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,中国汉字,ChineseCharacters,壹,贰,叁,肆,content,one,two,three,four,汉字的简介,汉字的发明,汉字的发展,汉字的结构,汉字的简介,世界上最古老的,承传的手写文字最早出现于5,000多年前中国的古老汉字构思来自形象和意象,简单的形象结合在一起可以构成复杂的意象汉字是方块字,TheChineseLanguage,Istheoldest,continuouswrittenlanguageintheWorldFirstwrittenover5,000yearsagoTheinventorsofthewrittenlanguagedrewpicturestoexpresswordsorideas,SimplepictureswerecombinedtomakemorecomplexthoughtsIssquare-shaped.,Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusetohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画,经过演变发展最终成为一种兼具音形意韵的独特文字。,形,意,音,韵,sound,image,idea,rhyme,Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularearth.汉字结构“外圆内方”源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。,汉字的发明TheinventionoftheChinesecharacters,Keeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说)TheEightDiagrams(八卦说)Cangjiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说),传说上古时期有个名叫仓颉(j)的人,他是黄帝的史官。据说他长着4只眼睛,上面两只观日月星辰,下面两只观看山川鸟兽,据万物的形状创造了汉字。后人尊他为“造字圣人”。实际上,汉字这样的文字系统,不是一人一时所能创造的,而是在发明、积累及形成过程中,由许多人慢慢丰富起来的。,Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquitynamedCangJiewhowasanofficialhistorianofHuangdi(knownastheYellowEmperor).Itwassaidthathehad4eyes,andtheupper2wereforwatchingthesun,themoonandthestarswhilethelower2forwatchingmountains,rivers,beastsandbirds.Anditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.,Sohehasthetitleof“SageofCharacter-creation”,aslatergenerationsaddressedhim.Nevertheless,itisimprobableforanysinglepersontocreateacomplicatedcharactersystematonetime.Thecharactersisactuallydevelopedbymanypeoplegraduallyinthelongprocessofinvention,accumulation,andevolution.,汉字的发展thedevelopmentofChinesecharacters,OracleBoneInscription甲骨文BronzeInscriptions金文SealScript篆书OfficialScript隶书RegularScript楷书CursiveScript草书Runningscript行书,TheoldestChineseinscriptionsaretheOraclebonescript甲骨文(BC.14-11).MostofOracleBoneInscriptionaredivinationrecords,engravedonthetortoiseshellsoranimalbones.Nowwehavebeenfoundmorethan4600oracles,includingabout1000recognized.Oracleiscarvedwithaknife,verylittleiswritten,becausewordshavenotunified,manywordscanwrite,writeback,strokessimplifieddiffer,Chinesecharactercomponentisnotfixed,andsomanyvariantcharacters(异体字).,divination,BronzeInscriptions(金文)refertoancientinscriptioncastorcarvedonthebronzeware(青铜器).TheyareusedFromShang,ZhoutoQin,Handynasties,butthemainfindingsarethewordsonthebronzewareofwesternzhoudynasty.,SealScript(篆书)canalsobecalledas“ScriptofQin”,including“Dazhuan(大篆)”and“Xiaozhuan(小篆)”.AtthebeginningoftheQinDynasty,TheFirstEmperorcontendedtheideathatthewrittenscriptshouldbestandardizedinformbecausethecharacterformsweredifferentfromareatoareainZhoutimes.ItwassaidthatLiSi(李斯)compiledandTheScriptemergedfinally.,Inordertomakewritingmoretime-saving,heinventedanewformwhichwasappreciatedbyTheFirstEmperor.ItisLishu(隶书),TheformationoftheOfficialscriptisanimportantturning-pointinhistorybecauseitlaysafoundationforthesquattershapeofChinesecharacters.,ItssaidthattheRegularscript(楷书)emergedintheLaterHanperiod.Itisakindofmorebeautifulandsimplerformandcouldsetangoodexampleforwriting.Soitiscalled“Kaishu”inChinesebecause“Kai”meansgoodexamples.,Inaddition,famouscalligrapherssuchasYanZhenqing(颜真卿)andLiuGongquan(柳公权)leftquantitiesofmasterpiecesforus.ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersgrewintoahigherlevel.,Regularscript(楷书),ItbecamepopularintheJinDynasty(晋朝)asweknowthefamouscalligrapherssuchasWangXizhi(王羲之),WangXianzhi(王献之)andthelike.,Regularscript(楷书),Cursivescript草书,CursiveScript(草书)includeZhangcao,JincaoandKuangcao,allhardtorecognize.ZhangcaoemergedatZhangemperorofeasternHan;JincaoemergedattheendoftheLaterHanperiod.Kuangcaowascreatedinthetangdynasty,changing,andverydifficulttoidentify,turnedintoapureart,therearefewpracticalvalue.,Runningscript(行书)emergedattheendoftheEasternHanperiod.itisakindofformbetweenregularscriptandcursivescript.Ithashighartistryandpracticality.,汉字的结构thestructureoftheChinesecharacter,ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter汉字的结构单位Theorderofstrokesofcharacter汉字的笔顺Theformationofcharacter汉字的造字法,1、ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter(汉字的结构单位),TherearethreeaspectstothestructureofaChinesecharacter:thestrokes,thecomponentsandthewholecharacter.Forexample,thecharacter“木”consistsofthestrokes,丨,丿,乀.Itisabasiccharacterandisalsousedasacomponentforsomeothercharacters.Forexample,“林”consistsoftwo木characters.ThecomponentsarethecorestructureofaChinesecharacter.Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintocharacter-partsandnon-character-parts.Forexample,院canbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts:阝,宀,元ofwhich元isacharacter-part,while阝and宀arethenon-character-parts.ThekeytolearningChinesecharacterswellistomastertheircomponents.,Chinesecharactersarewrittenbycombiningvariouskindsofstrokes.Thesestrokescanbedividedintobasicstrokesandcombinedstrokes.,Structurallyspeaking,Chinesecharactersfallintocategories:thesingle-componentcharactersandthemulti-componentcharacters.AllofthebasicChinesecharactersaresimple-componentcharacters,suchas人,口,目,山,火,手,刀,马,牛,日,月,羊.Themulti-componentcharactersconsistormorecomponents,suchas爸,妈,你,们,朋.Theorderofwritingcomponentsinacharacterissimilartothestrokeorderofwritingacharacter.Therearethreebasictypesofconfigurationformulti-componentcharacters.,ThebasicruleofChinesecharactersstrokeorderis:,2、Theorderofstrokesofcharacter(汉字的笔顺),3、Theformationofcharacter(汉字的造字法),TheformationofcharacterreferstothemethodtocreatetheChinesecharacters.Generallyspeaking,AncientChinesemethodofcreationtherearefourcategories:pictographs(shape),self-explanatory(mean),semasiography(knowing),andPictophonetic.ThecurrentcomparedwiththeancientChinesecharacters,andtherearesomespecialcases.,Rn,people,Ku,mouth,m,eye,mountain,shn,sun,fire,r,hu,goat,sword,yng,do,HieroglyphicCharacters(象形),thiscreationmethodisclosertothepicture,butcomplexthings,abstractconceptcantpictograph,sorelyonpictographcancreateveryfewcharacters,butitisthebasisoftheformationofChinesecharacters.,ThewaytoformacharacterusingsymbolstoindicatethecharactersmeaningiscalledSelf-explanatoryCharacters(指事).Therearetwotypesofindication:oneispurelysymbolic,e.g.shorterhorizontaloveralongermeans上(up),andtheoppositemeans下(down);theothertypeistoaddasymboltohieroglyphiccharacter,e.g.e.g.addinga一to木,ifupmeanstheendofatree(末),ifdownmeanstherootofatree(本).Here,the一isnotthenumeric.Forinstance,aknife(刀)withanadditionaldotindicateswherethebladeis.Theleftandrightin人indicatesarmpits.Thedotshereareallindicationsymbol.,CharactersformedwithtwoormoreindependentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaningarecalledAssociativeCharacters(会意)
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