2012考研英语阅读理解精读100篇【高分版】

TEXTO NEO O OWilliam Illiam Morris(thewallpaper designer, rather thanthecarm aker) suggestedthat nothingshouldhaveaplacethat isnotknowntobeusefulorbelievedtobebeautiful. O palsO O O ,though,m ightbeboth.Agroupofresearchers from theUniversityofSoutham pton,inEngland,andtheGerm an PlasticsInstitute in Darm stadt, led byJerem y Baumberg, havediscoveredhowtocreateaplasticwiththegem stones iridescentproperties. Their inventioncouldbeusedtom akeasparklingsubstituteforpaint, banknotesthat arehardtocounterfeit andchem ical sensorsthatcanactasvisiblesell-bydates.Opalsget their m ilkysheenandrainbowsparklefrom thewaylightisscatteredbythetinycrystalsthat form them . Thesecrystalsarestackedinwhat isknownasaface-centredcubicstructure. Thism eansthat theconstituentatoms arearrangedinalatticeofcubes, withoneextraatom sittingat thecentreofeachcubessixfaces. Lightenteringthislatticegetsbouncedaroundinwaysthat generatecolourbyreinforcingthepeaksofsome wavelengthsandcancellingoutthoseofothers.Form anyyearsresearchershavebeentryingtodevelopasyntheticm aterial withthesam e light-scatteringpropertiesasan opal, byetchingpatternsinto variousm aterials. Thatapproach has failed.Instead,Dr Baumberg has built hisopalescentm aterial from scratch.Heandhis team grewtinypolystyrene spheres until theywere some 200nanometresacross, beforehardeningthem withablast ofheat. Theythencoatedthesphereswithastickypolymerbeforeheatingthemagain.Asthem ixture wasbaked,thespheresm oved naturallyintoaface-centredcubicstructure.Theresult is aflexiblefilm ofcrystals withopalescentproperties that can beused to coat malleable surfaces,producingattractiveiridescenthues. Thesizeofthespherescanbetailoredtoscatter particular wavelengthsof lightausefulpropertyforsecurityapplicationsinwhichit isim portant thatm aterials canbeidentifiedprecisely. Moreover, whenthefilm iswarped,thespaces between thecrystals changeand thecoloursproducedchangewiththem . Thesetwopropertiesm akeopalescentfilm anobviousm aterial forcurrency. Banknotescontainingit wouldproducedistinctivecolourswhenstretched,unlikecounterfeitsm adefrom otherm aterials.Tousethefilm todetect foodspoilage, Dr Baumbergproposesaddingasprinkleofcarbonparticlesevensm aller thanthepolystyrenespheres. These wouldnestle inthespacesbetweenthespheresandcausethem aterial toscatterlightfromeven m ore angles, m aking it yet m ore iridescent. Thisarrangem ent could be“tuned” to react to specific toxicchem icals. Foodpackagingm adefrom sucham aterial wouldthuschangecolourastherotsetin.Such packagingneed notbeexpensive. Thepolymerspheresandcarbonparticlesarrangethem selves spontaneouslyintothecorrectcrystalstructurewhenencouragedbyalittleheat,som anufacturingopalescentfilm shouldbeeasy. IndeedMerck,aGerm an chem ical companythat wasapartnerintheresearch,hasalreadyproducedrollsofthestuff am etre wideand100m etres long.Perfectforwallpaper.1Whichoneofthefollowingstatem ent isNOTtrueoftheopalsaccordingtothepassage?A Foryears, scientists endeavorofim tatingopals uniquecharacteristicshasreachedtonil.BOpalscouldbebrilliantm ainly becausetheyhavesome kindofiridescentproperties.C Opals couldbebrilliantbecausetheyhavetinycrystalswhichcouldscatterlight.DOpalscouldbeusedtom akeasparklingsubstituteforpaint.2Theopalescentm aterial thatDrBaumberg andhisteam havedevelopedm odel itselfon_Atheface-centredcubicstructureoftheopals.Bthelightscatteringpropertiesoftheopals.Cthetinypolystyrenespheresoftheopals.Dtheflexiblefilm ofcrystalsoftheopals.3Theflexiblefilm ofcrystalsDrBaumberg hasfinallygotisanidealm aterial forcurrencybecause_Ait canbeusedtocoat m alleable surfacessothatthecurrencycouldhaveiridescenthues.B thecolourchangeasthefilm isbentsothat thecurrencycouldbeidentifiedprecisely.C differentcolourscouldbeproducedasthefilm couldbetailoredtoscatterparticularwavelengthsoflight.Dcertaincolourscouldbem adeasthecurrencyisdistendedsothatitiseasytodistinguish.4Thelogicthat foodspoilagecouldbedetectedbyuseofthefilm isthat_A thecarbonparticlesDrBaumberg addsintothefilm couldreacttospecifictoxicchem icals.B thepolystyrenespheres couldscatter lightfrom m oreangeles.C carbonparticles positionedam ongthespheres couldbeadjustedtobesensitivetoaddledm aterials.D carbonparticlesaddedintothepolystyrenespherescouldm akethefilm m ore iridescent.5Thefilm ofcrystalswithopalescentpropertiescanbeusedtom akethefollowingm aterials except_Apaint.Bbanknote.Cchem ical sensors.Dwallpaper.