incomprehensible.doc

unit eight architecture engineeringpassage onewhat a building is? architecture is a public art. it is the building block of the city, a compound work. cities are always changing, growing and being altered, being destroyed and being rebuilt, and all in response to social and political change, to the demands of commerce and industry, and to the rhythms of technological innovation. each time a new building is proposed it must be studied, not in isolation, but evaluated as a part of the increasingly complex whole that forms all regions. architecture is a liberal art that is taught at our universities, and is a discipline that should be amenable to rational discourse. in the history of architecture, ancient greeks made two expectations when they created cities: architects are able to create both the background architecture that forms the buildings in a town or city, and the noble civil and religious structures that embody a societys highest aspirations. it was in this way that architects of the past arranged their designs in city plans to make the new as beautiful, or better than, what was there before. one remarkable example of this is: wrens buildings at oxford and cambridge. in the modern architecture, architects think a building does not express its meaning in the same way as a picture or a sculpture, because it is by nature much more complex. it demands a prior effort of analysis. in the first place, we never see a building in its totality: we can never obtain more than partial views both of the exterior and interior, with the result that we are always obliged to relate what we can see to what we cannot see to form a clear picture of the whole. it is impossible to indulge the pleasure of the eye: one has to think as well as look. to help us in this intellectual exercises we have an important tool to hand, the plan, which informs us simultaneously about exterior and interior, the whole and the part. together with the cross section, which reveals the structure, it gives in abstract form a composite image of the building which photographs-in whatever numbercould never give. it is therefore necessary, before anything else, to learn to read a plan of architecture.it should never be forgotten that even the most magnificent buildings were never intended simply as works of art, and that they are incomprehensible if one is unaware of their purposes, whether utilization or symbolic. the particular forms of religious buildings, houses and palaces, are always a reflection of the demands of religious cult, of everyday life, or of the exercise of power in any given society. less independent than other artists, the architect exercises his powers of invention within a framework strictly defined by the society to which he belongs and the individuals to whom he owes each commission. such constraints, compelling to a degree dependent on the particular age and social level (the greek temple, the urban dwelling, are highly standardized types), impose limits on invention, but also confer on architecture an important social significance: buildings are a unique embodiment, the most durable, the most manifestof the needs and dreams of men. a survey ever points out that the development direction of building has been from art to science. construction started with an art; design followed by applying the most elementary scientific principles to the construction art; analysis finally entered the picture as almost pure science and has affected both construction and design, the obvious tendency is for science, through analysis and research, to influence more and more design and construction of building. we take an interest in a building to the degree to which we see in it “effects” of volume, space, rhythm and color that please us. in certain casesan urban dwelling or rural architecture, for examplethese effects are very simple and result above all from harmony between a building and its environments. in other cases, these effects are extremely complex and can be attributed to one or more creative individuals who have deliberately contrived them. between these two extremesarchitecture without architects and the architecture of great mastersthere are numerous degrees, but it would be pointless to distinguish them. it is more worthwhile to identify the various means of expression available to architecture: only in this way can we enrich our perception of the buildings we encounter. thus, all in all, for a building, a work of architecture is too complex to be understood at first glance, we should simultaneously to be aware of all its elements, including its historical background and its development direction, to learn how to appreciate it, and to know what it signified to those who built it. these initial analyses can enable people to form a clear picture of the architecture.new words rhythm n. 节奏；节律innovation n. 改革；创新isolation n. 孤立；独立evaluate vt. 评价；评估discipline n. 学科；纪律amenable adj. 服从的；顺从的rational adj. 理性的；合理的embody vt. 体现；使具体化aspiration n. 愿望；渴望exterior adj. 外部的；外在的interior adj. 内部的；内在的simultaneously adv. 同时地incomprehensible adj. 不理解的；不注意的utilization n. 利用；本文指功利主义的symbolic adj. 象征的；本文指象征主义的cult n. 宗教的膜拜；祭仪confer vt. 赋予；授予durable adj. 耐用的；持久的deliberately adv. 故意地；精心地contrive vt. 发明；设计perception n. 理解；感觉useful phrases and expressions in response to适应；回应in this way 以这种方式in the first place首先；第一be obliged to愿意的；乐意的cross section剖面图；截面图be unaware of没有意识到start with从开始take an interest对感兴趣 exercisestask answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. what is architecture in a word?2. what are the two expectations of the ancient greeks when they created cities? 3. in modern architecture, what do architects think of a building? why? 4. what is the important social significance for architecture? 