishdiaspora,reviewquestions,whatarethedatesfortheromanrepublicandtheromanempire?explainthemeaningofthelatinphraseprimusinterpares.describetheaccomplishmentsofaugustus.whatwasthepaxromana?howdocaligulaandnerorepresenttheproblemsofhereditarysuccession?describethefirstandsecondjewishrevolts,includingtheircausesandeffects.,marcusaurelius(161-180ce),stoicphilosopherwrotebookmeditationssucceededbyhisson,commodus(180-192ce)thecharactersintherussellcrowefilm“gladiator”areverylooselybasedonmarcusaureliusandcommodustheendofthereignofmarcusaureliuswastheendofthepaxromana(27bce-180ce),diocletian(284-305ce),romehadacenturyofchaosfollowingthedeathofmarcusaureliusthe“crisisofthethirdcentury”diocletianwasthefirstemperorin100yearstoproperlyrestoreorderandendtheviolenceabsoluterulerwhoendedallpersonallibertiesadministrationincreasedthebureaucracyformoreeffectiveadministrationdividedtheempireintotwoadministrativerealms(eastandwest)in285cethiswasthefirststepinthecreationofwhatwouldbecometwoseparateempiresroman(western)empirebyzantine(eastern)empire,constantine(312-337ce),movedthecapitalfromrometobyzantiumrenamedthecityconstantinopletodaythecityisistanbul(inmodernturkey)constantineandchristianityhismother,helena,hadconvertedtochristianityedictofmilan(313ce)christianitylegalized(religioustoleration)convertedtochristianityonhisdeathbed,justinian(527-565ce),powerfulemperoroftheeastern(byzantine)empireheadquarteredatconstantinoplemarriedtheodora,anintelligentcourtesanmanagedtoreunitetheeasternandwesternempiresforatime,butthisdidnotlastrewroteromanlaw(corpusjuriscivilis,orthejustiniancode)stillthebasisforcivillawinseveralcountriesplagueofjustinian(541-542ce)bubonicplagueseverelyhurtthebyzantineempireemperorjustinianbecamesick,butrecoveredrecoveryforthebyzantineempiretookhundredsofyears,thetwoempires,emperordiocletianhadbelievedthatdividingtheempireforadministrativepurposeswouldstrengthentheempirehewaswrongonceconstantinesetupconstantinopleasacapitalcity,theeast/westsplitdeepenedwestern(roman)empireendedofficiallyin476cewhenthelastemperor,romulusaugustus,wasdeposedbyabarbarian,odoacereastern(byzantine)empirelasteduntil1453whentheempirewasconqueredbytheottomanturks,whydidromefall?,whydidromefall?,whyisancientromesoimportanttoworldhistory?,administrationofavastempirechristianityarchitectureengineeringhistoriansjewishdiasporaliteratureromanlawromancelanguagestransmissionofgreek(hellenistic)culture,theromansdidnotnecessarilycreateandinventeverythingthattheyarecommonlygivencreditfor.whattheromanswerebestatwastakingsomething(liketheetruscanarch),adaptingit,andputtingittogreatuse(suchasintheconstructionofaqueducts).,administrationofavastempire,empireincludedover100,000,000peopleofdiversebackgrounds,cultures,andplacesromelearnedtoadaptitspoliciesonalocalleveltofitthepeopleofagivenareacitizenshipgraduallyextendedtoallfreemenoftheempiresolid,strongbureaucracythatkeptthingsrunningsmoothlythemajorityofthetimeempiresadministrationrunbycountlessproconsuls,procurators,governors,andminorofficialsfourprefectures,furtherdividedintodioceses,thenintoprovincesstronginfrastructurefacilitatedmovementbyofficials,soldiers,traders,travelers,etc.,christianity,christianitystartedintheromanprovinceofjudeapaxromanaandromaninfrastructureearlychristians,ascitizensoftheromanempire,couldtravelfreelythroughouttheempiretherewasasignificantnumberofchristiansinromeby64ce,theyearneroblamedthemforthefire(ca.30yearsafterjesusdied)accordingtotradition,pauloftarsus(st.paul)usedhisromancitizenshiptohavehiscriminaltrialrelocatedtoromefromcaesarea(injudea-palestine)inthe60scechristianityfinallygainedacceptancewiththeedictofmilan(313ce)andconstantinesconversionfutureromanemperorswerechristiansasthewesternromanempirefellapart,thecitybecametheheadquartersoftheromancatholicchurchthepopeusedtheimperialtitle“pontiff”thechurchendeduprulingthecityofromeandsurroundingareaschurchusedromanadministrativedistricts,suchasdioceses,initsadministration,architecture&engineering,alargepartofromessuccesswasduetotheimportanceromeplacedonbuildingandmaintainingtheempiresinfrastructureaqueducts,bridges,dams,harbors,roadspublicbuildingsamphitheaters(e.g.,colosseum),basilicas(oblonghalls),governmentoffices,palaces,publicbaths,theaters,etc.architecturebasicstylewascopiedfromthegreeksarchcopiedfromtheetruscansdomevault,historiansandhistoricalwritings,juliuscaesar(100-44bce)commentariesonthegallicwarscicero(106-43bce)lettersandorationscalledthe“fatheroflatinprose”livy(59bce-17ce)annals,historyofromefrombeginningstoaugustusplutarch(46-120ce)parallellives,comparisonofgreekandromanheroesmoralia,acollectionofessays,etc.,oncustomsandmorestacitus(ca.56-ca.117ce)germania,aboutthegermanictribesofeuropeannalsandhistories,abouttheemperorsofhistime,literature,playwrightsplautusandterencemostlyacopyofthegreekstylebutgreekplaysweredesignedtoinstructromanplaysweredesignedmerelytoentertainpoetsvirgil(70-19bce)aeneid,epicpoembasedonhomersiliadhorace(58-8bce)odeslyricpoetrypraisinganidyllic,simpletimeinearlyromanhistory,jewishdiaspora,judea-palestina(roughlymodernpalestineorisrael)wasaromanprovincetheromansputdownaseriesofuprisingsthefutureemperortitusdestroyedthesecondtempleofjerusalemandcarrieditsspoilstorome(70ce)afterthebarkokhbarevolt(132-136bce),thejewswereforcedtomigratefromtheareaaroundjerusalemjewswereneveragainalargepresenceinisrael-palestineuntilthe20thcentury,romanlaw,startedwiththetwelvetables(450bce)developedoverathousandyearsincludeddecisionsofjudges,ideasoftherepublicandempire,andrulingsofemperorspubliclawrelationshipofcitizentostateprivate(civil)lawrelationshipsbetweenpeoplepeopleslaw(jusgentium)rightsofforeignersjustiniancode(6thcenturyce)encapsulatedtheprevious1000+yearsofromanlawstillusedasthebasisofcivillawinmanypartsofeurope,romancelanguages,“romance”meaning“roman”romancelanguagesdevelopedfromlatinfrenchitalianportugueseromanianspanishenglisholdenglishwasagermaniclanguagewilliamtheconqueror,ofnormandy(infrance),broughtfrench(aromancelanguage)toenglandin1066middleenglish(theforerunneroftheenglishspokentoday)isamixtureoftheseoldgermanicandfrenchlanguagesabouthalfofmodernenglishcanbetracedtolatinlaw,medicine,andsciencescientistshavetraditionallyusedlatinasa“universallanguage”ourscientificnames,andmostlegalandmedicalterminology,islatinreligionthecatholicchurchpreservedthelatinlanguagecatholicmassesweresaidinlatinunti