篇章剖析:这篇文章讲述了人们利用蛋白石宝石闪光特性的情况。第一段是总体的论述；第二段讲述蛋白石发光的原理；第三、四段讲述Baumberg博士根据该原理研制了弹性的晶体薄膜；第五、六段讲述弹性晶体薄膜的作用。词汇注释：opaln.蛋白石，猫眼石sheenn.光泽syntheticadj.合成的polystyrenen.聚苯乙烯polymer n.聚合体iridescentadj.闪光的m alleable adj.有延展性的spoilagen.腐败难句突破：(1)Agroupofresearchersfrom theUniversityofSoutham pton,inEngland,andtheGerm an PlasticsInstituteinDarm stadt,ledbyJerem y Baumberg, havediscoveredhowtocreateaplasticwiththegem stones iridescentproperties.主体句式Agroupofresearchershavediscovered结构分析这是一个简单句，ledby过去分词结构是前面researchers的定语句子译文英国南安普敦大学的一群研究者和Jerem yBaumberg领导的位于达姆施塔特的德国塑料研究所发现了如何用宝石闪光的特性来制造一种塑料。(2)Lightenteringthislatticegetsbouncedaroundinwaysthatgeneratecolourbyreinforcingthepeaksofsome wavelengthsandcancellingoutthoseofothers.主体句式Lightgetsbouncedaroundinwaysthat结构分析这是一个复合句，that引导的定语从句用来修饰ways.句子译文进入该格子的光线反弹回来，通过加强了一些波长的波峰和减少了其他的波峰长度来产生出颜色。题目分析：1Whichoneofthefollowingstatem ent is NOTtrueoftheopalsaccordingtothepassage? 1根据这篇文章，下列哪个陈述是不正确的?AForyears, scientistsendeavorof im tating opals uniquecharacteristicshasreachednil. A多年来，科学家们试图模仿蛋白石特性的努力都没有取得任何成就。B Opals could bebrilliantm ainly becausetheyhavesomekindofiridescentproperties. B蛋白石闪光的主要是因为有一种闪光的成分。C Opals could bebrilliantbecause theyhavetinycrystalswhichcouldscatterlight. C蛋白石闪光是因为有小的水晶颗粒可以反射光。DOpalscouldbeusedtom akeasparklingsubstituteforpaint. D蛋白石可以用于制造一种替代涂料的闪光替代品。答案A难度系数分析细节题。根据第三段，“Form anyyearsresearchershavebeentryingtodevelopa synthetic m aterial withthesam elight-scatteringpropertiesasanopal, byetchingpatternsintovariousm aterials. Thatapproachhasfailed”，因此A选项是正确的，其中nil的意思是“零”。B选项对应于文章第一段，也提到了宝石闪光成分存在使得它可以闪光。C选项，第二段提到了这一点。D选项，第一段提到是发明的塑料可以用于制作油漆的闪光替代品，而不是蛋白石本身。因此，答案为A选项。2Theopalescentm aterial thatDr Baumberg and his teamhavedevelopedm odel itselfon_2Baumberg博士和他的小组自己研制出的乳白色物质是以_为原型的。A theface-centred cubicstructureoftheopals A蛋白石面部中心的立方结构B thelightscatteringpropertiesoftheopals. B蛋白石光泽发散的特性C thetinypolystyrenespheresoftheopals. C蛋白石聚苯乙烯球体Dtheflexiblefilm ofcrystalsoftheopals. D蛋白石晶体的弹性薄膜答案A难度系数分析细节题。文章第二和三段都提到了“theface-centredcubicstructure”，尤其是文章第三段最后指出“Asthem ixturewas baked,thespheres m oved naturallyintoaface-centredcubicstructure”，即这种乳白色的物质是许多聚苯乙烯球体加热后形成了面部中心的立方结构，从而可以闪光。因此，是模仿了面部中心的立方体结构。答案为A选项。3Theflexiblefilm ofcrystalsDrBaumberg has finallygotis an3Baumberg博士最后的弹性警惕薄膜是理想的制作ideal m aterial for currencybecause_钞票的物质，因为_A it can beused to coatm alleable surfaces so that thecurrency could haveiridescenthues. A这种物质可以用来做有延展性表面，这样钞票就可以有特别的光波了。B thecolourchangeasthefilmisbentsothat thecurrencycouldbeidentifiedprecisely. B薄膜弯曲后颜色会改变，这样钞票就可以精确地辨认出来。C differentcolours could beproducedas thefilm couldbetailored to scatter particularwavelengthsoflight. C薄膜可以量身定做来反射各种不同的光波，从而产生不同的颜色。Dcertaincolourscouldbem adeas thecurrencyis distendedsothatitiseasytodistinguish. D随着钞票被伸展，可以产生一定的颜色从而容易辨别。答案B难度系数分析细节题。根据第四段，这种物质可以用于制作钞票一是因为球体的尺寸可以裁减来发散出特别的光波，而是因为薄膜弯曲的话可以产生不同的颜色。选项中B最为符合。4Thelogicthat foodspoilagecouldbedetectedbyuseofthefilm isthat_ 4食品腐败可以使用这种薄膜来发现，这背后的原理是_A thecarbonparticles DrBaumberg addsinto thefilmcould react to specific toxicchem icals. A Baumberg加在薄膜中的碳颗粒可以对一定的有毒化学物质产生反应。BthepolystyrenespherescouldB聚苯乙烯球体可以从scatterlightfrom m ore angeles.不同的角度来反射光。C carbonparticles positionedam ongthespheres could beadjustedtobesensitivetoaddledm aterials. C在球体中间的碳颗粒可以调节，从而对腐败的物质产生反应。D carbonparticles addedintothepolystyrenespheres couldm akethefilm m ore iridescent. D可以在聚苯乙烯球体中加入碳颗粒，从而使薄膜更加发光。答案C难度系数分析细节题。根据第五段，加入碳颗粒可以市的物质从更多角度发光，通过调节可以对特殊的有毒化学物质作出反应，因此选项C为正确答案。5Thefilm ofcrystals withopalescentpropertiescanbeusedtom akethefollowingm aterialsexcept_5有闪光物质的晶体薄膜可以用来做除_以外的其他物品。Apaint. A涂料Bbanknote. B钞票Cchem ical sensors. C化学感应物质Dwallpaper. D墙纸。答案A难度系数分析细节题。根据第一段，这种薄膜可以用来做涂料的替代品、钞票、化学感应物质，最后一段提到可以做墙纸。因此，选项A的表述是错误的，是正确答案。参考译文：William Illiam Morris（壁纸设计人而非汽车制造商）认为任何东西都不是是没有用或者是不美的。尽管蛋白石是既有用又漂亮。英国南安普敦大学的一群研究者和Jerem yBaumberg领导的位于达姆施塔特的德国塑料研究所发现了如何用宝石闪光的特性来制造一种塑料。他们的发明可以用于制作油漆的闪光替代品，难以仿造的钞票、以及就像销售日期那么清晰可见的化学仿形器。