5. how can we appreciate architecture? task decide whether the following statements are true (t) or false (f) according to the passage. 1. architecture is a liberal art that is taught at our universities, and it is not a rational course.2. wrens buildings at oxford and cambridge have reflected the two expectations of ancient greeks when they created cities.3. the development of building has been from art to science.4. effects of volume, space, rhythm and color that please us are very complex in an urban dwelling or rural architecture.5. it is valuable to identify the various means of expression on the architecture: only in this way can we enrich our perception of the buildings we encounter. task translate the following terms into english. 1. 建筑艺术2. 建筑师3. 平面图4. 剖面图5. 建筑施工task translate the following english phrases taken from the passage into chinese. 1. to create background architecture2. to make the new as beautiful as what was before3. to indulge the pleasure of the eye4. to read a plan of architecture5. to be aware of all elements of architecturetask translate the following chinese sentences taken from the passage into english. 1. 建筑是一门大众艺术。它是城市的砌块，是一项历经数百万年才能认识其得失的复杂工程。2. 建筑学是我们大学里讲授的一门人文学科，也是一门应该允许理性讨论的学科。3. 从现代建筑史来看，建筑师们认为建筑表现其意义的方式与绘画或雕塑不同，因为它本质上要复杂得多。4. 绝对不应该忘记，即使最堂皇的建筑也绝不是只作为艺术品而建。5. 一项调查曾经指出建筑的发展方向是从艺术到科学。task translate the following english sentences taken from the passage into chinese. 1. cities are always changing, growing and being altered, being destroyed and being rebuilt, and all in response to social and political change, to the demands of commerce and industry, and to the rhythms of technological innovation.2. the particular forms of religious buildings, houses and palaces, are always a reflection of the demands of religious cult, of everyday life, or of the exercise of power in any given society.3. buildings are a unique embodiment, the most durable, the most manifestof the needs and dreams of men.4. we take an interest in a building to the degree to which we see in it “effects” of volume, space, rhythm and color that please us. 5. a work of architecture is too complex to be understood at first glance, we should simultaneously to be aware of all its elements, including its historical background and its development direction, to learn how to appreciate it, and to know what it signified to those who built it.passage two becoming a civil engineerin the english speaking countries, unlike continental europe, a professional engineer, who wishes to be fully qualified, must join at least one engineering institution. all these institutions require candidates for admission to prove that they have some years of useful practical experience as an engineer. each institution is a learned society not unlike a club except that candidates strict examination for membership is based mainly on his engineering knowledge, and all institutions publish engineering literature in their own subjects, usually in their monthly journal. each has several grades of membership, from the highest, full member, down through the usual grade, associate-member, to the grades of student or graduate for younger people up to about twenty-five or thirty years old.in britain it has already been possible for a boy on leaving school at fifteen to start work in the drawing office of a civil engineer, whether contractor consultant, and eventually after many years of study in his spare time, to become a qualified civil engineer. this is becoming less easy and it may soon become impossible. the recommended method of study for the ice (institution of civil engineers) examinations is now by full-time or sandwich study for a degree or diploma. sandwich study is full-time work at a college interrupted by periods of full-time work with an engineer.modern engineering requires more and more science, and to make use of its scientific theories, a civil engineer should study full-time for some years after leaving school. therefore a university degree in civil engineering may soon become essential for membership of the ice or any of the other civil engineering institutions (institutions of highway engineer, municipal engineers, public health engineers, structural engineers, water engineers, or the permanent way institution, etc).to qualify for associate-membership of the ice, a person must be at least twenty-six years old and working as a civil engineer. he must also pass certain examinations, satisfy the ice that he has had several years of useful engineering experience under the supervision of qualified civil engineer, both in the drawing office and the site, and finally he must pass a mainly oral examination called the professional interview, before a group of qualified civil engineers. this is generally the part of the examination from which candidates are never excused, whatever their civil engineering degree.in general education, the minimum requirements, before a man may be accepted even as a candidate for the ice examinations are as follows: four passes in general certificate of education,(a) at advanced level in physics, (b) at advanced level in either pure or applied mathematics, (c) at ordinary level in english, and (d) at ordinary level in two other subjects. detailed information is issued free the ice on small matters including the parts of the examination a candidate need not take as well as on the number of years and the types of civil engineering experience which are accepted.in britain the thirteen main engineering institutions were formally joined for examination purposes in 1965 in the council of engineering institutions in london. a similar arrangement was made a few years earlier in the united engineering center, 345 east 47th street, new york, for the united states institutions. in britain all professions take the part 1 examination set by the council of engineering institutions. this includes the five subjects of engineering drawing, mathematics, applied mechanics, principle of electricity, heat light and sound.task answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. in english speaking countries, what should a professional engineer first do before he is fully qualified? 