The Reproductive System McGrawHill Education：生殖系统麦格劳希尔教育.ppt

chapter31,thereproductivesystem,powerpointpresentationtoaccompany:medicalassistingthirdeditionbooth,whicker,wyman,pugh,thompson,31-2,learningoutcomes,31.1listtheorgansofthemalereproductivesystemandgivethelocations,structures,andfunctionsofeach.31.2describehowspermcellsareformed.31.3describethesubstancesfoundinsemen.31.4describestheprocessoferectionandejaculation.,31-3,learningoutcomes(cont.),31.5listtheactionsoftestosterone.31.6describethecauses,signsandsymptoms,andtreatmentofvariousdisordersofthemalereproductivesystem.31.7listtheorgansofthefemalereproductivesystemandgivethelocations,structures,andfunctionsofeach.31.8explainhowovadevelop.,31-4,learningoutcomes(cont.),31.9listtheactionsofestrogenandprogesterone.31.10explainhowandwhenovulationoccurs.31.11describewhathappenstoanovumafterovulationoccurs.31.12listthepurposeandeventsofthemenstrualcycle.31.13definemenopauseandexplainwhatcausesit.,31-5,learningoutcomes(cont.),31.14describethecauses,signsandsymptoms,andtreatmentsofvariousdisordersofthefemalereproductivesystem.31.15explainhowandwherefertilizationoccurs.31.16describetheprocessofimplantation.31.17explainthedifferencebetweenanembryoandafetus.,31-6,learningoutcomes(cont.),31.18describethechangesthatoccurinawomanduringpregnancy.31.19listseveralbirthcontrolmethodsandexplainwhytheyareeffective.31.20listthecausesofandtreatmentsforinfertility.31.21describethecauses,signsandsymptoms,andtreatmentsofthemostcommonsexuallytransmitteddiseases.,31-7,introduction,maleandfemalereproductivesystemsfunctiontogethertoproduceoffspringfemalereproductivesystemnurturesdevelopingoffspringproduceimportanthormones,31-8,malereproductivesystem,testesprimaryorgansdevelopintheabdominalpelviccavityoffetusdescendintoscrotalsacshortlybeforeorafterbirthproducethemalesexcells(sperm)producethemalehormonetestosterone,scrotumsacthatholdsthetestesseminiferoustubulesontopoftestesfilledwithspermatogeniccellsthatproducespermcellsinterstitialcellsproducetestosterone,31-9,malereproductivesystem,namethestructuresthatareuniquetothemalereproductivesystem.,31-10,malereproductivesystem(cont.),spermatogonia(46chromosomes),mitosismakesprimaryspermatocytes,undergomeiosistwosecondaryspermatocytes,dividestwospermatids=4spermatids,developflagellatobecomematurespermcellswith23chromosomes,spermatogenesis,31-11,malereproductivesystem(cont.),spermcellsheadnucleuswith23chromosomesacrosomeenzyme-filledsachelpsspermpenetrateovummidpiecemitochrondriathatgeneratecellsenergy,tailflagellumthatpropelsspermforward,31-12,back,31-13,malereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans,epididymissitsontopofeachtestisreceivesspermatidsfromseminiferoustubulesspermatidsbecomespermcellsvasdeferenstubeconnectedtoepididymiscarriesspermcellstourethra,seminalvesiclesecretefluidrichinsugarusedtomakeenergyprostaglandinsstimulatemuscularcontractionsinfemaletopropelspermforwardseminalfluidreleasedintovasdeferensjustbeforeejaculation60%ofsemenvolume,31-14,prostateglandsurroundsurethraproducesandsecretesamilky,alkalinefluidintourethrajustbeforeejaculationfluidprotectsspermintheacidicenvironmentofthevagina40%ofsemen,bulbourethral(cowpers)glandsproduceamucus-likefluidsecretedjustbeforeejaculationlubricatesendofpenissemenalkalinemixturenutrientsprostoglandins1.5to5.0mlperejaculatespermcountof40to250million/ml,internalaccessoryorgans,malereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans(cont.),31-15,scrotumholdstestesawayfrombodytemperature1belowbodytemperaturelinedwithserousmembranethatsecretsfluidtestesmovefreely,penisshafterectiletissuessurroundurethraglanspeniscone-shapedstructureonendofpenisprepuceskincoveringglanspenisinuncircumcisedmalesfunctionsdeliverspermurination,malereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans(cont.),31-16,malereproductivesystem:erection,orgasm,andejaculation,erectionparasympatheticnervoussystemstimulateserectiletissuebecomeengorgedwithbloodorgasmspermcellspropelledoutoftestesintourethrasecretionsfromaccessoryorgansalsoreleasedintourethraejaculationsemenisforcedoutofurethrasympatheticnervesthenstimulateerectiletissuetoreleasebloodpenisreturnstoflaccidstate,31-17,malereproductivesystem:hormones,hypothalamusgonadotropin-releasinghormone(gnrh)stimulatesanteriorpituitarytoreleasefollicle-stimulatinghormone(fsh)initiatesspermatogenesisluteinizinghormone(lh)stimulatesinterstitialcellsinthetestestoproducetestosteronetestosteronesecondarysexcharacteristicsmaturationofmalereproductiveorgansregulatedbynegativefeedback,31-18,applyyourknowledge,matching:_vasectomya.spermatogenesis_mixtureofspermandfluidsb.testes_spermcellformationc.penis_secretealkalinefluid/prostaglandinsd.vasdeferens_producetestosteronee.hypothalamus_gnrhf.semen_erectiletissueg.seminalvesicle,g,e,f,a,c,b,correct!,31-19,diseasesanddisordersofthemalereproductivesystem,31-20,diseasesanddisordersofthemalereproductivesystem,31-21,applyyourknowledge,yourpatienthasanelevatedpsa.whatisapsaandwhatdoesitindicate?,answer:thepsaisaprostate-specificantigenintheblood.elevationsofthepsamayindicateprostatecancer.,bravo!,31-22,femalereproductivesystem:ovariesandovumformation,ovaries(2)primarysexorgansproducesexcellscalledovahormonesestrogenandprogesteronelocatedinthepelviccavitymedullainnerarea;containsnerves,lymphaticvessels,andbloodvesselscortexouterarea;containsovarianfolliclescoveredbyepithelialanddenseconnectivetissues,31-23,femalereproductivesystem,namethestructuresthatareuniquetothefemalereproductivesystem.,31-24,primordialfolliclesdevelopbeforebirthandcontainaprimaryoocyteorimmatureovum(bornwithmaximumnumber)follicularcells,oogenesisistheprocessofovumformationatpuberty,primaryoocytesarestimulatedtocontinuemeiosisbecomes1polarbody(anonfunctionalcell)andasecondaryoocytesecondaryoocytereleasedduringovulationiffertilized,theoocytedividestoformamature,fertilizedovum,femalereproductivesystem:ovariesandovumformation(cont.),31-25,femalereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans,fallopiantubeoviductinfundibulumandfimbriaefringed,expandedendoffallopiantubenearovaryfunctionto“catch”anovummusculartubelinedwithmucousmembraneandciliapropelsovumtowarduterus,31-26,uterushollow,muscularorganreceivesembryoandsustainsitsdevelopmentdivisionsfundusdomedupperportionbodymainportioncervixnarrow,lowersectionextendingintovagina(cervicalorifice),wallofuterusendometriuminnermostliningvasculartubularglandsmucusmyometriummiddle,thick,muscularlayerperimetriumthinlayercoveringthemyometriumsecretesserousfluidtocoatandprotectuterus,femalereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans(cont.),31-27,vaginatubular,muscularorganextendsfromuterustooutsidebody(vaginalintroitus)muscularfoldsrugaeenableexpansionreceiveerectpenispassagefordeliveryofoffspringanduterinesecretionswallinnermostmucosallayermiddlemuscularlayerouterfibrouslayer,femalereproductivesystem:internalaccessoryorgans(cont.),31-28,internalfemaleorgans,31-29,femalereproductivesystem:externalaccessoryorgans,mammaryglandssecretionofmilkstructuresnippleoxytocininduceslactiferousductstodelivermilkthroughopeningsareolapigmentedareaaroundnipplealveolarglandswithinmammaryglandsmakemilkwhenstimulatedbyprolactin,31-30,femalereproductivesystem:externalgenitalia,collectivelyknownasthevulvalabiamajoraroundedfoldsofadiposetissueandskinprotectotherexternalreproductiveorganslabiaminorafoldofskinbetweenlabiamajoraveryvascularmergetoformhoodoverclitorisvestibulespaceenclosedbylabiaminorabartholinsglandssecretemucusduringsexualarousal,31-31,clitorisanteriortourethralmeatuscontainsfemaleerectiletissuerichinsensorynervesperineumbetweenvaginaandanusareaforepisiotomy,ifneeded,duringbirthprocess,femalereproductivesystem:externalgenitalia(cont.),31-32,femalereproductivesystem:erection,lubrication,andorgasm,nervousstimulationclitorisbecomeserectbartholinsglandsactivateslubricationvaginaelongatesorgasmsufficientstimulationofclitoriswallsofuterusandfallopiantubescontracttopropelspermuptubes,31-33,femalereproductivesystem:hormones,hypothalamussecretesgnrh,gnrh,anteriorpituitaryreleasesfshdetectedbypapsmearc.fibroids_uterinetissuegrowsoutsideuterusd.breastcancer_secondleadingcauseofcancerdeathinwomene.cervicitis_severemenstrualcrampsf.endometriosis_benigntumorsintheuterinewallg.uterinecancer,g,f,d,c,b,a,e,answer:,goodjob!,31-41,pregnancy:fertilization,pregnancyconditionofhavingadevelopingoffspringintheuterusfertilizationprocessinwhichaspermcelluniteswithanovum;resultsinpregnancyonlyonespermcellpenetratesthefollicularcellsandthezonapellucidathatsurroundtheovumscellmembraneafterfertilization,ovumreleasesenzymesthatcausethezonapellucidatobecomeimpenetrabletootherspermzygoteformsfromunionofovumandspermcontains46chromosomes,31-42,pregnancy:theprenatalperiod,timebeforebirthzygoteundergoesrapidmitosisfirstweekafterfertilizationcleavagerapidcelldivisionmorulaballofcellsresultingfromcleavagetravelsdownfallopiantubetouterusbecomesblastocystwhichimplantsinendometrialwallblastocystsomecells(innercellmass)becomeembryoothers,alongwithcellsfromuterus,formplacenta,31-43,embryonicperiodweek2through8innercellmassorganizesintothreeprimarygermlayersectodermmesodermendoderm,formationofplacentaamnionumbilicalcordyolksackmostinternalorgansandexternalstructuresofembryo,pregnancy:theprenatalperiod(cont.),31-44,last3monthsfetalbraincellsrapidlydividegiandrespiratorysystemslasttodevelop,fetalperiodweek8throughbirthrapidgrowth5thmonthskeletalmusclesactive6thmonthgainsweight,pregnancy:theprenatalperiod(cont.),31-45,pregnancy:fetalcirculation,placentaandumbilicalbloodvesselscarryouttheexchangeofnutrients,oxygen,andwasteproductsuniquedifferencesfromnormalcirculationforamenovaleholebetweenrightandleftatriaenablesmostoffetalbloodtobypasslungsductusarteriosusconnectionbetweenpulmonarytrunkandaortaductusvenosusvesselthatbypassesliver,31-46,pregnancy:hormonalchanges,embryoniccellssecretehumanchorionicgonadotropin(hcg)maintainsthecorpusluteumestrogenandprogesteronesecretedbycorpusluteumandplacentafunctionsstimulateuterineliningtothicken,developmentofmammaryglands,enlargementoffemalereproductiveorgansinhibitreleaseoffshandlhfromanteriorpituitarygland(preventingovulation)anduterinecontractions,31-47,relaxinfromcorpusluteuminhibitsuterinecontractionsandrelaxesligamentsofpelvislactogenfromplacentastimulatesenlargementsofmammaryglands,aldosteronefromadrenalglandincreasessodiumandwaterretentionparathyroidhormone(pth)helpsmaintainhighcalciumlevelsintheblood,pregnancy:hormonalchanges(cont.),31-48,applyyourknowledge,whataretheprimarygermlayersandwhattissuedevelopsfromthem?,answer:theprimarygermlayersarethe:ectodermnervoustissueandsomeepithelialtissuemesodermconnectivetissueandsomeepithelialtissueendodermepithelialtissueonly,right!,31-49,thebirthprocess,beginswhenprogesteronelevelsfallprostaglandinssecretedbyuterusstimulateuterinecontractionsuterinecontractionsstimulateposteriorpituitaryglandtoreleaseoxytocinoxytocinstimulatesstronguterinecontractions,31-50,thebirthprocess(cont.),threestagesdilationcervixthinsandsoftens(effacement)lasts824hoursexpulsionorparturitionactualbirthmaytake30minutesorlessplacentalstage10to15minutesafterthebirth,theplacentaseparatesfromuterinewallandisexpelled,31-51,thebirthprocess(cont.),thepostnatalperiodsix-weekperiodfollowingbirthneonatalperiodfirstfourweeksneonateisadjustingtolifeoutsideuterus,milkproductionandsecretionprolactinproductionofmilkoxytocinejectionofmilkfrommammaryglandductsproductioncontinuesaslongasbreast-feedingcontinues,31-52,applyyourknowledge,whatarethethreestagesofthebirthprocessandwhatoccursduringeach?,answer:thethreestagesare:dilationthecervixthins,softens,(effacement)anddilatestoapproximately10cmexpulsionalsocalledparturition;theactualbirthstageplacentalstageplacentaseparatesfromuterinewallandisexpelled,impressive!,31-53,contraception,31-54,contraception(cont.),31-55,contraception(cont.),31-56,applyyourknowledge,answer:therhythmmethodisnotaseffectiveasotherbirthcontrol,becauseitissometimesdifficulttotellwhenovulationoccurs.,yourpatienthasjustbeentoldthatsheispregnant,butshedoesnotunderstandwhyshecouldgetpregnant.shestates,“ihavebeenusingtherhythmmethodofbirthcontrolverycarefully.”whatpatientteachingwouldyoudotoassisthertounderstand?,goodanswer!,31-57,infertility,inabilitytoconceiveachildprimarynopriorpregnancy,unabletoachievepregnancyin12monthssecondaryatleastonepriorpregnancy,unabletoachievepregnancyafteroneyearcauses15%unknown35%male-relatedproblems50%female-relatedproblems,31-58,infertility(cont.),male-relatedimpotenceretrogradeejaculationloworabsentspermcountmedications/drugsdecreasedtestosteronescarringfromstdspriormumpsinfectioninflammationofepididymisortestes,female-relatedscarringfromstdspelvicinflammatory