蛋白石因为其光线受到水晶的发射呈现乳白色和五彩的光泽。这些水晶堆积在以平面中心的立方结构中。这就意味着组成原子呈方块的格子排列，另外一个原子位于每个方块六面的中心。进入该格子的光线反弹回来，通过加强了一些波长的波峰和减少了其他的波峰长度来产生出颜色。很多年来，研究者一直想要研发一种合成物质，通过在不同的物质中雕刻形状来使其拥有和蛋白石一样的光泽发散功能。这种方法却失败了。而Baumberg博士从无到有地创造了自己的乳白色物质。他和他的小组培养了许多小的聚苯乙烯球体，直至它们长到了200微米，然后用热风来硬化。接着他们用一种粘性的聚合体来粘在球体外面，然后再次加热。随着混合体的加热，球体自然成为了以平面为中心的立方结构。最后得到的就是有弹性的晶体薄膜，它带有蛋白石的成分，可以作为延展性的表面，发出好看的光泽。球体的尺寸可以进行裁减来发散出特别的光波这个特点对于安检来说很重要，因为任何物质都可以被精确地辨认出来。而且，如果薄膜弯曲的话，晶体之间的空间会发生变化，产生的颜色也随之改变。这两种成分使得乳白色薄膜成为钞票的显性物质。含有该物质的钞票通过伸展可以产生出特别的颜色，这是用其它材料制作的假钞所不具备的。如果用该薄膜来检查食品腐败，Baumberg建议加入一些甚至可以比聚苯乙烯的球体更小的碳颗粒。这些颗粒可以藏在球体间的空间里，使得物质从更多的角度发散光，从而显得更加光亮。也可以用这种方法来应对特殊的有毒化学物质。用该物质生产的食品包装可以随着腐烂的开始而产生颜色的变化。这样的包装不需要太昂贵。只要加入一点聚合体球体和碳颗粒就可以自然地安排成正确的晶体结构，因此生产光亮的薄膜就很容易了。实际上一家德国化学公司Merck是该研究的合作者，现在已经生产出了一米宽、100米长的薄膜。这对于壁纸来说是非常理想的。TEXTTWONewsreportssuggestedthat theresult wasindoubtrightuptotheend,butRupert Murdochsadm irers werecertainthat hewould prevail. So when Mr Murdochs News CorporationofferedinApril tobuyDowJones, theowneroftheWall StreetJournal, hewas alreadyprettysure that thereply, whicheventuallycam e intheearlyhours ofAugust 1st, wouldbeyesanditwas.Mr Murdochhasplayedadifficult handbrilliantly. Hereadtheinternal politicsofthesprawlingBancroft clan,whichownsacontrollingstakeinDowJones, perfectlyperhapsbetterthanhereadshis ownfam ily. His $5billionoffer was just highenoughtoswingtheintergenerational politicsoftheBancroftshisway, byenticingenoughoftheyoungerm em bers oftheclantoputm oney before thecontinuationofthefam ilys longstewardshipofthecompany. Andwhensome m em bers ofthefam ily triedtoget MrMurdochtoraisehisoffer, hisrefusal todosoandhisthreattowalkawaywereconvincingenoughtogetthem toagreetohisoriginal offer. Healsoagreedtovariousm easures to safeguard theWall Street Journals editorialindependencethat werejust sufficienttosalveenoughBancroftconsciences, withoutm eaningfully inhibitinghisabilitytodoashepleases.Thetim ingoftheofferwasequallyastute, comingafterthefam ily hadrealisedthat thecompanyfacedhugestrategicproblem s, butbeforethenewchiefexecutivetheyappointedlastyearhadhadtim e toshowhecouldsolvethem , andsoenableDowJonestoprosperasanindependentbusiness. Arguably, MrMurdochseventual triumph wasguaranteedfrom them omentDowJoness boardadm itted that am erger m ightbethebeststrategyforthefirm , andstartedtonegotiate.Thebiggest risktoMrMurdochwasthat anotherbuyer, m oreacceptabletothefam ily, wouldappear. Buthisgenerousofferscaredoff potential private-equitybidders. Mr Murdochsonlyreal worrywasthat therem ightbeaseriouscounterbidfrom thetwofirm s withm ost tolosefrom hisacquisitionofDowJones:Pearson,whichownstheFinancial Times, andGeneral Electric(GE), whichownsCNBC, abusiness-newschannel. WithMrMurdochsbackingtheWall Street Journalwill surelyproveam uch tougher rival totheFinancialTimes, andDowJonessresources m ightenableNews Corporations newbusiness-TVchannel, duetobelaunchedinOctober, todoseriousdam agetoCNBC. Yet despiterumours ofajointPearson-GEbid,nosuchofferm aterialised.Mr Murdochhas, however, paida highprice forDowJonesat least $1billion,andperhaps$2billion,m ore thanappearsjustifiedbythefundam entals ofthebusinesssoNewsCorporationsshareholdersm ay come toregardhisvictoryaspyrrhic. NodoubtMr Murdochs tougher m anagem ent willsqueezeoutsome cost savings. Buthisplanstogeneratestronggrowth,byexpandingtheWallStreetJournalandlinkingit withhisother onlineandbroadcast properties, donotseem terriblyconvincing.Whichiswhysome NewsCorporationshareholderssuspect that theyarejust excuses, andthat MrMurdochhasputhis long-standingdesire toown oneof theworlds greatnewspapers before any seriousconsiderationofvalueform oney.1.MrMurdochcouldsuccessfullypurchasedDowJonesathisofferbecauseofthefollowingreasonsexcept_AhehadthesituationsoftheBancroftfam ily conflictsathisfingertips.Bhis$5billionofferfarexceededotherbiddersandwasdifficulttoberefused.Chepromised thattheeditorswouldbeentitledtoalargedegreeoffreedom.Dhewouldnotinterferewiththeinternalissuesashepleases.2Theword“inhibiting”(Line11,Paragraph2)m ost probablym eans_Agivingfullswingto.Breducing.Crestraining.Ddepriving.3Theproblem s DowJoneswerefacingwhenMrMurdochdecidedtobuyitwerethefollowingonesexcept_A