2. what are the qualifications for associate-membership of the ice? 3. what are the minimum requirements before a man may be accepted as a candidate for the ice examinations? 4. when were the thirteen main engineering institutions formally joined in london? 5. how many subjects are included in the part 1 examination set by the council of engineering institutions? passage three tall building structuretall towers and buildings have fascinated mankind from the beginning of civilization, their construction being initially for defense and subsequently for ecclesiastical purposes. the growth of modern tall building construction, which began in the 1880s, however, has been largely for commercial and residential purposes.it is difficult to define a high-rise building. one may say that a low-rise building ranges from one to two or three stories. a medium-rise building probably ranges between three or four stories up to ten or twenty stories. thus a high-rise building is probably one that has at least some ten stories or more. tall commercial buildings are primarily a response to the demand of business activities to be as close to each other and close to the city center as possible, thereby putting intense pressure on the available land space. also because they form the distinctive landmarks, tall commercial buildings are constantly developed in city centers as prestige symbols for corporate organizations. furthermore, the increasing mobility of business and tourist community has fuelled a need for more, frequently high-rise, city-centered hotel accommodations.the rapid growth of the urban population and the consequent pressure of limited space have considerably affected city residential development. the high cost of land and the desire to avoid a continuous urban sprawl have all contributed to the upward development of residential buildings. in some cities, for example, hong kong and riode janeiro, local topographical restrictions make tall buildings the only feasible solution for housing needs. ideally, in the early stages of planning a building, the entire design team, including the architect, structural engineer, and services engineer, should collaborate to agree on a form of structure to satisfy their respective requirements of function, safety and service-ability. a compromise between conflicting demands is almost inevitable. in all but the very tallest structures, however, the structural arrangement is subservient to the architectural requirements of space arrangement and aesthetics. often, this will lead to a less-than-ideal structural solution that will tax the ingenuity, and probably the patience, of the structural engineer.the two primary types of vertical load-resisting elements of tall buildings are columns and walls, the latter acting either independently as shear walls or in assemblies as shear wall cores. columns will be provided, in otherwise unsupported regions, to transmit gravity loads and, in some types of structure, horizontal loads also.the primary function of the structural elements is to resist the gravity loading from the weight of the building and its contents. the probable second function of the vertical structural elements is to resist also the parasitic load caused by wind and possibly earthquakes. once the functional layout of the structure has been decided, the design process generally follows a well-defined iterative procedure. then, a check is made on the maximum horizontal deflection, and the forces in the major structural members, using some rapid approximate analysis technique.finally, alterations to the initial layout of the building will be required as the clients and architects ideas of the building evolve. this will call for structural modifications, or perhaps a radical rearrangement, which necessitates a complete review of the structural design. the various preliminary stages may therefore have to be repeated for a number of times before a final solution is reached.speed of erection is a vital factor in obtaining return on the investment involved in such large-scale projects. most tall buildings are constructed in city sites, with difficult access; therefore careful planning and organization of the construction sequence become essential. the story-to-story uniformity of most multistory buildings encourages construction through repetitive operations. progress in the ability to build tall structure has been connected with the development of more efficient equipment and the improved methods of construction.task answer the following questions according to the passage. 1. when did the growth of modern tall building construction begin? 2. what is the modern tall building for? 3. what is the definition of a high-rise building?4. what are the two primary types of vertical load-resisting elements of tall buildings? 5. what is a vital factor in obtaining return on the investment involved in such large-scale projects? more informationframeworkn. 框架；结构maintenancen. 保持；维持aestheticadj. 审美的；美学的categoryn. 分类；种类foundationn. 基础建筑substructuren. 地下建筑superstructuren. 上层建筑basementn. 建筑物的底部；底层concreten. 混凝土cementn. 水泥bitumenn. 沥青installationn. 安装residencen. 住所flyovern. 立交桥；天桥confirmationn. 认可；确认schedulen. 进度表contractorn. 承包商completionn. 竣工；完工investv. 投资tendervi. 投标；招标参考答案：第八单元 建筑工程passage 1认识建筑建筑是一门大众艺术。它是城市的砌块，是一项历经数百万年才能认识其得失的复杂工程。城市总是在变化、发展、改建、毁坏和重建。所有这一切都是为了适应社会和政治变化、工商业的需要，以及技术革新的节奏。每当要建一座新的建筑时，必须对其进行仔细的审查，不是作为孤立的个体进行评价，而是作为构成所有地区日益复杂的整体的一部分进行评价。建筑学是我们大学里讲授的一门人文学科，也是一门应该允许理性讨论的学科。从建筑学的历史来看，古希腊人在建造城市时有两个希望：那就是建筑