汉字的发展(英文版介绍)Chinese__character.ppt

,中国汉字,ChineseCharacters,壹,贰,叁,肆,content,one,two,three,four,汉字的简介,汉字的发明,汉字的发展,汉字的结构,汉字的简介,世界上最古老的，承传的手写文字最早出现于5,000多年前中国的古老汉字构思来自形象和意象,简单的形象结合在一起可以构成复杂的意象汉字是方块字,TheChineseLanguage,Istheoldest,continuouswrittenlanguageintheWorldFirstwrittenover5,000yearsagoTheinventorsofthewrittenlanguagedrewpicturestoexpresswordsorideas,SimplepictureswerecombinedtomakemorecomplexthoughtsIssquare-shaped.,Chinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusetohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,itfinallybecameauniquecharactersystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过演变发展最终成为一种兼具音形意韵的独特文字。,形,意,音,韵,sound,image,idea,rhyme,Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularearth.汉字结构“外圆内方”源于古人“天圆地方”的观念。,汉字的发明TheinventionoftheChinesecharacters,Keeprecordsbytyingknots(结绳说）TheEightDiagrams(八卦说）Cangjiecreatedthecharacters(仓颉造字说）,传说上古时期有个名叫仓颉（j）的人，他是黄帝的史官。据说他长着4只眼睛，上面两只观日月星辰，下面两只观看山川鸟兽，据万物的形状创造了汉字。后人尊他为“造字圣人”。实际上，汉字这样的文字系统，不是一人一时所能创造的，而是在发明、积累及形成过程中，由许多人慢慢丰富起来的。,Inlegend,therewasafigureinremoteantiquitynamedCangJiewhowasanofficialhistorianofHuangdi(knownastheYellowEmperor).Itwassaidthathehad4eyes,andtheupper2wereforwatchingthesun,themoonandthestarswhilethelower2forwatchingmountains,rivers,beastsandbirds.Anditwashe,asthelegendgoes,whohadcreatedtheChinesecharactersaccordingtotheshapesofallthings.,Sohehasthetitleof“SageofCharacter-creation”,aslatergenerationsaddressedhim.Nevertheless,itisimprobableforanysinglepersontocreateacomplicatedcharactersystematonetime.Thecharactersisactuallydevelopedbymanypeoplegraduallyinthelongprocessofinvention,accumulation,andevolution.,汉字的发展thedevelopmentofChinesecharacters,OracleBoneInscription甲骨文BronzeInscriptions金文SealScript篆书OfficialScript隶书RegularScript楷书CursiveScript草书Runningscript行书,TheoldestChineseinscriptionsaretheOraclebonescript甲骨文(BC.14-11).MostofOracleBoneInscriptionaredivinationrecords,engravedonthetortoiseshellsoranimalbones.Nowwehavebeenfoundmorethan4600oracles,includingabout1000recognized.Oracleiscarvedwithaknife,verylittleiswritten,becausewordshavenotunified,manywordscanwrite,writeback,strokessimplifieddiffer,Chinesecharactercomponentisnotfixed,andsomanyvariantcharacters（异体字）.,divination,BronzeInscriptions（金文）refertoancientinscriptioncastorcarvedonthebronzeware（青铜器）.TheyareusedFromShang,ZhoutoQin,Handynasties,butthemainfindingsarethewordsonthebronzewareofwesternzhoudynasty.,SealScript（篆书）canalsobecalledas“ScriptofQin”,including“Dazhuan（大篆）”and“Xiaozhuan（小篆）”.AtthebeginningoftheQinDynasty,TheFirstEmperorcontendedtheideathatthewrittenscriptshouldbestandardizedinformbecausethecharacterformsweredifferentfromareatoareainZhoutimes.ItwassaidthatLiSi（李斯）compiledandTheScriptemergedfinally.,Inordertomakewritingmoretime-saving,heinventedanewformwhichwasappreciatedbyTheFirstEmperor.ItisLishu(隶书）,TheformationoftheOfficialscriptisanimportantturning-pointinhistorybecauseitlaysafoundationforthesquattershapeofChinesecharacters.,ItssaidthattheRegularscript（楷书）emergedintheLaterHanperiod.Itisakindofmorebeautifulandsimplerformandcouldsetangoodexampleforwriting.Soitiscalled“Kaishu”inChinesebecause“Kai”meansgoodexamples.,Inaddition,famouscalligrapherssuchasYanZhenqing（颜真卿）andLiuGongquan（柳公权）leftquantitiesofmasterpiecesforus.ThedevelopmentofChinesecharactersgrewintoahigherlevel.,Regularscript（楷书）,ItbecamepopularintheJinDynasty（晋朝）asweknowthefamouscalligrapherssuchasWangXizhi（王羲之）,WangXianzhi（王献之）andthelike.,Regularscript（楷书）,Cursivescript草书,CursiveScript（草书）includeZhangcao,JincaoandKuangcao,allhardtorecognize.ZhangcaoemergedatZhangemperorofeasternHan;JincaoemergedattheendoftheLaterHanperiod.Kuangcaowascreatedinthetangdynasty,changing,andverydifficulttoidentify,turnedintoapureart,therearefewpracticalvalue.,Runningscript（行书）emergedattheendoftheEasternHanperiod.itisakindofformbetweenregularscriptandcursivescript.Ithashighartistryandpracticality.,汉字的结构thestructureoftheChinesecharacter,ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter汉字的结构单位Theorderofstrokesofcharacter汉字的笔顺Theformationofcharacter汉字的造字法,1、ThestructureuniteoftheChinesecharacter（汉字的结构单位）,TherearethreeaspectstothestructureofaChinesecharacter:thestrokes,thecomponentsandthewholecharacter.Forexample,thecharacter“木”consistsofthestrokes,丨,丿,乀.Itisabasiccharacterandisalsousedasacomponentforsomeothercharacters.Forexample,“林”consistsoftwo木characters.ThecomponentsarethecorestructureofaChinesecharacter.Chinesecharacterscanbedividedintocharacter-partsandnon-character-parts.Forexample,院canbedividedintothefollowingthreeparts:阝,宀,元ofwhich元isacharacter-part,while阝and宀arethenon-character-parts.ThekeytolearningChinesecharacterswellistomastertheircomponents.,Chinesecharactersarewrittenbycombiningvariouskindsofstrokes.Thesestrokescanbedividedintobasicstrokesandcombinedstrokes.,Structurallyspeaking,Chinesecharactersfallintocategories:thesingle-componentcharactersandthemulti-componentcharacters.AllofthebasicChinesecharactersaresimple-componentcharacters,suchas人,口,目,山,火,手,刀,马,牛,日,月,羊.Themulti-componentcharactersconsistormorecomponents,suchas爸,妈,你,们,朋.Theorderofwritingcomponentsinacharacterissimilartothestrokeorderofwritingacharacter.Therearethreebasictypesofconfigurationformulti-componentcharacters.,ThebasicruleofChinesecharactersstrokeorderis:,2、Theorderofstrokesofcharacter（汉字的笔顺）,3、Theformationofcharacter（汉字的造字法）,TheformationofcharacterreferstothemethodtocreatetheChinesecharacters.Generallyspeaking,AncientChinesemethodofcreationtherearefourcategories:pictographs(shape),self-explanatory(mean),semasiography(knowing),andPictophonetic.ThecurrentcomparedwiththeancientChinesecharacters,andtherearesomespecialcases.,Rn,people,Ku,mouth,m,eye,mountain,shn,sun,fire,r,hu,goat,sword,yng,do,HieroglyphicCharacters（象形），thiscreationmethodisclosertothepicture,butcomplexthings,abstractconceptcantpictograph,sorelyonpictographcancreateveryfewcharacters,butitisthebasisoftheformationofChinesecharacters.,ThewaytoformacharacterusingsymbolstoindicatethecharactersmeaningiscalledSelf-explanatoryCharacters（指事）.Therearetwotypesofindication:oneispurelysymbolic,e.g.shorterhorizontaloveralongermeans上（up）,andtheoppositemeans下（down）;theothertypeistoaddasymboltohieroglyphiccharacter,e.g.e.g.addinga一to木,ifupmeanstheendofatree(末)，ifdownmeanstherootofatree(本).Here,the一isnotthenumeric.Forinstance,aknife(刀)withanadditionaldotindicateswherethebladeis.Theleftandrightin人indicatesarmpits.Thedotshereareallindicationsymbol.,CharactersformedwithtwoormoreindependentcharacterstoindicateanewmeaningarecalledAssociativeCharacters（会意）