therewasdivergencebetweendifferentgenerationsoftheBancrosftfam ily.B theboard had some difficulties in m aking strategicdecisions.Cthenewchiefexecutivewasnotallowedsufficienttim e todem onstrate hiscapabilityofm anagingthecompany.DtheBancroft cam e totheawarenessthat thecompanywasalreadytrappedintosevereproblem s.4PearsonandGeneral Electricwill probablyim pedeMrMurdochspurchaseofDowJonesbecause_A acquisitionofDowJones wouldbringanybidder greatprofitinthefuture.BDowJoneswouldbem ore competitiveafterthepurchasetothreattheirbusiness.Ctheir jointbidwouldturnouttobem ore acceptabletotheBanroftfam ily thanMr.Murdoch.Dtheywerethem ost powerfulrivalsofMr. Murdochsm ediacorporation.5Whichoneof thefollowingstatem ents isNOTtrueofMrMurdochsofferforDowJones?ANewsCorporationsshareholdersthinkMrMurdochsofferwasnotsoreasonable.BNewsCorporationsshareholderssuspect that hisofferwasonlyastartofaam bitiousplan.CMrMurdochwill m akeuphislossintheofferbyreducingthecostofrunningDowJones.DMrMurdochsofferwashigherthanwhat thebusinesshadexpected.篇章剖析:这篇文章讲述了Murdoch先生收购道琼斯公司的情况。第一段讲述了一些对Murdoch先生收购道琼斯公司的看法；第二、三段讲述他收购的技巧；第四段讲述了这起收购面临的困难；第五段讲述了股票持有人的看法。词汇注释：salvev.缓解，减轻inhibitv.抑制，约束astuteadj.机敏的难句突破：(1)SowhenMrMurdochsNewsCorporationofferedinApriltobuyDowJones, theowner oftheWall Street Journal, hewasalreadyprettysurethat thereply, whicheventuallycam e intheearlyhoursofAugust1st, wouldbeyesanditwas.主体句式SowhenMrMurdochsNewsCorporationofferedto, hewasalreadysurethat结构分析这是一个复合句，when引导的是句子的时间状语从句；that引导的是宾语从句，在该从句中which引导的是定语从句用来修饰前面的replay。句子译文因此，当Murdoch先生的新闻集团四月份开始收购华尔街杂志的主家道琼斯时，他已经确定答复会是肯定的，而事实也正是如此，他于8月1号的早上得到了这个答复。(2)Healsoagreedtovariousm easures tosafeguardtheWallStreet Journalseditorial independencethat werejust sufficienttosalveenoughBancroft consciences, withoutm eaningfullyinhibitinghisabilitytodoashepleases.主体句式 Healsoagreedtosafeguared, withoutinhibiting结构分析这是一个复合句，that引导的定语从句用来修饰independence,后面的分词结构作为句子的伴随状语。句子译文他也同意采取各种措施来保证华尔街杂志编辑的独立性，这些措施足以缓解Bancroft在道德上的不安，同时也不会约束他想做任何事的能力。题目分析：1.MrMurdochcouldsuccessfullypurchasedDowJonesathisofferbecauseofthefollowingreasonsexcept_1.Murdoch先生可以成功地以他的出价收购道琼斯因为除了_外的原因。AhehadthesituationsoftheBancroftfam ily conflictsathisfingertips. A他完全掌握了Bancroft家族的内部斗争Bhis$5billionofferfarexceededotherbiddersandwasdifficulttoberefused. B他50亿美元的出价比其他的出价者要高，很难被拒绝Chepromised thattheeditorswouldbeentitledtoalargedegreeoffreedom. C他承诺让编辑能享有很大的自由Dhewouldnotinterferewiththeinternalissuesashepleases. D他不会按自己的喜好来插手内部事情答案D难度系数分析细节题。从文章第一段可以看出，他之所以能成功收购有几个原因，掌握了内部情况，出价高，保证编辑的独立性，A、B、C选项是正确的；D选项的错误在于文章第一段提到了他也可以随心所欲地插手内部事情。2Theword“inhibiting”(Line11,Paragraph2)m ost probablym eans_ 2.“inhibiting”(第二段第十一行)最有可能的意思是_Agivingfullswingto. A放任自流。Breducing. B减少。Crestraining. C遏制。Ddepriving. D剥夺。答案C难度系数分析猜词题。根据上下文“Healsoagreedtovariousm easures tosafeguardtheWallStreetJournalseditorialindependencethatwerejustsufficienttosalveenoughBancroftconsciences, withoutm eaningfully inhibitinghisabilitytodoashepleases”，虽然Murdoch先生同意给予编辑自由，但是他不会约束他自己随心所欲地权利。因此，选项中C最为符合。3Theproblem s DowJoneswerefacingwhenMr Murdochdecided to buyit were thefollowingonesexcept_3Murdoch先生决定要收购道琼斯时，道琼斯所面临的问题不是_A there was divergence A Bancroft家族不同代之betweendifferentgenerationsoftheBancroftfam ily.间的成员存在分歧。B theboard had somedifficulties inm akingstrategicdecisions. B董事会下决策时面临很多困难。Cthenewchiefexecutivewasnotallowedsufficienttim e todem onstrate his capability ofm anagingthecompany. C新的首席执行官没有得到足够的时间来展示他管理公司的能力。D theBancroft cam e totheawarenessthat thecompanywasalreadytrapped into severeproblem s.DBancroft家族意识到公司已经陷入了严重的问题中。答案B难度系数分析细节题。文章提到了公司面临的一些问题，其中文章第二段提到“Hereadtheinternal politics of thesprawlingBancroft clan,whichownsacontrollingstakeinDowJones,perfectlyperhapsbetterthanhereadshisownfam ily ”，对应于A选项。第三段谈到“Thetim ingoftheofferwasequallyastute,comingafter thefam ily hadrealisedthat thecompanyfacedhugestrategicproblem s, butbeforethenewchiefexecutivetheyappointedlast yearhadhadtim e toshowhecouldsolvethem ,and so enable DowJones to prosper as an independentbusiness”，分别对应于C和D选项。而B选项并不是公司面临的重大问题，因此是正确答案。4PearsonandGeneral Electricwill probably im pede Mr.Murdochs purchase of DowJonesbecause_4Pearson和通用电气可能会阻碍Murdoch先生收购道琼斯，因为_A acquisitionofDowJoneswould bringany bidder greatprofitinthefuture. A收购道琼斯可以为任何出价人带来巨大的利润。B DowJoneswouldbem orecompetitiveafterthepurchasetothreattheirbusiness. B道琼斯在被收购后会更有竞争力，威胁到他们的商业。Ctheirjointbidwouldturnouttobem ore acceptable totheBancroft fam ily than Mr.Murdoch.C比起Murdoch先生来说，Bancroft家族更加受欢迎。Dtheywerethem ost powerfulrivals ofMr. Murdochs m ediacorporation. D他们是道琼斯最为有力的对手。答案B难度系数分析细节题。根据第四段，是因为道琼斯被收购后会更具竞争力，从而威胁到他们的生意，所以他们才阻挠收购，因此，答案为B选项。C选项具有一定的干扰性，但是文章倒数第二段最后一句话指出“Yet despiterum ours ofajointPearson-GEbid,nosuchofferm aterialised ”，也就是说尽管有传闻说Pearson和通用会联合竞价，但是实际上还没有这样做，因此他们的竞价是否更好是不得而知的。5Whichoneofthefollowing5关于Murdoch先生给道statem ents is NOTtrueofMrMurdochs offer forDowJones?琼斯的出价，下列哪个陈述是正确的？A News Corporationsshareholders think MrMurdochs offer was notsoreasonable.A新公司的股票持有人认为Murdoch先生的出价不那么合理。B News Corporationsshareholders suspect that hisoffer was onlya start ofanam bitiousplan. B新公司的股票持有人怀疑他的出价只是更加有野心的计划的开始而已。C Mr Murdochwill m akeuphislossintheofferbyreducingthecostofrunningDowJones. C Murdoch先生会减少运营道琼斯的费用来弥补自己的损失。D Mr Murdochs offer washigher thanwhat thebusinesshadexpected. DMurdoch先生的出价要比公司预想的要高。答案A难度系数分析细节题。根据最后一段，股票持有人认为他出价过高，因此怀疑是个借口，后面有更大的野心，那么B选项是正确的。A选项，文中并未说是不合理的；C选项，通过严格管理来降低成本；D选项在文中没有提到。因此，B选项为正确答案。参考译文：新闻报道认为到问题的结果还是个未知数，但是Rupert Murdoch的景仰者却坚信他会获胜。因此，当Murdoch先生的新闻集团四月份开始收购华尔街杂志的主家道琼斯时，他已经确定答复会是肯定的，而事实也正是如此，他于8月1号的早上得到了这个答复。Murdoch先生很成功地完成了一项艰难的任务。他研究了复杂的Bancroft家族的内部政治，该家族在道琼斯拥有绝对的股票，而Murdoch对其了解的程度不亚于对自己家族的了解。他出的50亿美元高价已经足够将Bancrofts的两代政治都玩弄于股掌之中。在公司的长期财务管理员续任之前，他引诱家族中年轻的成员把钱放到了重要位置。而当家族的某些成员要Murdoch先生提高出价时，他会有力地拒绝并威胁要放弃收购，使他们同意他最初的出价。他也同意采取各种措施来保证华尔街杂志编辑的独立性，这些措施足以缓解Bancroft在道德上的不安，同时也不会约束他想做任何事的能力。Murdoch对收购时间的选择也颇具技巧，正好是在该家族意识到自己面临着巨大的决策问题之后，而在他们去年指定的新任首席执行官有时间来显示自己可以解决这些问题、让道琼斯作为一个独立的企业兴盛起来之前。当道琼斯董事会承认合并可能是对公司最好的战略时，Murdoch才最终确保了他的胜利，谈判也是从那时开始的。Murdoch先生最大的风险就是可能会有另外一个该家族比较喜欢的买家出现。但是他的高出价吓跑了私募基金的出价者。Murdoch先生唯一的担忧就是有两家因他收购道琼斯而蒙受巨大损失的公司会来出家拆台，它们分别是拥有金融时报的Pearson公司和拥有商业新闻频道CNBC的通用电气公司。有Murdoch先生做后台，华尔街时报肯定会成为金融时报强有力的竞争对手，而道琼斯的资源也可以让新闻集团于10月份开播的新闻商业电视频道对CNBC造成巨大的威胁。尽管有传闻说Pearson和通用会联合竞价，但是实际上他并没有这么做。但是Murdoch先生已经给道琼斯支付了昂贵的价格，至少有10亿美元，也可能是20亿美元，这比该行业基本认可的价格要高得多。因此新闻公司的股票所有人会认为Murdoch的胜利是付出了昂贵代价的。毫无疑问Murdoch先生的严格管理会降低一些成本，但是扩张华尔街杂志、并将其与自己其他网上和广播实体结合起来，这种加速发展的计划并不是很让人信服。这也就是为什么一些新闻公司的股票持有人怀疑这些只是借口而已，Murdoch先生长的远计划是要拥有世界上最大的新闻报纸，在这方面他要比金钱看重得多。TEXTTH REEH H HPsychologistshaveknownforalongtim e that economistsarewrong.Most economists at least, thoseof theclassicalpersuasionbelievethat anyfinancial gain,however sm all, isworthhaving.Butpsychologists knowthis is nottrue. Theyknowbecauseoftheultim atum gam e, theoutcome ofwhichisoftentherejectionoffreem oney.Inthisgam e, oneplayer dividesapotofm oney betweenhim self andanother. Theother thenchooseswhether toaccepttheoffer. Ifherejectsit, neitherplayerbenefits. Anddespitetheinstinctsofclassical economics, astingyoffer(onethat islessthanaboutaquarterofthetotal)is, indeed,usuallyrejected.Thequestionis, why?Oneexplanationoftherejectionist strategyisthat humanpsychologyis adaptedforrepeatedinteractionsrather thanone-offtrades. Inthiscase, takingatough,ifself-sacrificial, lineat thebeginningpaysdividendsinfutureroundsofthegam e.Rejectingastingyoffer inaone-off gam e isthusjust asinglem ove inalargerstrategy. Andindeed,whenone-offultim atumgam es areplayedbytrainedeconomists, whoknowall this, theydotendtoacceptstingyoffersm ore oftenthanother peoplewould.Buteventheyhavetheirlim ts. Tothrowsome lightonwhythoselim its exist, TerenceBurnham ofHarvardUniversityrecentlygatheredagroupof studentsofm icroeconomics andaskedthem toplaytheultim atum gam e. All of thestudentsherecruitedwerem en.DrBurnham s researchbudget rantoabunchof$40gam es.Whentherearem anyroundsintheultim atum gam e, playerslearntosplit them oney m ore orlessequally. ButDrBurnhamwasinterestedinagam e ofonlyoneround.Inthisgam e, whichtheplayersknewinadvancewasfinal andcouldthusnotaffectfutureoutcomes, proposerscouldchooseonlybetweenofferingtheother player $25(ie, m ore thanhalf thetotal) or$5.Responders couldacceptor reject theoffer as usual. Thoseresultsrecorded,DrBurnham tooksalivasam ples from all thestudents andcompared thetestosteronelevels assessedfromthosesam ples withdecisionsm adeintheone-roundgam eAshedescribesintheProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety, theresponders whorejecteda lowfinal offer hadanaveragetestosteronelevel m ore than50%higher thantheaverageofthosewhoaccepted.Fiveofthesevenm en withthehighesttestosteronelevelsinthestudyrejecteda$5ultim ate offerbutonlyoneofthe19othersm adethesam e decision.What Dr Burnham s result supports is a m uch deeperrejectionofthetenetsofclassical economics thanonebasedonaslightm is-evolutionofnegotiatingskills. It backstheideathatwhat peoplereallystriveforis relativerather thanabsoluteprosperity. Theywouldratheracceptlessthem selves thanseearival get ahead.That is likely to beparticularly trueinindividualswithhightestosteronelevels, sincethat horm oneiscorrelatedwithsocialdominance inm anyspecies.Economists oftenrefertothissortofbehaviourasirrational.Infact, itisnot. Itissim ply, asitwere, differentlyrational. Thethingsthatm oney canbuyarem erely m eanstoanendsocialstatusthatbringsdesirablereproductiveopportunities. Ifanotherroutebringsthatstatusm ore directly, m oney isirrelevant.1Accordingtothepassage, psychologistsaredifferentfromeconomist inthat_A theythinkanyfinancial gainisworthlessif it couldnotguaranteetheultim atum gam e.B theyunderstandshoweconomist arewrongbyprovingtrivialfinancialgaincouldbeignored.Ctheybelievethatit isnecessarytorejectsome trivialgainstogetbiggerones.Dtheyhaveknownforalongtim e thatfrom theperspectiveofpsychology,financialgainsarenotworthpursuing2Inthesecondparagraph,thesentence“Inthiscase, takingatough,ifself-sacrificial, lineatthebeginningpaysdividendsinfutureroundsofthegam e. ”m eansthat_Atakinganuncompromising attitudeatthebeginningwilllosem ore inthefutureroundsofthegam e.Bpeoplewhoarenotsocalculatingatthebeginningwillgetgoodreturnsintheend.Cpeoplewhoareselflesswillget m ore intheend.Dtakingatoughlineatthebeginningwill paym ore costinthefuturegam e.3.Theresult ofDr Burnham s studyintheone-roundgam eplayersshowsthat_A m en with hightestosteronelevels are usually m orem otivated torejectbythelowoffer.B thefact testosteroneis closely connected with socialdominance provespeoplecouldhardlyseeingarivalgoahead.C m en withhightestosteronearem ore likelytoreject thetenetsofclassicaleconomics.Dm en withhightestosteronepaym ore attentiontotherelativegains.4.ThepointDr Burham hasconcludedfrom hisstudyisthat_A m oney is irrelevantwhenpeople seekforreproductiveopportunities.B peopleprefer non-financial waystofulfill their purposeofgainsocialstatus.Cwhat peoplereallystriveforisrelativeratherthanabsoluteprosperity.Dthedefinitionofrationalityisdifferentbetweenthefieldsofeconomics andpsychology.5.Whichoneofthefollowingstatem ents isTRUEofthebehaviorofrejectingalowofferm entioned inthepassage?AThiskindofbehaviourisirrationalasam atter offact.BThiskindofbehaviorpaysm ore attentiontothesocialstatusratherthanm oney.CThiskindofbehaviorcouldbringdesirablereproductiveopportunities.DThiskindofbehaviorisrationfrom alongview.篇章剖析：这篇文章介绍了心理学家对于经济原则的看法。第一段讲述心理学家认为经济学家的观点是错误的；第二、三、四段、第五段讲述Burnham博士所作的研究；第六段讲述Burnham博士得出的结论；第七段是对这一结论的概括。词汇注释：stingyadj.小气的salivan.唾液，口水难句突破：(1)Inthis case, takingatough,if self-sacrificial, lineat thebeginningpaysdividendsinfutureroundsofthegam e.主体句式Takingatoughlinepaysdividends结构分析这是一个简单句，主语由现在分词结构构成。句子译文在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态会在未来几轮游戏中获得额外的资金。(2)Inthisgam e, whichtheplayersknewinadvancewasfinalandcouldthusnotaffect futureoutcomes, proposerscouldchooseonlybetweenofferingtheotherplayer$25(ie, m orethanhalfthetotal)or$5.主体句式Inthisgam e, proposerscouldchoose结构分析这是一个复合句，which引导的定语从句用来修饰gam e。句子译文在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会有影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说多于全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。题目分析：1Accordingtothepassage,psychologistsaredifferentfromeconomist inthat_ 1.根据这篇文章，心理学家和经济学家的不同之处在于_Atheythinkanyfinancial gainA他们认为任何经济利润is worthless if it could notguaranteetheultim atum gam e.如果不能保证最后获胜就是没有用的。B they understandhoweconomists are wrongbyprovingtrivial financial gaincouldbeignored.B通过证明小的经济利润可以被忽略，他们认为经济学家们是错误的。C they believethat it isnecessarytoreject some trivialgainstogetbiggerones. C他们相信有必要拒绝一些小的利润来获取大的利润。D theyhaveknownforalongtim e that from theperspectiveofpsychology, financial gainsarenotworthpursuing.D他们知道长久以来，从心理学的角度来看，经济利润是不值得去追求的。答案C难度系数分析推理题。根据第一段，心理学家和经济学家的分歧在于心理学家看到的是最终的结果，而经济学家注重的是切实的利润，心理学家认为并不是所有的小利益都要去追求，可以舍小取大。因此，选项C是正确的。A选项显然是错误的，B选项prove这个词不准确，而D选项的错误在于不是“financialgainsarenotworthpursuing”，不值得追求的是“littlefinancialgains”。2Inthesecondparagraph,thesentence“Inthiscase, takingatough,ifself-sacrificial, lineatthebeginningpaysdividendsinfutureroundsofthegam e. ”m eansthat_2.在第二段，“在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲的话，从一开始就采取粗略的估算会在未来几轮游戏中支付额外的资金”，这句话的意思是_Atakinganuncompromisingattitudeatthebeginningwilllosem ore inthefutureroundsofthegam e. A从一开始就采取强硬的态度会在未来几轮的游戏中失去得更多。Bpeoplewhoarenotsocalculatingatthebeginningwillget goodreturnsintheend. B那些从一开始就不是很计较的人最后可以获得好的收益。Cpeoplewhoareselflesswillget m ore intheend. C无私的人最终会得到更多。Dtakingatoughlineatthebeginningwillpaym ore costinthefuturegam e. D从一开始就粗略估算会在未来的游戏中付出更大的代价。答案B难度系数分析推理题。根据上下文可以推断出这句话的意思，下文提到如果拒绝小气的出价会是更大策略中的一步；那么可以推断这句话的意思就是从一开始不要贪得所有的大小利益，而是要有长远的眼光，这样才能取得更大的收益。选项中D最为符合。3.Theresult ofDr Burnham sstudyin theone-roundgam eplayersshowsthat_3Burnham博士对于一轮游戏研究的结果表明了_A m en withhightestosteronelevels are usually m orem otivated bythelowoffer. A睾丸激素高的人更加有拒绝低报酬的动机。B thefact testosteroneisclosely connected with socialdominance proves peoplecouldhardlyseeingarivalgoahead.B睾丸激素和社会优势有着密切的联系，这一事实证明了人们不能容忍看到对手领先。C m en withhightestosteroneare m ore likely to reject theC有较高睾丸激素的人更趋向于拒绝传统经济法则。tenetsofclassicaleconomics.D m en withhightestosteronepaym ore attentiontotherelativegains. D有较高睾丸激素的人更注重相关联的利润。答案D难度系数分析推理题。根据Burnham博士的研究结果是拒绝低价出价的回应者的睾丸激素水平要比那些接受的人高出50%，那么可以说明这些人更注重相关联的利润而不是眼前的利益。答案为D选项。4.ThepointDr Burham hasconcludedfrom his studyisthat_ 4Burham博士从他的研究中得出来的论点是_A m oney is irrelevantwhenpeople seek forreproductiveopportunities. A当人们寻求再生机会时，金钱就是无关紧要的了。B people prefer non-financialwaystofulfill their purpose ofgainingsocialstatus. B人们更倾向于用非金钱的方式来实现他们取得社会地位的目标。Cwhatpeoplereallystriveforisrelativerather than absoluteprosperity. C人们真正追求的是相对财富，而不是绝对财富。Dthedefinitionofrationalityisdifferentbetween thefieldsofeconomics andpsychology. D经济学和心理学对于理性的定义是不一样的。答案C难度系数分析细节题。第五段中提到了Burnham博士最终的支持的结论是更深的对传统经济原则的拒绝，是人们真正追求的是相对的财富而不是绝对的财富。因此，选项中C最为符合。选项A和B具有一定的误导性，文章最后一句话指出“Ifanotherroutebringsthat statusm ore directly, m oney isirrelevant”，即“如果另外一条路可以更为直接地导致这种情形，金钱就是不相关的”，而两个选项都是误读。D选项也对应于文章的最后一段，“Econom ists oftenrefertothissort ofbehaviourasirrational. Infact, it isnot. Itissim ply, asitwere, differentlyrational”，确实两种理性是不同的，但是文章没有明确指出其定义在两个学科中是完全不同的。5.Whichoneofthefollowingstatem ents isTRUEofthebehaviorofrejectingalowofferm entioned inthepassage?5关于文章中提到的拒绝低出价的行为，下列哪个陈述是正确的？AThiskindofbehaviourisirrationalasam atter offact. A这种行为实际上是不理智的。BThiskindofbehaviorpaysm ore attentiontothesocialstatusratherthanm oney. B这种行为更注重社会地位而不是金钱。CThiskindofbehaviorcouldbringdesirablereproductiveopportunities. C这种行为可以带来期望的再产出机会。DThiskindofbehaviorisrationfrom alongview. D这种行为从长远来看是理智的。答案D难度系数分析推理题。最后一段提到，这种行为经济学家认为是不理智的，而实际上是一种理智的行为，心理学家从更高更深的层面来看，金钱只是达到目的的一种手段而且，而为了达到一定的目的拒绝眼前小的利益是理智的行为。因此，选项中D是正确的。参考译文：长期以来心理学家认为经济学家是错误的。大多数经济学家、至少那些有着传统信念的人认为任何经济利润、不管其有多小都值得拥有。但是心理学家认为这不是真的，他们知道这一点是因为终极游戏的结果总是人们拒绝免费的金钱。在这场游戏中，一个玩家将一盆钱分给自己和另外一个人。另外这个人接着选择是否接受，如果他拒绝接受，那么两个玩家就都不能受益。虽然传统经济学认为人在本能上会接受这笔钱，小气的出价（另一个人得到少于总数1/4的钱）实际上经常被拒绝。问题就是，为什么会这样？对于拒绝者策略的一个解释为人类的心理更习惯重复的交互作用，而不是一次性的交易。在这个事情上，如果自我牺牲，从一开始就采取强硬姿态会在未来几轮游戏中获得额外的资金。因此在一次性的游戏中拒绝小气的出价是一个更大计划中的一步。实际上，当有经验的经济学家玩一次性的终极游戏时，他们确实比一般人更倾向于接受小气的出价。但是他们也有一定的局限。为了弄清楚为什么存在这些局限，哈佛大学的TerenceBurnham近来组织了一群微观经济学的学生，让他们玩这种终极游戏。他选择的所有学生都是男性。Burnham博士的研究资金被投入到一系列40美元的游戏中。在这种终极游戏中有许多回合，玩家学习更加平等地分配金钱。但是Burnham博士只对那些只玩一轮的游戏感兴趣。在这个游戏中，玩家事先就知道这一轮是最后的结局，因此不会有影响未来的结果，分钱者只能选择给其他玩家25美元（也就是说多于全部金额的一半）或者是5美元。回应者一般可以接受或拒绝该出价。这些结果都记录在案，Burnham博士从学生那里搜集了唾液的样本，并将这些样本中的睾丸激素和一轮游戏中的决策进行对比。他在皇家社会学报中描述道，拒绝低价出价的回应者的睾丸激素水平要比那些接受的人高出50%。睾丸激素最高的七个人中有五个拒绝了5美元的最后出价，而其他的19个里人只有1个做出了相同的决定。Burnham博士最终的结论不是关于谈判技巧的轻微错误发展，而是更深层的对传统经济原则的拒绝。事实支持这个观点，人们真正追求的是相对财富而非绝对财富。他们宁可自己拿得更少，而不愿看到对手多拿。那些有高睾丸激素水平的人更是这样，因为该激素和许多物种的社会优势有关。经济学家经常认为这种行动是不理智的。实际上这是理智的，只是不同的理智而已。金钱可以买到的只是达到某个目的的方法而已，如社会地位，达到目的便给人们带来他们想要的不断再生的机会。如果有另外一条路可以更为直接地达到目的，金钱就是不相关的。TEXTFO URO O OLaunchingpeopleintospacem ay m akeheadlinesbutit doeslittleusefulscience. SowhenGeorgeBushredirectedAm ericasspaceagency, NASA, awayfrom scientificresearchandtowardsam anned returntothem oon in2004,m anyscientists weredisappointed.Nowtheagencyhasfinallyofferedsome sm allmorsels of comfort intheform of fourprojects that couldaccompanyeffortsforalunarreturn.Them ost excitingoftheseistheplanforaradiotelescopethat couldbeplacedonthefarsideofthem oon.Suchadevicewouldlookbackat theearlyuniverse tothetim e whenlarge-scale structures suchas galaxies andstars form ed. Alunar-based radio telescopewould beable to detect longwavelengthsthat cannotbesensedonEarthbecausetheyareabsorbedbytheouterm ost layers oftheplanets atm osphere.Moreover bypointingthetelescopeawayfrom thedinofshorter-wavelengthradiowavesthatareusedforcomm unicationonEarth, astrophysicistswouldbeabletoseetheearlyuniverseinunprecedenteddetail.Findingalien life m ightalso bepossible with such atelescope. It wouldbeabletom ap them agnetic fieldsofstarsandexoplanets(planetsthatcirclestarsoutsidethesolarsystem ).It isthem agnetic fieldoftheEarththat protectsitsinhabitantsfrom beingbom barded byhigh-energyparticlesfrom spacethatwouldotherwiseleavetheplanet sterile. Detectingam agneticfield surroundingan Earth-likeexoplanet would proveapromisingsignforfindingextraterrestriallife.Theproposal, ledbyJosephLazio,oftheNaval ResearchLaboratoryinWashington,DC, istocreateanarrayof threearm s arrangedinaY-shape, eachofwhichwouldbe500m etreslongandcontain16antennae. Eacharm wouldbem adeofaplasticfilm that couldberolledoutontothesurfaceofthem oon,eitherbyrobotsorbyastronauts.Asecondproject, headedbyMichael Collier, oftheNASAGoddardSpaceFlightCentre, wouldexam inehowthesolarwinda stream ofcharged particles ejected from thesuninteractswiththetenuouslunar atm osphere closetothem oons surface. Suchbombardm ent produceslow-energyX-raysthatwouldbedetectedonthesurfaceofthem oon.Thethirdandfourthprojectsaresim ilar bothtoeachotherandtoearlierventuresdroppedonthem oon bytheApolloandtheSoviet Lunam issionsinthelate1960sand1970s. Some 35yearson,reflectorsplacedonthelunarsurfacearestill usedbyscientists interestedingeophysics andgeodesy(forexam ple,howthem oons gravitational fieldshiftsovertim e). Most ofthereflectorsareclusteredclosetothelunarequator. Theproposals,ledbyStephenMerkowitz, alsoof NASAs GoddardSpaceFlightCentre, and Douglas Currie, of theUniversity ofMaryland,aretosprinklesome m ore sophisticatedversionsoverm ore ofthem oons surface.Suchefforts m ay attract littleattentioncompared withthelaunchofthespaceshuttleEndeavourthisweek.Nevertheless,whenNASAargues that puttingpeople intospace inspiresyoungpeopletostudyscience, it ispreciselytheseendeavoursthatitwishestoencourage.1GeorgeBushredirectedNASAawayfrom scientificresearchbecause_Ahethoughtscientificresearchisuselessinthelongterm .B hethoughtlaunchingpeopleintospacewasnotthefirstpriority.ChethoughtNASAshouldm anageitsownbusiness.Dhethoughtresearchwasnotsopractical.2Whichoneofthefollowingstatem ents isTUREoftheradiotelescope?A Theradiotelescopecouldlookbackat thestructures ofgalaxiesandstarswhentheywerefirstlyform ed.B Thedevicewouldbeinterferingwithshorter-wavelengthradiowavesusedforcomm unication onEarth.C Thedevice couldprotect longwavelengthfrom beingabsorbedbytheouterm ost layersoftheplanetsatm osphere.DThedevicecouldhaveuniquefunctionsm ainly becauseofthepositionitwouldbeadjusted.3Theradiotelescopem ightalsobeusefulinsearchingforextraterrestrialbeingsinthat_A it couldlet theastrophysicistsexam ineall theplanetsinunprecedenteddetail.B it couldfindoutthem agnetic fieldwhichcouldprotectbeingsfrom beingattackedbyspaceparticles.CitcoulddetectanystarandexoplanetsurroundingtheEarth.D it could search outthepromising signforfindingextraterrestriallife.4Theword“tenuous”(Line3,Paragraph5)m ost probablym eans_Aslender.Bdilute.Cflim sy.Dthick.5Thethirdandfourthprojectsaredifferentfrom earlierventuresdroppedonthem oon inthefollowingaspectsexcept_Athepositionofthereflectorsrem ainsonthelunarsurface.Bm ore advancedapplicationswillbeadoptedforresearch.Cthescopeofreflectorswillbeexpanded